President Of Ukraine Research Articles

Termination of the employment agreement in the case of abolition of admission to a state secret: to problem issues

Problem settings. Problems of protection of state secrets have become especially relevant in recent years, during the deep socio-economic transformations in Ukraine, when, on the one hand, new threats to national security, and on the other, and this must, unfortunately, admit protection of state secrets not always carried out properly. The existence of problems in this important area for the protection of the state is evidenced by the frequent labor disputes, including over various conflicting aspects of access to and access to state secrets, which are considered in administrative courts. Therefore, the need for a careful revision of certain provisions of the law governing, in particular, the refusal to grant access to state secrets becomes obvious. Analysis of recent researches and publications. O. Bondar, L. Kupina, O. Semenyuk, A. Tsapenko, O. Yaroshenko studied the legal aspects of termination of the employment contract in connection with the revocation of access to state secrets. However, today we need new topical research, the search for modern approaches to regulatory issues of dismissal of the employee due to these circumstances. Target of research. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the termination of the employment contract in case of revocation of access to state secrets in Ukraine. Article’s main body. The article covers problematic issues related to the termination of the employment contract at the initiative of the employer in the case of denial of access to state secrets or revocation of access to state secrets if the duties of the employee require access to such secrets. Doctrinal definitions of the concept of «state secret» are analyzed. It is proposed the author’s definition of the term «state secret» which means a type of secret information that covers information in the area of defense, economics, science and technology, foreign relations, state security and law enforcement, the disclosure of which harms or threatens the national security of Ukraine and which is protected by the state in accordance with regulations. The authors reveal the content and features of the legal mechanism for granting and revoking access to state secrets. It is proved that the employer must inform the employee in advance that his admission to the state secret carries certain restrictions established by law and he must be acquainted with the established degree of responsibility for violating the law on state secrets. Attention is drawn to the fact that the current legislation of Ukraine does not provide a clear list of positions and jobs that require access to information that is a state secret. This is due to the fact that each company has its own characteristics and the degree of secrecy and nature of information and the degree of admission to it and the admission procedure itself. Therefore, it is hardly possible to apply the methods of systematization and differentiation due to the multiplicity of features, because it will be extremely difficult to foresee all the positions for charging. Conclusions. It is proposed to exclude such grounds for termination of employment contract as revocation of access to state secrets from the list of grounds for termination of employment at the initiative of the employer and include it in the grounds for termination of employment that do not depend on the will of the employment contract. It is determined that the mechanism of the procedure for granting access to state secrets in relation to certain subjects requires changes at the legislative level which will avoid real threats to the national security of our state. Proposals to the Law of Ukraine «On State Secrets» have been formulated. To obtain access to state secrets, certain entities, such as the President of Ukraine, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Prime Minister of Ukraine and other members of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Chairman of the Supreme Court, the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the Prosecutor General, the Security Service Ukraine, the Chairman and other members of the Accounting Chamber, the People’s Deputies of Ukraine, must not only have a written commitment to preserve state secrets but also be inspected by a special body. The refusal to pass a special inspection is an indisputable ground for refusing to grant access to a state secret.

Parliamentary control in the system of public administration in Ukraine.

Parliamentary control in the system of public administration in Ukraine.

Innovations and innovation management — the key to achieving sustainable development goals

Keywords: innovations, innovation management, intellectual property, managementsystems, management system standards
 The UN General Assembly Resolution dated September 25,2015 set goals for sustainable development, which are actively accepted around theworld. The World Intellectual Property Organization, the International Organizationfor Standardization, and the Public authorities of various countries are looking forand implementing approaches to achieve these goals. They are supported by the Decree of the President of Ukraine «On the Sustainable Development Goals of Ukraineuntil 2030», which became the strategy of economic development of our country.Innovations are inherent in any sphere of human activity and can be applied forachieving goals of sustainable development, but it is not always possible to organize acreative process resulting in their occurence and implementation. In addition, the creatoror employer of the creator often does not support innovation properly at differentstages of its life cycle and loses the opportunity to benefit, in particular: do not adhereto secure communication, are unable to assess the importance and commercial viabilityof innovation, fail to protect and commercialize it.Research on the problems with regress in achieving the goals of sustainable developmentrelated to innovations, innovation management, taking into account the requirementsof legislation and management system standards.International and national legislation in the field of intellectual property, managementsystem standards. When researching methods of analysis and synthesis wereused including system analysis.The results are based on the analysis of publications, current legislation and existingstandards on various management systems.Statements concerning innovation activities that are within the competence ofboth specialists in the economic and legal spheres, as well as specialists in the technicalsphere were developed. Statements for the development of a clear and accessibleprocedure for all employees, for innovation management taking into account theprocess of novation development and implementation were developed.

Models of Public Management of Gambling Business in the World

The urgency of researching the issue of models of public gambling management in the world is explained by the need to study foreign experience to improve the legal regulation and tools of public management of the gambling market in Ukraine. The authors used philosophical, general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition. The authors highlight the following models of public administration: ban on gambling; permission to conduct gambling without restrictions, but the establishment of certain qualification, organisational, financial and other requirements; establishment of a state monopoly on the organization and conduct of gambling, which manifests itself in various forms. To develop proposals for improving public management of the gambling market in Ukraine, the authors identify the advantages of each of the selected models of public management of the gambling market used in different countries, including the United States, India, Denmark, Slovenia, France, Austria, Greece, Norway, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary. It is stated that the establishment of an absolute (total) ban on the organisation and conduct of gambling does not solve the problem of uncontrolled gambling and gambling addiction in society. The authors conclude that the introduction of the so-called third model of public administration in Ukraine, in which the state, acting on behalf of society and in the public interest, enters into a so-called social contract with gambling organisers, according to which socially harmful effects of gambling will be compensated financing of socially useful goals (good deeds)

On the prospects of introduction of electronic voting in Ukraine in the context of implementation of the concept of development of electronic democracy and digitalization

In a scientific article, the author conducted a scientific study of the prospects for the introduction of electronic voting in Ukraine in the context of the concept of e-democracy and digitalization. Based on the study, the author concluded that the legal basis for the introduction of electronic voting in Ukraine is the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of November 8, 2017 № 797-r, which approved the Concept of e-democracy in Ukraine and action plan for its implementation. also the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of June 12, 2019 № 405-r, which approved the action plan for the implementation of this Concept for 2019- 2020. Despite the fact that these documents provided for the development and submission to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of the draft Law of Ukraine “On Electronic Voting” in the third quarter of 2020, but so far this bill has not been developed. On the other hand, the Law of Ukraine “On the All-Ukrainian Referendum” was adopted, which establishes the possibility of using electronic voting, which should be carried out by means of an automated information and telecommunication system. Based on the content of the adopted law, the technology of e-voting in Ukraine remains unclear, but it is possible to use the experience of Estonia, Switzerland or France, which successfully use e-voting during elections and referendums. There are currently no documents concerning the introduction of electronic voting in the elections of the President of Ukraine, People’s Deputies of Ukraine and local elections. The application of the e-voting system in Ukraine through the use of the Estonian experience will increase the opportunities for more voters to vote, for whom a direct visit to the polling station was problematic; eliminate the human factor in the processing and counting of votes, as this counting will be automated; speed up the counting process. At the same time, given the current threats to cybersecurity and the possibility of unauthorized interference in the work of automated information and telecommunications systems, there may be threats of interference in the process of processing the election results

Ecolinguistic Mode in the Language Policy of Ukraine

Summary The national language is not only an important component of the internal policy of the state but also an integral factor in interstate relations. It is one of the elements and indicators of geopolitical transformations. In the sociocultural space of Ukraine, the issue of implementing an effective language policy is relevant in the context of the development of statehood and the implementation of the European integration strategy. The language situation in modern Ukraine is defined by sociolinguists as bilingual because two languages “compete” in communicative, social (demographic), and other aspects on the territory of Ukraine – Ukrainian and Russian. In the implementation of modern state language policy, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the functioning of the national language in a global multicultural continuum. The latter is being asserted as a result of the rapid development of information technologies, as well as the emergence of common challenges for the world community, in particular those related to the COVID-19 pandemic, when the remote intercultural method of communication became dominant for the first time in the history of humanity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the social ecolinguistic mode of the language policy of Ukraine, largely determining the trends in the dynamics of the language situation, because it makes it possible to record, predict and control changes in the structure and status of the language. The problem of the ecology of the Ukrainian language actualizes the creation in Ukraine of a nationwide structure – the Council under the President of Ukraine on the Ukrainian language as a reliable platform both for scientifically sound resolution of issues of language dynamics (Hrytsenko, 2021) and for putting into practice the results of these developments, reducing the distance between the formation new ideas and their implementation.

ПАМ’ЯТІ ВИДАТНОГО УЧЕНОГО-БІОЛОГА, ПРОФЕСОРА, ЧЛЕН-КОРЕСПОНДЕНТА НАН УКРАЇНИ, ЗАСЛУЖЕНОГО ДІЯЧА НАУКИ І ТЕХНІКИ ГРИГОРЮКА ІВАНА ПАНАСОВИЧА

On May 19, 2022, the heart of the famous biologist, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, and corresponding member of the NAN of Ukraine, Honored Science and Technology Officer Hryhoriuk Ivan Panasovych stopped beating. 
 Ivan Panasovych was born on October 24, 1941, in the village of Toporivtsi of the Novoselytsia district, Chernivtsi region. After graduating from school, he entered the Faculty of Biology of the University of Chernivtsi, graduating in 1965 with a degree in Plant Physiology and qualified as a biologist, plant physiologist, and teacher of biology and chemistry. He was doing his postgraduate studies from 1966 to 1969 at the Institute of Plant Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine), where he was employed until 2005. He was the Candidate in Biological Sciences since 1978, Doctor of Biological Sciences since 1996, Professor since 2000. 
 In 2005 Ivan Panasovych, Professor of Ecobiotechnology and Biodiversity, was appointed the Director of the NNC of Biotechnology, Biotech Service, and Bioenergy Conversion of the National Agricultural University. In 2007 he headed the Educational and Scientific Institute for Nature Conservation and Biotechnology and at the same time worked as a professor at the Department of Plant Physiology, Ecology and Biomonitoring of the National University of Bioresources and Nature Management of Ukraine (NUBIP). 
 He is one of the founders of a scientific school in Ukraine for the study of theoretical and experimental physiology of regulatory systems of water exchange, physiological and molecular biological mechanisms of stability, and adaptation of cultivated plants to environmental stressors.
 
 
 Corresponding Member of the NAN of Ukraine I. P. Hryhoriuk – author and co-author of more than 1000 scientific, educational and popular scientific works, including 35 monographs, 10 books, and brochures, 5 textbooks, 3 dictionaries, 630 articles (50 of them – abroad), 34 certificates and patents for inventions and 68 scientific and practical recommendations and guidelines, most of which are introduced into production. He was the scientific director of 12 candidate and a scientific consultant for 5 doctoral dissertations.
 For his conscientious work I. P. Hryhoriuk was awarded many national awards. On June 5, 2009, by the Decree of the President of Ukraine I. P. Hryhoriuk was awarded the honorary title «Honored figure of science and technology of Ukraine» for a significant personal contribution to solving environmental problems and preservation of the environment. He was a winner of the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology in 2011.

ON THE WAY TO NURSING IMPROVEMENT IN UKRAINE

Social, cultural, commercial and technological fluctuations are occurring all over the world and necessitate to alterations in people’s behavior and the necessity to adapt to these changes even in the teaching process due to Covid-19 pandemic. The educational process is performed according to innovations and information technologies, mechanisms and procedures approved by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The Project “Strategy for the Development of Higher Education in Ukraine for 2021-2031” was compiled and submitted for public discussion as a result of the completion of the National Strategy for the Development of Education in Ukraine in 2021 (Decree of the President of Ukraine dated June 25, 2013 No 344/2013) [4] and an increased global cooperation and mobility, market integration and advances in information technologies.

Financial system of Ukraine during the martial law

The paper is a study of the functioning of the financial system of Ukraine under martial law. In particular, it was found that the structure of the financial system is quite complex, and with the help of the financial system, the state accumulates and uses resources to maintain its apparatus. It was found that in accordance with the Decree of the President of Ukraine of February 24, 2022, a martial law regime was imposed on the territory of Ukraine for 30 days and later it was extended. With the beginning of a large-scale invasion of the aggressor country, the National Bank of Ukraine adopted the necessary decisions, including the NBU resolution of February 24, 2022 №18. It was determined that these actions are important in order to ensure the reliable and stable functioning of the financial system of the country, as well as to ensure the activities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the smooth operation of critical infrastructure. It was found that on April 13, 2022, the Law of Ukraine №2180-IX "On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on Ensuring the Stability of the Deposit Guarantee System for Individuals" came into force, which introduces a 100% guarantee on bank deposits of individuals and sole proprietors. It is investigated that in case of liquidation of the bank, the state on whose behalf the Individual Deposit Guarantee Fund (DGF) acts, reimburses depositors within the guaranteed amount. It was determined that the NBU Council approved the "Basic Principles of Monetary Policy for Martial Law". This is a very important document, which not only opens up new opportunities for the implementation of relevant measures of the NBU, but also creates opportunities to create appropriate conditions for postwar reconstruction. In addition, it was found that a number of changes were made to the budget legislation, which was adopted during the martial law. In particular, changes were made in the functioning of local budgets under martial law. Thanks to the Office of the President of Ukraine, the Government, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and other central authorities, a number of quick, effective and prompt decisions were made.

Ukraine and the Osaka Winter Campaign

As the Russian invasion of Ukraine drags on, the international community wonders how and when it will end. What will Russian President Vladimir Putin do from now on and how will Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelensky respond? This article examines the options available to each. Then the author reviews two conflicts experienced by Japan, one in the modern era and the other in the 1600s, and notes the lesson to be learned from them.

Strategic Planning as a Factor of Public Administration in Ukraine

The article considers strategic planning issues as a factor of public administration in Ukraine. Consideration of strategic planning in the system of public administration is carried out based on factor analysis of the study of legal phenomena in the context of modern methodological principles of the theory of administrative law and the theory of public administration. The study's relevance is due to the need to increase the effectiveness of public administration of socio-economic development and national security in terms of integration into the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It is noted that Ukraine has accumulated experience in public administration, methods and tools, which continue to dominate, despite the development of a new system of the socio-economic structure. The need for sustainable socio-economic development and national security as a strategic goal facing the state necessitates the creation of appropriate legal arrangements that mediate the strategic nature of planning. Integration into the European Union creates the preconditions for forming a new paradigm of public administration, which is designed to include mechanisms and tools of the new general management, able to strategically ensure socio-economic growth and the appropriate level of national security.

Війна в Україні: сприйняття населенням та її вплив на якість життя

The authors analyse internal and external migration, psychological reserves, and the Ukrainian population’s sense of support based on the results of national survey. The paper dwells upon theprovision of assistance to defenders and the perception of the victory prospects. The level of trust in the President of Ukraine has been determined.

Subject of the constitutional complaint in Ukraine

Given the experience of developed European countries in implementing the institution of individual constitutional complaint, Ukraine aims to increase the protection of human rights and freedoms. To this purpose, the institution of constitutional complaint was implemented in our country, which gave everyone the right to appeal to the Constitutional Court of Ukraine with a constitutional complaint to verify the constitutionality of the law applied in the final court decision on the subject of the constitutional complaint.
 As follows from the above, the subject of verification of the normative legal act for compliance with the constitution on the constitutional complaint of a person can only be the law. The current legislation does not provide for the possibility of reviewing the constitutionality of other normative legal acts, such as acts of the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, which could jeopardize the authority of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and domestic justice in general. In addition, it may also threaten the proper protection of human rights and freedoms. Another negative consequence of such a narrowing of the subject of the constitutional complaint is that persons deprived of this right are forced to apply directly to the European Court of Human Rights to protect their violated rights.
 Some expansion of the subject of the constitutional complaint will significantly improve the situation with the rule of law and the Constitution, and will help increase public confidence in the body of constitutional jurisdiction. In addition, this will reduce the number of appeals to the European Court of Human Rights, which in the long run will improve the image of the domestic system of protection of human rights and freedoms.
 However, excessive expansion of the subject of the constitutional complaint may lead to an overload of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine with such appeals, which may paralyze its activities. Thus, in resolving the issue of expanding the subject of the constitutional complaint, it is necessary to find a balance between ensuring proper protection of human rights and freedoms and the real possibility of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the field of such cases.

Save the Ukrainian People First: They Carry their Culture in their Hearts

Save the Ukrainian People First: They Carry their Culture in their Hearts

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПРОЄКТНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ У ПУБЛІЧНОМУ УПРАВЛІННІ В УКРАЇНІ

The article deals with the peculiarities of the project management application in public administration of Ukrainian institutions. Changes in the financial management of Ukraine, reforms in the administrative, security, educational, medical, cultural, law enforcement sectors have led to the developments in the system of public administration. Decentralization reform has been a particularly important stimulus. Ukraine has developed and applied a regulatory framework for the development of strategies, programs, projects, with defined methods of calculation and investment support. As in the business environment, the project management in public administration uses the connection of projects, programs with the strategy of the state, communities and industries. The forms and directions of the project approach application have been expanded both at the state and local levels, which contributes to the change of management from the process approach to achieving results of public importance, strengthening the funds efficiency, and public involvement in control over public expenditures. Projects in public administration in Ukraine are used in the following forms: public investment projects, projects financed by ministries and departments (internal and distributed externally on the basis of competitions); public-private partnership projects; projects submitted for financing by international organizations, banks; participative public budgets. The base for financing projects has expanded with extensive use of international finance. Project management also affects the organizational structure of institutions. In Ukraine, project departments / offices have appeared in local governments, institutions, and ministries, which helps to expand the application of the project approach. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has an Office of Reforms of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine to assist in the development and implementation of reforms in the country. The article identifies weaknesses in the application of project management, in particular the need to improve the training of public administration in the organization of teamwork, improve monitoring and project control, risk assessment; improving communication between state, local authorities and the public.

Decentralisation Processes in Ukraine: Dilemmas of Democratisation and National Security

Ukraine has been facing unprecedented challenges since 2014. A Revolution of dignity makes Ukraine turn closer to the EU and NATO, while ongoing and expanded Russian aggression threatens the very existence of Ukrainian statehood. One of the key directions of making Ukraine resilient to threats and challenges is the decentralisation process. It aims at making the government and public administration in Ukraine more democratic, transparent and efficient, open to public concerns and the needs and expectations of local communities. The article proposes analytical approaches towards the decentralisation process taking into account the imperative of democratisation and security challenges that Ukraine has been dealing with. The authors consider both dimensions of the national regional policy and self-government reforms, proposing a balanced vision on their advantages and disadvantages, as well as pointing out key problems that should be attended by the government. The process of decentralisation means a lot for Ukraine to make its statehood stronger and more secure vis-a-vis threats the country is facing now.

Legal and regulatory aspects of improving the sanctions policy of Ukraine

The paper examines the legal nature of sanctions imposed by the UN Security Council and individual states to combat violations of international law. The UN Security Council sanctions have been identified as mainly economic restrictions and other coercive measures imposed for violations of major international human rights conventions and instruments.
 A comparative legal analysis of the sanctions policy of the United States of America and the European Union was carried out, on the basis of which it was concluded that the sanctions policy implemented by the European Union and the United States of America is fundamentally different. In the EU, it is implemented in accordance with the institutional documents on the establishment of the European Union, which allow the introduction of restrictive measures against individuals or legal entities and groups or non-governmental organizations. At the same time, US sanctions are imposed on any entity that poses a threat to the US economy, even when its actions are lawful under national law. The US experience with the introduction of “secondary sanctions” is interesting, when a natural or legal person cooperating with sanctioned organizations or individuals may be subject to US economic sanctions.
 The content of the Law of Ukraine “On Sanctions” and the practice of its implementation through the decisions of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, which are enacted by Decrees of the President of Ukraine. Based on the above, proposals and recommendations for improving its content are formulated: 1) to determine that sanctions against citizens of Ukraine are an exceptional measure and are applied in case of impossibility of full pre-trial investigation due to their stay outside the jurisdiction of Ukraine; 2) to expand the list of legal grounds for the application of sanctions to citizens of Ukraine by including, in addition to terrorist activities, the commission of crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine; 3) to determine an exhaustive list of sanctions to enshrine in it the possibility of restricting access to Internet resources; 4) to establish a mechanism of legal liability for non-compliance with the requirements imposed by sanctions.

STRENGTHENING THE STATE CYBER DEFENSE AND CREATING OF CYBER TROOPS: STATE, PROBLEMS AND ORGANIZATIONAL-ECONOMIC MEASURES FOR UKRAINE

Topicality. In the last decade, cyberspace has become the fifth separate, specific and important area of armed struggle, along with four traditional ones - "Earth", "Sea", "Air" and "Space". The use of cyber troops and cyber weapons, cyber defense, cyber operations and cyber-attacks is now considered commonplace. Since 2014, Ukraine has been forced to repel hybrid Russian armed aggression, including in cyberspace. But the recognition of cyber defense as a new important component of its defense took place only in March 2016 in the Cyber Security Strategy of Ukraine [1] (hereinafter - the Strategy). At the same time, it states, in particular, that "The basis of the national cybersecurity system will be the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the State Service for Special Communications and Information Protection of Ukraine, the Security Service of Ukraine, the National Police of Ukraine, the National Bank of Ukraine." The Strategy also for the first time for the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine (Ministry of Defense) and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (General Staff of the Armed Forces) identified additional new main tasks, namely: measures to prepare the state to repel military aggression in cyberspace; military cooperation with NATO related to cyber security and joint protection against cyber threats; Ensuring in cooperation with the State Service for Special Communications and Information Protection of Ukraine and the Security Service of Ukraine cyber protection of its own information infrastructure. Cyber defense - a set of political, economic, social, military, scientific, scientific and technical, informational, legal, organizational and other measures carried out in cyberspace and aimed at protecting the sovereignty and defense capabilities of the state, preventing armed conflict and repelling armed aggression. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to determine the scientific basis for strengthening the state's cyber defense and creating cyber troops. The organization of effective cyber defense of the state requires the solution of a number of important tasks and, first of all, the elimination of gaps in the regulatory framework. It is unfortunate to recognize that so far, the legislation of Ukraine does not define the basics of cyber defense, especially the purpose, goals, principles and objectives of cyber defense, its subjects and objects, construction, preparation and conduct of such defense, as well as the relevant powers of public authorities. functions and tasks of military administration bodies, other state bodies, responsibilities of officials, rights and responsibilities of citizens of Ukraine, etc. And this, in our opinion, makes it impossible to adequately define the tasks of cyber troops, which should play a leading role in the implementation of cyber defense tasks and should be created to implement the aforementioned decision of the President of Ukraine. Research results. Modern challenges and integrated threats to peace and stability have given rise to new approaches to practice cooperation in the field of cyber defense. The community has arrived agreement that only by joint efforts and on the basis of international law can security be resolved problems of the global information environment in the context of countering the latest information threats. Therefore, the need for policy research is obvious cyber defense of organizations introduced recently, practical consideration of new documents and decisions on their institutional support and implementation in the activities of member states. Conclusion. The transformation of the information paradigm of global development, which is a reflection of new patterns of formation of the modern system of international relations, testifies to the innovations of international cooperation in the field of information and communication and accordingly needs to improve policies for international peace and stability. Modernization of international information security policies is determined by their ability to ensure a multilateral dialogue of international actors, take into account the different positions of global actors in combating the latest information threats and act in accordance with their statutory powers as universal international platforms for consensus on current security issues.

Russia’s Military Invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Aim, Reasons, and Implications

The publication examines the legal nature of wars, looks into the law of war genesis, reviews its conventions, as well as identifies the aim, objectives, causes together with the consequences of Russia’s military aggression on February 24, 2022; it provides a testimony on the war of aggression against Ukraine and identifies its threats to post-war international law and order. The aim of the article is to determine the background, nature, fundamentals and nature of the war the Russian Federation launched on February 24, 2022 against Ukraine within the context of confrontation with the values of Western democracy. Historical-legal dialectical, comparative-legal and system-structural methods, as well as methods of formal logic (induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization, etc.) were used to study the issues. The application of these research methods entails a cross-sectoral scientific nature. Wars have accompanied the entire history of mankind. Since the 17th century the theoretical foundations of the law of war have been laid, which enshrined in international laws and customs of warfare (Geneva Conventions, Hague Convention, etc.) since the 19th century, thus forming the international humanitarian law. After World War II, violations of the latter by the belligerent party are viewed by the world community no less harshly than the mere war. The paper questions the purpose, reasons, conditions and intermediate consequences of the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Obviously, the military aggression and the Russian invasion on February 24, 2022 marked the beginning of the de facto war, under a specific formal definition by a Russian official as a “special military operation” instead of naming it an attempt to avoid legal responsibility for war crimes committed in Ukraine. The article analyses the aggressive nature of this war on the part of the Russian Federation, demonstrates numerous violations of international law conventions by the Russian armed forces during the military invasion and temporary occupied territories in Ukraine. It emphasizes that the law of war has always been replaced by signing a peace treaty and relevant international agreements, which entails the obligation to severe the political, economic, and legal responsibility of the state violating international humanitarian law. The paper reviews the key institutions and legal tools for bringing the Russian Federation authorities to justice for the war crimes committed in Ukraine. So far, the President of Ukraine, the Supreme Council of Ukraine, and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine have managed to apply legitimate international legal mechanisms, primarily the International Criminal Court and the UN Security Council, to prosecute Russia for violating the international humanitarian law and committing war crimes in Ukraine. At the same time, on the Ukrainian territories currently liberated from the Russian army’s occupation (Bucha, Gostomel, Irpin, etc.), it is already possible to implement a special mechanism of justice, which consists in the collaboration between national and international experts: specialists, investigators, prosecutors, and judges to collect objective and impartial evidence of gross violations of international law and war conventions in Ukraine. It is obvious that for Ukraine today both the victory and just punishment for the committed and continuing committed war crimes on its territory are important. The aftermath of World War II’s “Never Again” now requires, as never before, its effective guarantee and protection

Russian military operation in Ukraine: analysis from the perspective of International Law

The Russian government emphatically stated that it started a full official attack on Ukrainian territory on February 24, 2022. While, the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, declared the imposition of martial law in all regions of his country after Russia carried out a full attack. In addition, several countries in the world responded through open statements of their respective heads of state, and some were accompanied by the imposition of sanctions. Regardless of the reasons and justifications for a decision, the community is the most affected party. This war situation, of course, needs to heed the principles of humanitarian law and humanitarian principles. This paper describes how the war between Russia and Ukraine is seen from the perspective of international law and obligations of the parties under international humanitarian law. This type of research is normative juridical research. The data collecting method used is literature study. The tools used in this research are secondary data in the form of documents consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and non-legal materials. These data were analyzed qualitatively and then presented descriptively. The results of this study found that the justifications used by the Russian government in carrying out military operations in Ukraine, namely self-defense, collective self-defense, and humanitarian intervention cannot be justified under international law. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine is included in an international armed conflict so that in order to protect civilians and certain subjects and objects, the parties to the conflict must comply with the provisions of international humanitarian law.