Administration Of Lead Acetate Research Articles

Reversal of Lead-Induced Toxicity Due to the Effect of Antioxidants

This study was designated to evaluate the protective effect of glutathione (GSH) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in reducing the concentration of lead acetate in blood and soft tissues (liver, kidney, and brain) and their ability to restore altered hematopoietic, hepatic, renal, and other biochemical variables that are indicative of tissue oxidative stress in male rats. Male Wistar rats (150 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 served as experimental control was administered lead acetate (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally) for 3 days. Group 3 and 4 served as therapeutic controls. Animals in groups 5 and 6 received reduced GSH (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and NAC (50 mg/kg orally) for 3 days after the administration of lead acetate, as in group 2. The levels of hepatic and renal markers such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, and uric acid were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) following administration of lead acetate. Administration of GSH and NAC provided significant protection to thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels and reduced GSH content in tissues. On the other hand, significant recovery in lead-sensitive biochemical indices, like δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, δ-aminolevulinic acid, and lead concentration in blood and soft tissues also were observed. It was concluded that NAC provided maximum protection compared with reduced GSH.

Voluntary Exercise Prevents Lead‐Induced Elevation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in Male Rat Blood

Regular mild exercise enhances antioxidant and anti-inflammatory systems of the body. The present study investigates voluntary exercise effects on lead toxicity as a known oxidative stressor. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. Sedentary control: the animals were housed 7 weeks in the regular cages. Exercise group: the animals were housed 7 weeks in the running wheel equipped cages, that is, the animal model of voluntary exercise. During the 7th week, all animals were administered lead acetate. Blood samples were collected at the end of the 6th week and 7th week (before and after lead administrations). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were measured in the samples. Our results showed that lead administration reduced blood SOD, GPx and CAT and increased TNF-α; in the controls, but in the exercise group, changes were not statistically significant. MDA in both groups increased after lead injections but it was significantly lower in exercise group compared to the sedentary animals. We concluded that voluntary exercise may be considered as a preventive tool against lead-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.

The chronic effects of low lead level on the expressions of Nrf2 and Mrp1 of the testes in the rats

Lead is linked to many reproductive problems. This study was to explore the chronic effects of low lead level on expressions of Nrf2 and Mrp1 in rats’ testes. Maternal SD rats were administered lead acetate from 10 days before gestation to weaning at three doses respectively after randomization. From each group, 15 male offsprings were then chosen and administrated lead acetate from weaning to six months old at the doses of 0, 0.3 and 0.9g/L respectively. The dose administrations were through drinking water freely. The methods of RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used for Mrp1 and Nrf2 of the testes. Compared with control group, significant increases were observed in the expressions of Mrp1 and Nrf2 in two lead groups (P<0.05); nucleus translocation of Nrf2 was observed; both GST and GSH was decreased with increasing the lead dose. In conclusion, Mrp1 might play important roles in lead detoxification by Nrf2.

Morphological study of bone marrow to assess the effects of lead acetate on haemopoiesis and aplasia and the ameliorating role of Carica papaya extract

Lead causes damage to the body by inducing oxidative stress. The sites of damage include the bone marrow, where marrow hypoplasia and osteosclerosis may be observed. Leaves of Carica papaya, which have antioxidant and haemopoietic properties, were tested against the effect of lead acetate in experimental rats. The rats were divided into 8 groups; control, lead acetate only, Carica papaya (50 mg and 200 mg), post-treatment with Carica papaya (50 mg and 200 mg) following lead acetate administration and pre-treatment with Carica papaya (50 mg and 200 mg) followed by lead acetate administration. The substances were administered for 14 days. The effects were evaluated by measuring protein carbonyl content (PCC) and glutathione content (GC) in the bone marrow. Histological changes in the bone marrow were also observed. The results showed that Carica papaya induced a significant reduction in the PCC activity and significantly increased the GC in the bone marrow. Carica papaya also improved the histology of the bone marrow compared with that of the lead acetate-treated group. In summary, Carica papaya was effective against the oxidative damage caused by lead acetate in the bone marrow and had a stimulatory effect on haemopoiesis.

Beneficial Effect Administration of Vitamin C in Amelioration of Lead Hepatotoxicity

Previous human and experimental studies have demonstrated that lead exposure may modify the metabolism of lipid. Oxidative stress with subsequent lipid peroxidation has been postulated as one mechanism for lead toxicity. The protective action of vitamins C against lead affects lipid hydroperoxide level and liver functions in male rats has been studied. Experiments were performed on male waster rats with body weights of 120-160 g. Male wistar rats were exposed to 3 g/l lead acetate in drinking water for 5 weeks and treated thereafter with vitamin C (500 mg/kg, orally) for 28 days. One day after the feeding was over, venous blood samples, under chloroform anesthesia, were collected. The animals were killed by exsanguinations and the liver was excise for determination the metal content and histopathological changes. Similarly, the tissue lipid (lipid peroxidation) and the enzyme fraction (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and glutathione (GSH) were also measured in the liver. Metal content in blood and liver was determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Administration of lead acetate (3 g/l) in drinking water for 5 weeks induced a significant increase in the levels of hepatic ALP, ACP and lipid peroxidation. Lead acetate exposure also produced detrimental effects on the redox status of the liver indicated by a significant decline in the levels of liver antioxidants such SOD, CAT and GSH. Further, there was a significant increase in the levels of lead in blood and liver of animals exposed to lead. However, oral administration of vitamin C at dose level of 500 mg/kg body weight reduced the alterations in the previous parameters. Histological examination of the liver also revealed pathophysiological changes in lead acetate-exposed group and treatment with vitamin C improved liver histology. The result of this study strongly indicate that vitamin C has got a potent antioxidant action against lead acetate induced hepatic damage in rats.

The protective effect of green tea extract on lead induced oxidative and DNA damage on rat brain

The role of green tea in protection against neurotoxicity induced by lead acetate was investigated in rats. Five equal groups, each of ten rats were used. The first group was served as control, the second, third, and fourth groups were given lead acetate, lead acetate and green tea, and green tea only, respectively, for one month, the fifth group was administered lead acetate for one month followed by green tea for 15 days. Lead acetate was given orally at a dose of 100mg/kg b. wt, while green tea was given in drinking water at a concentration of 5g/L. Lead acetate administration induced loss of body weight and decreased concentration of reduced glutathione and SOD activity in brain tissues as well as significantly high DNA fragmentation and pathological changes. Co-administration of green tea with lead acetate significantly alleviated these adverse effects.

Protective Effect of Naringenin Against Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats

Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in lead-induced toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of naringenin on lead-induced oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of rats. In the present investigation, lead acetate (500 mg Pb/L) was administered orally for 8 weeks to induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The levels of hepatic and renal markers such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, uric acid, and creatinine were significantly (P < 0.05) increased following lead acetate administration. Lead-induced oxidative stress in liver and kidney tissue was indicated by a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the level of maleic dialdehyde and decreased levels of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Naringenin markedly attenuated lead-induced biochemical alterations in serum, liver, and kidney tissues (P < 0.05). The present study suggests that naringenin shows antioxidant activity and plays a protective role against lead-induced oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of rats.

Changes in some blood parameters in lactating female rats and their pups exposed to lead: effects of vitamins C and E

The present work was designed to examine the changes in some blood parameters in lactating rats treated with lead acetate (10 mg /kg B.W. orally) and its interaction with vitamin E (600 mg/kg diet) or vitamin C (100 mg/kg B.W. orally) during lactation period (20 days) and their pups. Administration of lead acetate to the female lactating rats caused a significant decrease in packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC), body weight, mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration (MCHC) whereas the white blood cells count (WBC), total proteins, the percentage of monocyte and mean corpuscular volume(MCV) significantly increased administration of lead acetate to female lactating rats produced a significant decrease in PCV, Hb, RBC, MCHC, body weight, and the percentage of the neotrophils in their pups. But the WBC count, total proteins, the percentage of lymphocyte, monocyte, MCV a significantly increased in their pups. Treatment dams with vitamin E concomitantly with lead acetate increased the PCV, Hb, MCHC, whereas percentage of monocyte significantly decreased, PCV, Hb, RBC, the percentage of neutrophils a significantly increased, whereas WBC count, the percentage of lymphocyte decreased significantly in their pups of this group of dams. Treatment dams with vitamin C concomitantly with lead acetate significantly increased the PCV, MCV, whereas percentage of monocytes significantly decreased, but Hb, PCV and RBC significantly increased in their pups. It could be concluded that treatment female lactating rats with vitamin E or C concomitantly with lead acetate exert an antioxidant effect on blood constituent in dams and their pups and vitamin E more effective than vitamin C.

Ultrastructural changes in lung tissue after acute lead intoxication in the rat

Pulmonary toxicity of lead was studied in rats after an intraperitoneal administration of lead acetate at a dose of 25mg/kg. Three consecutive days of treatment increased lead content in the whole blood to 2.1µg/dl and in lung homogenate it attained 9.62µg/g w.w. versus control values of 0.17µg/dl and 0.78µg/g w.w., respectively. At the ultrastructural level, the effects of lead toxicity were observed in lung capillaries, interstitium, epithelial cells and alveolar lining layer. Accumulation of aggregated platelets, leucocytic elements and monocytes was found within capillaries. Interstitium comprised a substantial number of collagen, elastin filaments and lipofibroblasts. Lamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes contained phospolipid lamellae, which stratified into an irregular arrangement. Pulmonary alveoli were filled with macrophages. The extracellular lining layer of lung alveoli was partially destroyed. This study provided evidence that acute lead intoxication affects the whole lung parenchyma and by impairing production of the surfactant might disturb the regular respiratory function.

Effect of Punica granatum (pomegranate) on sperm production in male rats treated with lead acetate

The present study was designed to determine whether the treatment with an ethanolic extract of pomegranate (EEP) (Punica granatum) can be useful for the treatment of the deleterious effect of lead acetate (LA) administration on sperm production in rats. The effects of EEP were compared with those of ascorbic acid (AA) that is a strong antioxidant and has been shown to reverse lead-induced damage on the reproductive system.The rats were divided into five different groups: those received distilled water (control group), LA, LA with EEP, LA with AA, and EEP alone, respectively.LA administration inhibited spermatogenesis by reducing the length of the stages related to spermiation (VII and VIII) and onset of mitosis (IX–XI). LA-treated rats also showed a reduction in epididymal sperm number and daily sperm production (DSP). Administration of EEP or AA resulted in longer VIII and IX–XI stages when compared with LA-treated rats. Moreover, EEP and AA administration reduced the deleterious effect of LA on DSP and epididymal sperm number. EEP showed an antioxidant activity similar to that of AA. EEP prevented LA-induced spermatogenic disruption in rats and its antioxidant activity could explain its capacity to reverse the damage produced by LA on spermatogenesis.

Effect of treating lactating rats with lead acetate and its interaction with vitamin E or C on neurobehavior, development and some biochemical parameters in their pups

The current study investigated the effect of administration of vitamin E (600mg / kg diet) concomitantly with lead acetate (10mg /kg, orally) and vitamin C (100mg /kg, orally) concomitantly with lead acetate (10mg /kg, orally) to the female lactating rats on the neurobehavioral, landmarks development and some biochemical tests in their pups. Administration of lead acetate to the female lactating rats caused a significant increase in open field activity test including (the number of squares crossed and rearing test within 3 minutes), olfactory discrimination test, triglycerides and malondialdehyde brain tissue, with a significant decrease in glutathione brain tissue and high density lipoproteins in their pups. The present study demonstrated that treatment of female lactating rats with vitamin C and lead acetate produced a significant decrease in righting reflex test in their pups. Administration of vitamin E concomitantly with lead acetate to the female lactating rats caused a significant increase in glutathione level accompanied with a significant decrease in malondialdehyde and triglycerides levels in their pups. The present study showed that treatment of female lactating rats with vitamin E or C with lead acetate produced a significant decrease in rearing test, whereas a significant increase in high density lipoproteins in their pups. It is concluded that administration vitamin E or C to the female lactating rats reverse the adverse effects produced by lead acetate on neurobehavioral. Vitamin E had positive effect on the levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde brain tissue, triglyceride and high density lipoproteins in their lactating pups.

Chronic prenatal lead exposure impairs long-term memory in day old chicks

Environmental exposure to lead during developmental stages has been established as a potential cause of intellectual deficits. The high susceptibility of rapidly developing fetal and infant brains to external factors suggests that impairment of later cognitive functions may arise from relatively minor prenatal exposure to environmental lead levels. In this study, we used the one-trial passive avoidance learning paradigm with day old chicks to evaluate memory function and memory consolidation in response to prenatal lead exposure. Lead acetate (5.5mg/kg, 11mg/kg, 16.5mg/kg) was administered daily from E9 to E16 via direct injection into the airspace in chick eggs. Higher doses of lead acetate (11mg/kg, 16.5mg/kg) administration had significant effects on the hatching success (23.4 and 17, respectively) and hatch weight ( approximately 10% decrease) of chicks when compared to equivalent treatments of sodium acetate (11mg/kg, 16.5mg/kg) (p<0.001). Low doses of lead acetate (5.5mg/kg) did not significantly affect chick hatching, weight or morphology compared to equivalent sodium acetate treatments (5.5mg/kg) and controls. However, lead acetate (5.5mg/kg) was found to significantly impair long-term memory after 120min following training in the one-trial passive avoidance learning task (p<0.05). These findings add to a growing body of evidence that suggests lead toxicity during fetal development leads to impairment in cognitive and memory processes.

Effect of catalase activators and inhibitors on ethanol pharmacokinetic parameteres and ethanol and aldehyde-metabolizing enzyme activities in the rat liver and brain

The effects of catalase regulators (aminotriazole, lead acetate, taurine, di-2-ethylhexylphthalate) on the preference for ethanol, its pharmacokinetics, and activities of rat liver and brain ethanol and acetaldehyde-metabolizing enzymes were studied. Lead acetate (100 mg/kg, i.p., 7 days), aminotriazole (1 g/kg, i.p., 7 days), and taurine (650 mg/kg, i.g., 14 days) decreased ethanol consumption under conditions of free choice (10% ethanol water), whereas di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (300 mg/kg, i.g., 7 days) did not exert any effect on this parameter. Taurine, lead acetate and di-2-ethylhexylphthalate significantly activated liver ADH, MEOS and catalase peroxidase activity. Aminotriazole also activated ADH and MEOS, but inhibited liver catalase. The activities of liver and brain A1DH as well as catalase were insignificantly changed by this treatment. The 7-day administration of lead acetate, di-2-ethylhexylphthalate and aminotriazole administrations significantly influenced the ethanol (2 g/kg., i.p.) pharmacokinetic parameters: the area under the pharmacokinetic curve and the elimination half-life time were significantly reduced, whereas the elimination constant and clearance were increased. This unequivocally indicates accelerated ethanol elimination. The 14-day ingestion of taurine insignificantly changed the parameters of ethanol pharmacokinetics in rats.

Leukocytic Response and Spleen Morphology of Albino Rats Exposed to Graded Levels of Lead Acetate

Aim. The study investigated the leukocytic response and spleen morphology of albino rats exposed to graded dose levels of lead acetate. Material and Methods. Four groups of 5 rats received lead acetate treatment per os for 14 days, as follows: group A (0.25 mg/kg body weight), group B (0.50 mg/kg body weight), group C (1.00 mg/ kg body weight) and group D (no lead acetate treatment-control). Thereafter, total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count (DLC) and histomorphology of the spleen were assessed. Total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count and histomorphology of rats that received the lead acetate treatment were compared to control rats. Results. Results have shown that the administration of lead acetate to rats led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in TLC with an increase in the number of lymphocytes (p < 0.05). The number of absolute monocytes and neutrophils in the lead acetate exposed rats were significantly (p < 0.05) low. The microscopic changes from the spleen sections of the lead acetate treated rats suggest immune alteration and splenic damage. Conclusion. Therefore the study confirms the risk of experiencing immunosuppression for humans and other species that may be exposed to lead.

Antioxidant status and selected biochemical parameters of porcine ovarian granulosa cells exposed to lead in vitro

The objective of this study was to determine the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS) and release of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, total lipids, totals proteins, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides by porcine ovarian granulosa cells cultured in vitro after lead acetate administration. The parameters were analyzed using semi–automated clinical chemistry analyzer Microlab 300, microprocessor-controlled analyzer EasyLite and spectrophotometer Genesys 10. Cells were cultured with lead acetate trihydrate [Pb(CH3COO)2.3H2O] as follows: group Max (5 mg Pb(CH3COO)2.3H2O/10 mL), group A (2.5 mg/10 mL), group B (0.83 mg/10 mL), group C (0.625 mg/10 mL), group D (0.455 mg/10 mL) and the control group without lead exposure for 18 hrs. The highest TAS was estimated in the control group without lead treatment in comparison with other groups (MAX, A, B, C, D). Statistical analyses showed significantly lower value (P < 0.05) in group B. The activity of SOD was the lowest in the control group in comparison to those exposed to in vitro lead culture. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) of calcium content in group MAX in comparison with control group was determined. Release of phosphorus by ovarian granulosa cells was significantly lower (P < 0.05; 0.01; 0.001) in all the treated groups in comparison with control group. Lead was found to stimulate the release of magnesium and potassium by granulosa cells, but the increase remained statistically insignificant. The highest concentration of glucose was noted in control group, but the differences were not significant either. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected in concentration of other studied parameters among observed groups, too.

Parachlorella beyerinckii accelerates lead excretion in mice

The effect of Parachlorella beyerinckii CK-5, previously identified as Chlorella vulgaris, on gastrointestinal absorption of lead was investigated in mice. Female ICR mice aged 7 weeks were orally administered lead acetate solution at doses of 20 mg and 40 mg of lead per mouse, with or without 100 mg of P. beyerinckii powder (BP). The mice were bred for 24 hours. The amount of lead excreted in feces within 24 hours, and the lead levels of the blood, liver and kidney were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The percentage of total fecal excretion in mice administered BP increased by 27.7% in 20 mg lead administered mice and 17.2% in 40 mg lead administered mice in comparison to control mice, respectively. On the other hand, the lead levels of the blood, liver and kidney of BPadministered mice at 24 hours after lead administration were 48-63% lower as compared with those of control mice. The lead adsorption ability of BP and the pepsin non-digestive residue of BP (dBP) were investigated in vitro. One hundred mg of BP and dBP could adsorb 10.6 mg and 6.0 mg of lead in a 20 mg per 10 mL of lead solution, respectively. The lead absorption abilities of BP and dBP were considered to contribute to the prevention of gastrointestinal absorption of lead and the promotion of the excretion of lead. These results suggested that BP treatment might be useful in animals and humans exposed to lead.

Selection of Nutrients for Prevention or Amelioration of Lead-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats

We carried out animal experiments based on the orthogonal design L(8)(2(7)) setting seven factors with two different levels of each and 10 groups of rats. The nutrients tested were tyrosine, glycine, methionine, taurine, ascorbic acid, thiamine and zinc. The objective of this study was to explore the optimal combinations of nutrients for prevention or amelioration of lead-induced learning and memory impairment. Rats were supplemented with nutrients by gavage once a day in two experiments: one was simultaneous nutrient supplementation with lead acetate administration (800 mg l(-1)) for 8 weeks (prophylactic supplementation) and the other was nutrient supplementation for 4 weeks after the cessation of 4 weeks of lead administration (remedial supplementation). Morris water maze was initiated at ninth week. Rats were terminated for assays of levels of Pb in blood, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in hippocampus, levels of nitric oxide (NO) in hippocampus and expressions of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein messenger RNA in hippocampus. Results showed that in prophylactic supplementation, methionine, taurine, zinc, ascorbic acid and glycine were the effective preventive factors for decreasing prolonged escape latency, increasing SOD and NOS activities and NO levels in the hippocampus, respectively. On the other hand, in remedial supplementation, taurine was the effective factor for reversing Pb-induced decrease in activities of SOD, NOS and levels of NO. In conclusion, the optimum combinations of nutrients appear to be methionine, taurine, zinc, ascorbic acid and glycine for the prevention of learning and memory impairment, while taurine and thiamine appear to be the effective factors for reversing Pb neurotoxicity.

BIOCHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER AT PREPUBESCENT RATS TREATED WITH LEAD ACETATE

Lead acetate was admistrated in Wistar rats, by intragastric tube, for 7 day, in doses of 10 mg/100 g body, daily. The effects were monitored after 7 days of treatment and after 7 days post terapeutic pause. A group of animals, which were administred water by the same route, served as stress controls. The animals were sacrificed by beheading after a starvation period of 16 hours and were taken immediately the bood and liver. Some biochemical parametres were taken under observation and the results we obtain showed decrease of DNA, total proteins, aminic nitrogen and glycogen. The intragastric administration of lead acetate induces important structural changes. After a 7 days pause, the intensity of the changes decreased, but did not recover totally, compared to the controls

Effect of Humic Acids on Lead Accumulation in Chicken Organs and Muscles

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of feeding humic acid (HA) to pullets treated for 10 days on its concentrations in the organs and muscles. Forty pullets allocated to 4 groups with ten birds in each were used in the experiment. Control group (K) was fed the basic diet without supplementation. The second group (HA) was fed the basic diet with HA at the dose of 500 mg/chicken/day. Experimental group 1 (Pb) was fed basic diet containing lead acetate at the dose of 3.54 mg (1.42 mg Pb) per pullet/day and the second experimental group (Pb + HA) was moreover fed 500 mg HA/day. The lead content was determined in the samples of liver, kidney, bone and muscle tissue. Very low lead concentrations detected in the liver, kidneys and muscles of control group constituted the background, which reflected the current status of nutrition. The lead concentrations in the tissues were 4%, 12.6% and 10% of the highest admissible amounts (0.5 and 0.1 mg Pb/kg), respectively. In the experimental group (Pb), significantly increased lead concentrations were detected in liver, kidneys, bones (P &lt; 0.001) and muscles (P &lt; 0.05). The highest accumulation was found in bones (2.711 ± 0.59 mg/kg). Concurrent administration of HA and lead acetate (HA + Pb group) caused a significant decrease in the Pb content, i.e. by 30%, 43.8 %, 53.8 % and 50.6% in liver, kidneys, muscles and bones, respectively, in contrast to experimental group Pb. The values of selected biochemical indicators ranged in reference value limits, except the significant decrease of copper concentration in experimental groups.

Are renal proximal tubular epithelial cells constantly prepared for an emergency? Focus on “The proliferation capacity of the renal proximal tubule involves the bulk of differentiated epithelial cells”

a human kidney contains approximately one million functional units (the nephrons) that consist of a filter (the glomerulus) and a processing portion (the proximal, intermediate, and distal tubule). The glomeruli produce ∼180 liters of primary filtrate every day of which only 1 to 2 liters are