Administration Of Chloride Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF CRONIC ISOLATED ADMINISTRATION OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES IN THE WALLS OF SMALL INTESTINE OF PREGNANT FEMALE RATS

In recent years, the anthropopolitical environmental polluntion with heavy metals has become one of the main threats to living organisms, including humans, and economic and technological progress is increasingly resulting in the disruption of natural ecosystems. Heavy metals include more than forty chemical elements of the periodic table, including chromium, cadmium, manganese, mercury, iron, cobalt, nickel, and others. They are often used in industry and are part of herbicides, insecticides, and medicines. In excessive quantities, they can change the structure of proteins, negatively affect metabolism, lead to cellular mutations, disrupt the structure and permeability of cell membranes, and cause malfunctioning of internal organs. Today, it is important to determine the impact of heavy metal compounds on the body in case of their constant (chronic) intake and accumulation in the body.
 The purpose of this study was to determine morphological changes in the structure of the walls in the small intestine of rats subjected to the chronic isolated exposure to cadmium salts in a dose of 2.0 mg/kg (enteral administration).
 The study involved 32 young female Wistar rats, with weights ranging from 180 to 300 g. Female rats with confirmed pregnancies were divided into the following groups: the first group served as the control, and the second group underwent isolated injection of cadmium chloride solution at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg.
 The results of the experimental daily intragastric long-term administration of cadmium chloride showed morphological changes in the structure of the small intestine in rats. The analysis of the data obtained showed that exposure to cadmium chloride in a dose of 2.0 mg/kg leads to a significant thinning of the villi of the small intestine and mucous membrane compared to the control. When exposed to cadmium chloride in the specified dose, the number of goblet cells in the mucous membrane of the small intestine villi increased at both periods of the study, which indicates an increase in the protective function of the small intestinal mucosa against the action of a negative factor. Under the influence of cadmium, the narrowing of the outer and inner diameters of the crypt was also determined that is confirmed by the calculation of the index of the diameter of the small intestine crypt.

Efficacy and safety profile of intradural administration of morphine chloride in orthopedic surgery procedures Observational study.

La administración de cloruro mórfico por la vía neuroaxial ha ganado protagonismo como modalidad analgésica tanto en la etapa intraoperatoria como postoperatoria en los últimos años. Históricamente su uso había sido muy limitado , sino proscrito , por la posible aparición de efectos secundarios graves , destacando entre ellos la temida depresión respiratoria. Con la utilización de dosis cada vez menores de morfina y con los registros de cohortes amplias de casos se han podido establecer dosis con un perfil de seguridad y eficacia analgésica optimas en la práctica clínica habitual. Al mismo tiempo , un mejor conocimiento de la fisiología y farmacología de la morfina espinal ( como opioide de características hidrofílicas ) , hace de su uso una herramienta terapeútica interesante en el manejo del dolor tanto a nivel intraoperatorio como postoperatorio. En base a estos argumentos, en nuestro centro hemos usado la administración de morfina neuroaxial en diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos desde hace más de una década , observando unos buenos perfiles de seguridad y analgesia. Todo ello nos ha motivado a hacer una recogida de datos retrospectiva para evaluar y mostrar nuestros resultados.

Naphthaleneoxypropargyl-Containing Piperazine as a Regulator of Effector Immune Cell Populations upon an Aseptic Inflammation.

This study investigated the effects of aseptic inflammation and heavy metal exposure on immune responses, as well as the potential immunomodulatory properties of the newly synthesized 1-[1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(naphthalene-1-yloxy)but-2-ynyl]-4-methylpiperazine complexed with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Aseptic inflammation was induced by a subcutaneous injection of turpentine in rats, while heavy metal exposure was achieved through a daily administration of cadmium chloride and lead acetate. The levels of immune cell populations, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), monocytes, and granulocytes, were assessed in the spleen. The results showed that aseptic inflammation led to decreased levels of CTL, monocytes, and granulocytes on the 14th day, indicating an inflammatory response accompanied by a migration of effector cells to the inflamed tissues. The exposure to cadmium chloride and lead acetate resulted in systemic immunotoxic effects, with reduced levels of B cells, CD4+ Th cells, monocytes, and granulocytes in the spleen. Notably, piperazine complexed with β-CD (the complex) exhibited significant stimulatory effects on CD4+, CD8+, and myeloid cell populations during aseptic inflammation, even in the presence of heavy metal exposure. These findings suggest the potential immunomodulatory properties of the complex in the context of aseptic inflammation and heavy metal exposure.

EFFECTS OF MONDIA WHITEI ON THE TEAR FUNCTION OF RABBIT EYES

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Dry eye is a serious problem affecting up to 20% of the world’s population. <em>Mondia whitei</em>’s rich androgenic properties create an interest in research focused on its efficacy as an alternative and complementary therapy for the treatment and control of the symptoms of dry eye-related diseases associated with androgen deficiency. <strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effect of <em>M. whitei</em> on the quality and quantity of tears in rabbit eyes.<strong> Setting: </strong>This study was carried out at the animal house at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. <strong>Materials and methods:</strong> The study adopted an experimental study design with 16 New Zealand rabbits. A simple random sampling technique was used to place the rabbits into 4 groups, each group with 4 rabbits. They were tested for tear function to establish a baseline before administration of Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC) (to induce dry eye) and <em>M. whitei</em> extract. Schirmer’s test and fluorescein staining were conducted to observe the tear quantity and quality over a period of 6 days after treatment. The data collected was then cleaned and analyzed. <strong>Results:</strong> The researchers found that the average mean during baseline tear quantity measurement for the groups was 26.5mm, during instilling of BAC the mean dropped to 24.0mm and when <em>M. whitei</em> was administered the mean rose to 27.94mm, indicating that <em>M. whitei</em> greatly improved tear quantity. During baseline tear quality assessment, the average mean for the groups was 0.00 which dropped to 0.94 showing mild staining and when <em>M. whitei</em> was administered dropped further to 1.67 indicating that <em>M. whitei</em> did not improve the tear quality. <strong>Conclusion and Recommendations:</strong> The researchers recommended that more research be done on <em>M. whitei </em>with fewer limitations such as time, to ascertain its effectiveness on tear quality and quantity.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0065/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Neurobehavioral and biochemical effects of choline chloride administration in rats

Background and Objective:
 Choline is an essential nutrient related to vitamin B complex activity. It can be received through different food sources. It is an important component of acetylcholine which is involved in different brain functions. The present study is designed to assess the behavioral effects of choline chloride in animal models.
 Methods:
 This case-control study was performed in the Department of Biochemistry, Federal Urdu University, Karachi for eight months from May 2022 to December 2022. Twenty-four adult male albino Wister rats were divided into four groups, one control and three test groups. Choline chloride dissolved in saline was given intraperitoneally at 25mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 100mg/ml to the test groups respectively, and saline was given to the control animals for two weeks. Memory and depression-like symptoms were monitored. Morris water maze and brain acetylcholine levels were used for memory functions and force swimming test was performed to monitor depression-like symptoms.
 Results:
 The present study showed significantly improving memory functions and increase in immobility time exhibited by choline-treated rats indicating depression-like symptoms in rats. The present investigation also shows that serum level as well as glucose level increase in dose dependent manners. Increased depression-like symptoms may be attributed due to onset of diabetes or increased glucose concentration.
 Conclusion:
 In conclusion choline administration at different doses (25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, and 100mg/ml) produces behavioral and biochemical effects in rats.

Rabbit models of dry eye disease: comparative analysis.

To report ocular changes in rabbits after the implementation of three different induction methods to create dry eye (DE) conditions and provides evidence of DE-related disease evolution. Experimental methods were divided into 3 models. The first model used involved triple injection of complete Freund's adjuvant, 50 µL each, also called the meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) model. In the second model, DE conditions were created by the resection of nictitating membranes (NM), Harderian glands (HG), and main lacrimal glands (LG), also called the LGR model. The third model involved the topical administration of benzalkonium chloride (BAK) 0.1% solution. The Schirmer test, ocular surface staining with fluorescein, and tear break-up time tests were implemented before and after excision. After euthanasia, the ocular tissues were dissected. Cornea, conjunctiva, and meibomian glands were treated with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and haematoxylin-eosin staining. The MGD model triggered inflammation of meibomian glands. It detected changes in the lipid layer of the tear film. The bilateral resection of NM, HG, and LG reduced the watering layer of the tear film. The topical administration of BAK of 0.1% solution impacted the mucosal layer of the tear film. Different changes are observed with different DE syndrome models. The composition of the tear film differ depending on which part of the eye is targeted. More studies need to be done to confirm whether an increased thickness of the cornea has any impact on the DE disease.

Restricted maternal nutrition and supplementation of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride during late pregnancy does not affect muscle fibre characteristics of offspring.

Grazing in arid and semi-arid regions faces pregnant ewes with feed restrictions and hence affects the offspring muscle fibre characteristics. Using feed additives that enhance nutrient availability during foetal muscle development is expected to alter offspring skeletal muscle characteristics. This study evaluated the effect of maternal restricted nutrition and supplementation of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride on lamb's muscle fibre characteristics. Forty-eight Ghezel ewes were randomly allocated to one of six diets (N=8) during the last 6 weeks of gestation: ad libitum feed intake (AL); restricted feeding (RF); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol (PG); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol and monensin sodium (MS); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol and rumen-protected choline chloride (RPC); restricted feeding containing propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride (PMC). The muscle samples were obtained from the semitendinosus muscle of 2-week-old male lambs (n=5/treatment) via biopsy and were stained and classified as fibre types I, IIA and IIB. Pre-parturient maternal feed restriction and administration of propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride had no significant effect on fibre-type composition, fibre density of muscle, muscle cross-sectional area and volume density of fibres (p>0.05). Either maternal dietary restriction or supplementation of nutrient flux-involved additives during late pregnancy did not alter muscle fibre development and had no short-term effects on muscle properties of the resulting offspring as myogenesis occurs in early and mid-gestation, not late gestation. Therefore, maternal nutrition may not be a problematic issue in sheep production in arid and semi-arid areas.

Impact of anesthetics on pyloric characteristics measured using the EndoFLIP® system in patients with gastroparesis.

Pyloric distensibility has been reported as a predictive measure in gastroparesis. Measures can be obtained either during endoscopy under anesthesia or in unsedated patients. However, the impact of anesthetic drugs on the results of pyloric characteristics remains unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of anesthetics on pyloric characteristics measured using EndoFLIP® in patients with gastroparesis. Consecutive patients with gastroparesis from three French tertiary centers were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with a previous history of pyloric intervention were not considered for analysis. Medical records were reviewed for the potential use of anesthetic drugs during EndoFLIP® measurement. One hundred twenty-five patients were included in the present study [median age: 55.0 years (43.0-66.0)]. Thirty-four patients (27.2%) had pyloric assessment without general anesthesia and 91 patients (72.8%) with general anesthesia. Pyloric pressure at 40 mL of distension was higher in patients with general anesthesia in comparison with patients without general anesthesia [18.7 (13.0-25.6) mmHg vs. 15.4 (11.9-20.7) mmHg; p = 0.044)]. In multivariate analysis, suxamethonium chloride administration was associated with decreased pyloric distensibility (OR: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.3-11.4; p = 0.013) while ephedrine was rather associated with increased pyloric distensibility (OR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1-0.9; p = 0.036). This study is the first to have found an impact of general anesthesia on pyloric measurement using the EndoFLIP®. Therefore, further studies are needed to confirm these findings, if possible, prospective studies.

Impact of timing of radium‑223 administration on the survival of patients with bone metastatic castration‑resistant prostate cancer.

The present study aimed to evaluate the optimal timing of radium-223 chloride (Ra-223) administration among patients with bone metastasis from castration-resistant prostate cancer (BmCRPC). Patients, who were diagnosed with BmCRPC and treated with Ra-223 therapy between October, 2016 and January, 2022, were reviewed. The survival time was calculated from the initiation of Ra-223 administration. The time from the diagnosis of BmCRPC to the initiation of Ra-223 administration was identified as a potential prognostic factor. A total of 51 patients were examined in the present study. Ra-223 was administered as the first- and second-line therapy (earlier Ra-223 administration) in 32 patients and as the third- to fifth-line therapy (later Ra-223 administration) in 19 patients. In the multivariate analysis, which considered the potential prognosis, the difference in survival times between patients who received early and late Ra-223 administration was not significant [hazard ratio (HR), 2.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.79-9.07; P=0.11]. By contrast, an incomplete Ra-223 administration (HR, 128.03; 95% CI, 10.59-1548.42; P<0.01) and higher levels of prostate-specific antigen prior to Ra-223 administration (HR, 7.86; 95% CI, 2.7-27.24; P<0.01) were independent factors, significantly associated with a poorer prognosis. The timing of Ra-223 administration did not significantly affect the survival of patients from the initiation of treatment. Further studies are thus required to determine the optimal timing for Ra-223 administration.

Study the Effect of Selenium Supplementations on the Liver, Kidney and Thyroid Gland Activities in Male Rats

The liver, kidney, and thyroid glands are main vital in biochemical and physiological activities in animals and humans. In this study, we examined the effects of adding selenium supplementation on the improvement activity of many glands such as the liver, kidney, and thyroid after cadmium chloride administration (induced toxicity) in male rabbits. This study included 16 male rabbits divided into four groups, the 1st group (CON) was control and administration normal fed and drinking water, the 2nd group (NC ) was negative control group that administration of 1ml of cadmium chloride (100ppm) with normal fed, the 3rd group (S1) was administration of 1ml of sodium selenite, and 4th group (S2) was administration of 5ml of selenium and all groups continuous for same style up to 8th week of experiment. Antioxidant and oxidative stress status was investigated by measuring the levels of T-AOC and MDA. The liver was assessed by estimation of ALT, AST, TP, and TB while kidney was assessed by calculation of blood CRI and UR and the thyroid gland assessed by measurement of serum T3 and T4. The levels of selenoprotein (SeP) mg/l were assessed by HPLC for standard and S2 group. The results of present study shows highly statistical differences between four group when compare the mean±SD of the levels of ALT,AST,TP,TB,CRI,UR,T3, and T4 (p-value &lt;0.005). In conclusion, this study showing highly ability of selenium supplementation to lowering the levels of the markers of liver, kidney, and thyroid gland and work as protective factor from toxicity induced by cadmium in male rabbits.

Exposure to Methylmercury at Juvenile Stage Worsens Autism-like Symptoms in Adult BTBR T+tf/J Mice Due to Lack of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Signaling Upregulation in Periphery and Brain.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifaceted developmental condition that first appears in infancy. The condition is characterized by recurrent patterns in behavior and impairments in social and vocalization abilities. Methylmercury is a toxic environmental pollutant, and its derivatives are the major source of organic mercury to human beings. Inorganic mercury, which is released from a variety of pollutants into oceans, rivers, and streams, is transformed into methylmercury by bacteria and plankton in the water, which later builds up in fish and shellfish, and then enters humans through the consumption of fish and shellfish and increases the risk of developing ASD by disturbing the oxidant-antioxidant balance. However, there has been no prior research to determine the effect of juvenile exposure of methylmercury chloride on adult BTBR mice. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effect of methylmercury chloride administered during the juvenile stage on autism-like behavior (three-chambered sociability, marble burying, self-grooming tests) and oxidant-antioxidant balance (specifically Nrf2, HO-1, SOD-1, NF-kB, iNOS, MPO, and 3-nitrotyrosine) in the peripheral neutrophils and cortex of adult BTBR and C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Our results show that exposure to methylmercury chloride at a juvenile stage results in autism-like symptoms in adult BTBR mice which are related to a lack of upregulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway as demonstrated by no significant changes in the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and SOD-1 in the periphery and cortex. On the other hand, methylmercury chloride administration at a juvenile stage increased oxidative inflammation as depicted by a significant increase in the levels of NF-kB, iNOS, MPO, and 3-nitrotyrosine in the periphery and cortex of adult BTBR mice. This study suggests that juvenile exposure to methylmercury chloride contributes to the worsening of autism-like behavior in adult BTBR mice through the disruption of the oxidant-antioxidant balance in the peripheral compartment and CNS. Strategies that elevate Nrf2 signaling may be useful to counteract toxicant-mediated worsening of ASD and may improve quality of life.

ABHD6 and MAGL control 2-AG levels in the PAG and allodynia in a CSD-induced periorbital model of headache.

The high prevalence and severe symptoms of migraines in humans emphasizes the need to identify underlying mechanisms that can be targeted for therapeutic benefit. Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency (CED) posits that reduced endocannabinoid tone may contribute to migraine development and other neuropathic pain conditions. While strategies that increase levels of the endocannabinoid n-arachidonoylethanolamide have been tested, few studies have investigated targeting the levels of the more abundant endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylgycerol, as an effective migraine intervention. Cortical spreading depression was induced in female Sprague Dawley rats via KCl (potassium chloride) administration, followed by measures of endocannabinoid levels, enzyme activity, and neuroinflammatory markers. Efficacy of inhibiting 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis to mitigate periorbital allodynia was then tested using reversal and prevention paradigms. We discovered reduced 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels in the periaqueductal grey associated with increased hydrolysis following headache induction. Pharmacological inhibition of the 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolyzing enzymes, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 and monoacylglycerol lipase reversed and prevented induced periorbital allodynia in a cannabinoid receptor-dependent manner. Our study unravels a mechanistic link between 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis activity in the periaqueductal grey in a preclinical, rat model of migraine. Thus, 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis inhibitors represent a potential new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of headache.

Tissue injury secondary to peripheral xenobiotic administration.

A 57-year-old female with a past medical history of depression was brought in by emergency medical services after intentional ingestion of 400 mg warfarin and 200 mg amlodipine 4 hours before presentation. The patient was started on treatment for calcium channel blocker overdose, including intubation for central nervous system depression, activated charcoal, intravenous calcium and glucagon, high-dose insulin with dextrose infusion, and vasopressor support. On day 2 of hospitalization, a rash was found on the left lower extremity (see Figures 1 and 2). Tissue Injury Due to Peripheral Intravenous Calcium Chloride Administration Intravenous calcium is used to treat acute hypocalcemia, severe hyperkalemia, calcium channel blocker overdose, beta-blocker overdose, and hydrofluoric acid exposure.1 Calcium chloride is preferentially administered via a central venous catheter due to its high osmolarity and its propensity to act as a vesicant.1 Calcium gluconate is preferred over calcium chloride for peripheral administration, as it is less likely to cause tissue injury if extravasation occurs. Adverse effects of both formulations include local tissue injury, skin necrosis, calcium-induced vasoconstriction, and late-onset calcifications or calcinosis cutis.1-4 Treatment for local tissue injury includes stopping the infusion and consideration of intradermal hyaluronidase around the site to diminish tissue injury.1, 4 If tissue necrosis develops, wound care, surgical debridement, and skin grafting may be considered.3 Clinicians should familiarize themselves with local tissue injury, which can be minimized by using calcium gluconate as opposed to calcium chloride when peripheral access is present.

Neurosensory abnormalities and stability of a mouse model of dry eye disease

This study aimed to use a mouse model of dry eye disease (DED) induced by topical administration of benzalkonium chloride (BAK) and assess its stability and the presence of neurosensory abnormalities, including ocular pain. Eight-week-old C57BL6/6 N male mice were used in this study. Mice were treated with 10 μL of 0.2% BAK dissolved in artificial tears (AT), administered twice daily for 7 days. After one week, animals were randomized into two groups: one was administered with 0.2% BAK in AT once per day for 7 days, while the other was not further treated. Corneal epitheliopathy was quantified at days 0, 3, 7, 12, and 14. Moreover, tear secretions, corneal nociception, and corneal nerve integrity were measured after BAK treatment. After sacrifice, corneas were dissected to assess nerve density and leukocyte infiltration by immunofluorescence. Topical BAK instillation for 14 days significantly increased corneal fluorescein staining (p < 0.0001) compared to day 0. On the other hand, interruption of BAK instillation was associated with improvement of corneal epitheliopathy (day 12, p < 0.0001; day 14, p < 0.001). BAK treatment increased ocular pain (p < 0.0001) and resulted in a significant increase in leukocyte infiltration in the cornea (p < 0.01). Moreover, corneal sensitivity was reduced (p < 0.0001), together with corneal nerve density (p < 0.0001) and tear secretion (p < 0.0001). One week twice a day, followed by one additional week once a day, of 0.2% BAK topical administration induces stable clinical and histological signs of DED, which is associated with neurosensory abnormalities, including pain.

PO-02-178 ABLATION TISSUE HISTOLOGY AND CORRELATION WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING WITH A DIAMOND-BASED, TEMPERATURE-CONTROLLED RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION

A new catheter has been developed which uses diamonds embedded in the catheter tip to enable temperature-guided ablation. The degree to which subsequent Magnetic Resonance (MR) findings correlate with actual tissue pathology has never been assessed. To evaluate the correlation between MR imaging and lesions assessed by Gross pathology. 20 canines underwent evaluation, after ablation. 4 were studied acutely 4-6 hours after ablation, 8 animals were studied at a time of chronic assessment 4 weeks later, and 8 were studied at a time of chronic assessment 4 weeks later myocardial infarction creation. MR lesions were followed by intravenous gadolinium and 8-10% triphenyl tetrazolium chloride administration. Ex-vivo delayed contrast enhancement MR imaging on a 3 Tesla scanner (Signa HDxt, GE Healthcare) was performed followed by pathology examination after fixation in 10% formalin solution. Total of 111 lesions were created in LV and RV tissue. In the acute animals 30 deliveries were made to a temperature set-point of 50 or 60°C. The target temperatures were set at 60°C with 32 deliveries to healthy myocardium, and 8 to post-infarcted myocardium. Lesion size and characteristic are shown in table 1. The correlation between the actual lesion size and the MR contoured size is shown in Fig 1. In all animals taken together, MR proved to be an exceptional means of determining actual lesion size. While tissue histology, seen in the table, is more useful and accurate. Overall, the correlation R2 value is 0.72±0.11 (p<0.0001) in all groups. In individual groups, the correlation was 0.94±0.54 (p<0.0001) for acute, 0.48±0.13 (p<0.0001) for chronic healthy, and 0.97± 0.35 (p=0.0006) in infarcted tissue. Even with infarctions, the MR correlation remained consistent but lesions were smaller in infarcted myocardium. These data showed the characteristics of lesion size of correlation to energy delivered. MR with gadolinium is a very useful means of identifying actual lesion size in situ. This correlates well with actual tissue findings and disclose that heat penetration in infarcted tissue is less robust as seen with other catheter systems.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of potassium chloride in the management of out-of hospital cardiac arrest by refractory ventricular fibrillation: Study protocol of the POTACREH study.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has a poor prognosis, with an overall survival rate of about 5% at discharge. Shockable rhythm cardiac arrests (ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT)) have a better prognosis. In case of shockable rhythm, treatment is based on defibrillation, and thereafter, in case of failure of 3 external electric shocks (EES), on direct intravenous administration of 300 mg amiodarone, or lidocaine when amiodarone is unavailable or inefficient. During surgical procedures under extracorporeal circulation, a high potassium cardioplegia solution is administered to interrupt cardiac activity and facilitate surgical procedure. By extension, direct intravenous administration of potassium chloride (KCl) has been shown to convert VF, resulting in return to a hemodynamically efficient organized heart rate within a few minutes. The aim of this study is to provide clinical evidence that direct intravenous injection of KCl, into a patient presenting with OHCA due to refractory VF although 3 EES, should interrupt this VF and then allow rapid restauration of an organized heart rhythm, and thus return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). A multicenter, prospective, single group, phase 2 study will be conducted on 81 patients presenting with refractory VF. After failure of 3 EES, each patient will receive direct intravenous injection of 20 mmol KCl instead of amiodarone. The primary outcome will be survival rate at hospital admission. Major secondary outcomes will include ROSC and time to ROSC in the prehospital setting, number of VF recidivism after KCl injection, survival rate at hospital discharge with a good neurologic prognostic, and survival rate 3 months after hospital discharge with a good neurologic prognostic. No patient is currently included in the study. Conventional guideline strategy based on antiarrhythmic drug administration, i.e. amiodarone or lidocaine, for OHCA due to shockable rhythm, has not yet demonstrated an increase in survival at hospital admission or at hospital discharge. This may be related to the major cardiodepressant effect of those drugs. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04316611. Registered on March 2020. AP-HP180577 / N° EUDRACT: 2019-002544-24. Funded by the French Health Ministry. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04316611.

Toxicologic pathological mechanism of acute lung injury induced by oral administration of benzalkonium chloride in mice.

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) intoxication causes fatal lung injuries, such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS induced by BAC ingestion is poorly understood. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of lung toxicity after BAC ingestion in a mouse model. BAC was orally administered to C57BL/6 mice at doses of 100, 250, and 1250mg/kg. After administration, BAC concentrations in the blood and lungs were evaluated via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Lung tissue injury was evaluated via histological and protein analyses. Blood and lung BAC concentration levels after oral administration increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the concentrations directly proportional to the dose administered. The severity of lung injury worsened over time after the oral administration of 1250mg/kg BAC. An increase in the terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells and cleaved caspase-3 levels was observed in the lungs after 1250mg/kg BAC administration. In addition, increased cleaved caspase-9 levels and mitochondrial cytochrome c release into the cytosol were observed. These results suggest that lung tissue injury with excessive apoptosis contributes to BAC-induced ALI development and exacerbation. Our findings provide useful information for developing an effective treatment for ALI/ARDS induced by BAC ingestion.

Identification of genes responsible for the social skill in the earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae

Social abilities are an essential factor in our normal life. Many disorders are associated with social abilities. The molecular depth of social abilities is still obscure. In water, the earthworms form a self-assemblage which is a social ability of the earthworm. The brain amputees regenerate their brain in eight days and they lack the social ability and fail to establish self-assemblage. In the present study, we harnessed the earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae as a model to understand the molecular depth of social ability using their behaviour of self-assemblage. We show that the administration of lithium chloride in the brain amputee restored the ability of self assemblage. Total mRNA sequencing by Ion torrent sequencing platform identified the differentially regulated social skill responsive genes of the brain and nerve cords in the control worm vs 2nd & 3rd-day regenerating worms with and without Lithium chloride injection. Functional annotation and bioinformatics data analysis showed that 899 brain-specific genes are expressed in the nerve cord upon LiCl injection. Of them, 227 genes are autism-linked. Since G-quadruplexes have a role in neurological disorders we have scanned G-quadruplexes in the draft genome and transcriptome. Found 53 transcripts triggered during LiCl treatment. Future experiments in the worm could lead to a functional depth of the socially responsible genes.

Neuro-protective and Neuro-curative effect of Vernonia Amygdalina in rat model of neurodegenerative disease

BackgroundIn this study, we assessed the protective potential of Vernonia amygdalina methanolic extract on aluminum chloride- induced neurotoxicity damage in Wistar rats. MethodologyForty Adult female Wistar rats weighing (109 ± 16 g) were randomly divided into four (4) groups (A-D, of 10 rats respectively). Group A rats served as the normal control (treated with 5 mL/kg normal saline) for 28 days, Group B rats received 0.43 mL/kg Aluminum chloride (AlCL3) via oropharyngeal cannula for 14 days and 1.31 mL of Vernonia amygdalina extract after AlCL3 treatment for 14days, Group C rats received 1.31 mL of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) extract for 14 days and 0.43 mL/kg AlCL3 after VA treatment for 14 days, D rats received only 0.43 mL/kg Aluminum chloride (AlCL3) via oropharyngeal cannula for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed, and the hippocampus processed using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Cresyl fast violet. ResultsResults showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in body weight of groups B-D rats when compared to group A rats. Histological examinations showed clumpy of cell neurons, condensed pyramidal cells, necrotic and vascular edema and scanty neurofibrillary tangle which was an indication of neurodegeneration in the other groups when compared to the control group. Conclusionthat the oral administration of aluminum chloride could induce brain damage which may impair memory and learning as seen in Alzheimer disease and can be ameliorated with Vernonia Amygdalina leaf extract.

Neuroprotective Potential of &lt;i&gt;Solanum giganteum&lt;/i&gt; Leaves Extracts against Neurotoxin Agents and Oxidative DNA Damage in Rodents

Other species of Solanum are evaluated as neuroprotective and have conventionally been applied for the management of CNS disorders; on the other hand, investigational data to support this practice is lacking. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of Solanum giganteum leaves extracts aligned with Aluminium chloride-induced memory loss of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) type within the rats. The work was considered to persuade dementia by chronic administration of aluminium chloride by a dose of 175 mg/kg, p.o. designed for 28 days in rats and rats are separated keen on seven groups, i.e. normal, negative control, standard groups as well as four groups of Solanum giganteum Jacq. (chloroform extract (SGC100 and 200 mg/kg) and alcoholic extract (SGA 250 and 500 mg/kg) p.o.), whereas these groups were treated and examined till the 28th day of an investigational trial. The research’s behavioral, neural, and biochemical characteristics were set up during or after it. DNA fragmentation and histological changes in the brain were also noted. Aluminium chloride on a dose of 175 mg/kg, p. o. had extensively persuaded dementia and Solanum giganteum Jacq. leaves chloroform extract 200 mg/kg p.o., overcomes therapeutic outcome against Aluminium chloride persuaded dementia of AD category in rats. Solanum giganteum Jacq. of chloroform extract makes use of neuroprotective action against AlCl3-induced behavioral considerations such as cognitive deficit and locomotor destruction. Further, Saolnum giganteum Jacq. of chloroform extract was also able to cure oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and cortical areas, reversing the biochemical abnormalities caused by aluminum.