Adjectives Research Articles

ПОЗИТИВНІ ТА ХИБНІ ЗМІНИ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ ПРАВОПИСІ 2019 р.

The aim of the article is to analyze Ukrainian spelling peculiarities, highlighted in the editions of 1993, 2007 (amended version) and 2019 years, which are related to the comparative aspect, particularly to orthography (methods of combining sounds and sound combinations which ensures the same type of words’ spelling). The work uses such approaches as induction and deduction, and the main methods of researching linguistic phenomena: descriptive method and variant dynamics of writing foreign words. In the study, using the application of comparative and contrastive methods, we have determined some features of literary language norms in the spellings of 1993 and 2007, which relate to minor clarifications, descriptions, the illustrative material alphabetical order, the selection of certain lexemes to denote concepts related to changes in society, and some modernized changes in spelling. It is proved that corrections were made to the spelling of 2007 not in relation to Ukrainian grammar and orthography but mainly in relation to illustrative material, and these examples sometimes do not correspond to literary language norms. The article analyzes some positive changes regarding to various subsystems, which truly corresponds to the Ukrainian language modern state, for instance, normalized spelling of borrowed words such as “top100” or “top-ten”, names of sites and other Internet services, and complex words with borrowed components (vice-, ex-, leib-, maxi-, midi-, mini-, ober-, unter-, stubs-, which now we write together). The spelling of such words like “проєкт” and “проєкція”, the principle of transmission of Russian and Belarusian names and some male surnames in the adjective form, the spelling of the pronouns “ви” and “ваш” with lowercase and uppercase letters have been standardized. It has been proven that there are no significant changes in 2019 Spelling: the vast majority of them are contradictory and even not entirely appropriate. Especially, this alternation concerns of “о - і” and “е - і” with verbose definitions that are too difficult for a schoolchild; some norms about the position of using prepositions and prefixes “у - в”, as well as prepositions “із, зі”. We have recorded some overcomplicated explanations regarding the lengthening of consonants, the use of a soft sign “ь”, etc. Innovations in the writing of foreign words have been studied in detail. Some of the new norms are clearly motivated, but some of them are too complicated, for example, the transfer of borrowed personal names including Arabic, Persian, Turkic and others. Irregularities in the spelling of various parts of the language have been identified, in particular regarding the features of the case endings of masculine nouns of the second declension of the singular; declension of Russian surnames with the suffixes “-ин, -ін, -їн” (parallel endings in the dative case form; use of a number of Russian surnames in the vocative case form). The authors moved the irregularity of some features quantitative and fractional numerals declension and their combination with nouns. The article contains authors’ critical comments regarding the clarity and accuracy of certain spelling norms formulation, for example, phonetic processes, the use of a soft sign “ь”, writing complex words, etc. Nouns declension peculiarities are analyzed, in particular those that determine the specificity of the Ukrainian language, its uniqueness. The proposed authors’ vision of formulations concretization about the quantitative and fractional numerals declension and their combination with nouns. In general, both positive changes in spelling norms and certain inaccuracies should be eliminated and refined.

Ellips eller primär namnbildning? Ett centralt problem i svensk sjönamnsbildning

This article discusses a central problem in the formation of Swedish lake names, namely the relationship between elliptical constructions such as Hultasjön becoming Hulten, and primary name formations. Derivatives are relatively common in older lake names, whereas compounds (and the subsequent ability to create ellipsis) tend to be more common in younger names. One hypothesis builds on the notion that non-derived tree words such as asp – aspen – tend to appear as the first element of older settlement names, whereas the -ija-derivatives such as äspe are the first element of younger names; for example, Aspe is a possible Old Swedish lake name, but not *Æspe, whereas both Aspsior and Æspesior should be possible. There appears to be a certain amount of empirical support for this hypothesis regarding lake names formed using asp, fura and björk – aspen, pine and birch respectively. The fact that names formed as clearly recognisable suffix-derivatives are not ellipses is a given. However, there are names using the a-suffix that may be difficult to identify as such. Gender change should generally be seen as a form of derivation, as a new name is formed this way. If there are a large number of homonyms for a particular name, this could suggest that it is an established pattern in the onomasticon. One plausible example comes from the lake names Ælmpte and Alpte – swan lake – which are likely an-derivations. Furthermore, it is unlikely that two large groups of lake names are formed using ellipses, rather they are formed from weak adjective forms using -ug, and names ending in -lången. There are clear examples to show that the shape of a lake can form the basis of its name. As with other metaphorical names, these also fall outside the ellipsis category. It is reasonable to question whether the ellipses *Asp and *Aspe for Aspsior existed at all. Contemporary elliptical lake names were likely formed following patterns of older primary non-compounded derived lake names (or names built on a word for a body of water), after they transitioned to the definite form in the early 16th century. Other common lake names using ellipsis are linked to settlement names, for example, Exen from the village name Extorp. Forming such names was likely possible once standard lake name ellipses became commonplace and established patterns.

Confusions Between English Nominal and Adjectival Forms Among Students at the Dar es Salaam University College of Education: Are they Predictable?

This paper examines confusions between English nominal and adjectival forms among students at the Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE). In particular, it establishes consistencies and inconsistencies in the use of English nominal and adjectival forms; and informs pedagogical interventions that can be adopted to redress the situation. Data was collected from a review of selected students’ examination scripts, and then subjected to error analysis in relation to the identified themes. The findings show that students vary greatly in the way they use nominal and adjectival forms such that some errors are consistently predictable, while others are intricately inconsistent and unpredictable. To address the problem, this paper recommends a case-by-case critical analysis of the problems; instead of the general conclusions that students experience problems in language use. Specifically, the paper suggests the need to study the nature, distribution and consistency of the committed errors and/or mistakes so as to come up with effective interventions.

Selected Middle English adjectives of happiness: their representation in the Innsbruck Corpus

The present paper analyses the fates of the Middle English synonyms of the adjective happy. The group of the examined words contains adjectives beneurous, benewred, felicious, gracious, seely and the key item happy. Focusing on their fates in the period under question, the study uses data from the Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English, a collection of 129 Middle English digitised texts, preserved in 159 files, to determine token frequency, text distribution and semantic changes of the examined adjectives. Other sources used in the study are Middle English Dictionary (MED), The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), Historical Thesaurus of English (HTE) and AntConc, a freeware corpus analysis program. The evidence from the Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English Prose shows considerable discrepancies in the token frequency of the analysed terms and the number of attestations employed in the sense ‘happy’. Although the position of the adjective gracious was extraordinarily strong (354 attestations), the termyielded only 13 attestations used in the sense under study. The marginal status of benewred (2 attestations)and lack of beneurous in the Middle English texts examined announce their loss at the end of the period.

What-clefts with adjectives in English: A corpus-based analysis

This paper aims to investigate the what-cleft construction with adjectives and establish its structural, semantic, and distributional features by adopting frame semantics and usage-based construction grammar, exploiting the data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and applying quantitative corpus-based methodology. To this end, the author extracts the occurrences of the What be ADJ be-construction from a large corpus of naturally-occurring data, determines its structural, semantic, distributional, and discourse-functional properties, and identifies adjectives that are strongly associated with the construction in question. The paper makes a significant contribution to a growing body of literature on the what-cleft construction by conducting a qualitative and quantitative analysis of one of its variants, a grammatical pattern with adjectives that has not been hitherto investigated in much detail.

The Impact of Linguistic Form of Labels on Desire for Social Distance in Mental Health

The American Psychological Association, among other influential bodies, make recommendations on language for describing people with mental health conditions. The present studies test the impact of the recommended language on stigma. In Study 1, participants (n = 294) were asked to complete measures of desire for social distance from individuals given a diagnostic label in either person-first possessive, identity-first noun, or identity-first adjective forms. Familiarity with the diagnoses was considered as a potential influence on the outcome. The 3*2 (linguistic form * experience) factorial design was repeated for three diagnoses - schizophrenia, anorexia and alcoholism. In Study 2, the research was replicated with a sample recruited from the UK population via social media (n = 230). Factorial ANOVA was used for analysis. In contrast with previous literature, the studies found neither an effect of linguistic form (hypothesis 1) nor an interaction effect with familiarity (hypothesis 2). Research on this topic is in an early stage and, above all, it remains important to use language, which shows respect when talking to or about others.

Жанр «миссия организации» в русскоязычном банковском дискурсе: структура, прагматика и языковое наполнение

The paper aims to identify the pragmatics and structural-linguistic peculiarities of the texts belonging to the genre of mission statements that play an essential role in external and internal communications initiated by modern banks. The research is novel in that it is the first in Russian linguistics to examine the texts belonging to the genre of mission statements in relation to the corporate culture supported by the Russian banking community, using original empirical materials. As a result, the role that the genre of mission statements plays in the space of Russian-language banking discourse has been identified; the syncretic nature of the texts of this genre produced by Russian banks have been revealed; the linguistic mechanisms used by the banks to create a positive image at the explicit and implicit levels in the process of informing on their corporate philosophy and values have been described. It has also been found that Russian banks use positively charged words, superlative forms of adjectives, rhetorical devices and expressive syntactical techniques, as well as implied or overtly unexpressed meanings of linguistic forms and non-verbal components of the text when solving PR tasks in the texts belonging to the genre under consideration.

Register Kelompok Pecinta Burung Berkicau atau Kicau Mania di Kabupaten Boyolali: Kajian Sosiolinguistik

Kicau Mania is the mention of a group of songbird lovers. The existence of this group will lead to language registers for fluency in interacting within the group. The register is something that is very interesting to study in groups of songbird lovers in Boyolali because special terms often appear in communication between members of the group. The purpose of this study is to describe the form, meaning, and function of the registers for groups of songbird lovers or Kicau Mania in Boyolali district. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, the source of the data was obtained from the interaction of members of Kicau Mania and event activities in the form of speech from the Kicau Mania group in bird competitions and in bird markets. Methods of data acquisition through field observations and conducting interviews. The techniques applied are tapping, listening and speaking, recording, and taking notes. After obtaining the data, then analyze the data by identifying the data, classifying the data, processing the data and describing the results of the data analysis. This research produced several vocabulary registers, including resik (the mention of female canaries that are ready to mate), kuningan (the mention of young green cucak), kondangan (the mention of losing the competition). In addition, there are also new meanings and vocabulary such as, ngecuske (breeding birds), anggungan (mention of a type of bird that makes a soft voice and buzzes), banggelan (a reference to the term selling fast at a low price). The conclusion of this study is that several registers were found divided according to classification. forms of words and forms of noun phrases, adjectives, and verbs. Then, some meanings of each register vocabulary are obtained which are different from the registers of other language groups. Several special functions were obtained for registering Kicau Mania in Boyolali is heuristic function, informational function, imaginary function, instrumental function, personal function, and interaction function.
 Keywords: kicau mania; language variation; register

EMCAT-POL: A catalogue of 817 basic emotion terms in Polish

AbstractThis paper investigates the lexicalizations of prototypical basic emotion concepts in Polish. A catalogue of all words denoting basic emotions (anger,disgust,fear,sadness,surprise,joy) in Polish has been created to qualitatively and quantitatively explore the lexicalizations and to draw an ethnopsychological profile of Poles. The catalogue contains basic emotion terms and their synonyms in noun, verb, and adjective forms, as well as data pertaining to grammatical gender and word frequency. A quantitative and qualitative exploratory analysis of the catalogued data was conducted to determine which of the six basic emotion concepts are lexicalized most richly and completely, and which types of emotion terms are used most frequently. The results indicate that in Polish emotions are preferentially expressed as nouns, even though they are more frequently lexicalized as adjectives. There are also more words for negative emotions than for positive ones (negative differentiation effect), though the positive emotion words are used more frequently than all the negative words combined (Pollyanna effect). Polish also shows a marked preference for overtly verbalizing the neutral emotion ofsurprise– the smallest category by number of words denoting the emotion. Implications of the results for psychotherapy and bilingualism studies are discussed.

Phraseological Use and Development During a Stay Abroad: Exploring Sensitivity to Frequency and Cue Contingency

AbstractUsage‐based approaches to additional‐language acquisition have identified numerous determinants of language learning, two of which were the focus of our study: frequency and cue contingency. Specifically, we examined how an immersion experience may impact sensitivity to these two determinants as reflected in the production of 4,808 pairs of nouns (N) and adjectives (ADJ) by 50 anglophone learners of Spanish and French. We analyzed the use of N/ADJ combinations using mixed linear regressions for frequency and two measures of delta P, a unidirectional measure of lexical association strength reflecting cue contingency. In all three models, we explored the impact of time and four additional variables: task, initial proficiency, target language, and phraseological unit. Our analysis revealed stasis over time. Additionally, our analysis revealed phraseological unit, task, and target language each to be significant in at least one model; initial proficiency did not contribute to significantly predicting phraseological use.

Adjective + yi dian in Mandarin Chinese and its equivalent in Indonesian language: A contrastive analysis

In the last decade, Mandarin Chinese has been standing as the most studied language as a foreign language. The structure of Mandarin Chinese is not necessarily similar to the grammatical structure of Mandarin Chinese learners. In daily life, structure of different ideas produces different pragmatic functions in the grammar. This article aims to describe the difference between the discourse of "adjective + a little bit" and Indonesia. The data source comes from the Modern Chinese Corpus of Academia Sinica, Taiwan. The stages of data analysis are data sorting, data classifying into four groups, and data analysis. From the corpus, there are 697 sentences with一點/ yi dian/ adverbs in "adjective +【一點】/ yi dian/" including【比較+形容詞+一點】or comparison+adjective+【一點】/ yi dian/] and 56 sentence-word adverbs in "[adjective+particle【了】/le/+【一點】/ yi dian/]" which contains"【太+adjective" +了+一點】. The first group of "adjective +【一點】" category has (83.95%) sentences; there are 66 adjective categories with only one word such as: 【好】/hao/ good,【多】/duo/many,【小】/xiao/small,【大】/da/big, etc. and 554 have two words such as: 【大方】/dafang/ generous，【隨便】/fangbian/ comfortable，【舒服】/shufu/ comfortable, etc. and a sentence pattern using "Adjective+Adjective's form +【一點】, such 【小小】/xiao xiao/ "small". The category of the second group of "comparative + adjective +【一點】’a little’ " has 65 (8.6%) sentences. There are 42 (5.58%) sentences in the third group of "Adjective + 【了】/le/ + a little " category. The fourth group of "【太】/tai/+ Adjective + a little bit" structure has only 14 sentences (1.87%). Keywords: adjective, a little, Mandarin Chinese, Indonesian language, comparison

Using Flipped Classroom Approach to Teach Adjectives to Malaysian Year 4 Chinese Intermediate ESL Learners

English adjective was ranked as one of the most grammatical errors committed by Malaysian Chinese ESL learners due to the different language structures between Mandarin and English. This study attempted to investigate whether Flipped Classroom Approach (FCA) is more effective for ESL learners to acquire adjectives compared to the traditional classroom approach. It was also designed to examine Malaysian Year 4 Chinese intermediate ESL learners’ perceptions towards learning adjectives via FCA. This research adopted Pre-test–Post-test Non-equivalent Group Design which used several instruments, namely pre- and post-tests, questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. 60 Malaysian Year 4 Chinese intermediate ESL learners from a national-type Chinese school were divided into experimental and control groups. This intervention focused on the experimental group using ‘Edmodo’ to acquire input before the lesson, while the control group followed the traditional classroom approach. Both experimental and control groups had a statistically significant improvement in scores, with a mean difference of 53.16 and 23.50 respectively, yet the t-test result (p=0.000) depicted the significant difference between both groups’ mastery of adjectives. Moreover, most of the participants have positive perceptions towards learning adjectives via FCA. This study has provided the findings and relevant information for the stakeholders on the implementation of FCA in the Malaysian primary ESL classroom. This research can be further improved by exploring the effects of FCA in other parts of speech to ESL learners with different races, level of ability and competence in a longer duration of implementation.

Accounting for different rates of gender reanalysis among Icelandic masculine forms in plural -ur

AbstractThis paper presents a usage-based cognitive approach to the different rates at which Icelandic masculine forms in nominative/accusative plural -ur are reanalysed as feminine. Of the 14.92% of nouns in plural -ur, 91.89% are feminine, others masculine. Syncretism in nominative/accusative plural is exceptionless among feminines, but relatively rare among masculines. Interestingly, plurals such as masculine eigendur ‘owners’, fætur ‘feet’, vetur ‘winters’ occasionally yield the feminine outputs definite eigendur-nar, fætur-nar, vetur-nar, and are sometimes modified by feminine forms of adjectives and determiners. As the full set of forms in plural -ur is highly schematic, we might expect reanalysis – viewed as a property of a schema’s productivity – to correlate proportionately with the frequency of corresponding masculine forms. However, corpus data for Icelandic betray a mismatch. Through a network model approach that emphasises prototype structure, minimal schematicity is shown to impact the rate of reanalysis by means of a gang effect.

The Dynamics of Postnominal Adjectives in Middle English

Middle English was a period of transition between the free word order of Old English, with functional variation of adjective form and position with respect to the head noun, and the fixed prenominal placement of single attributive adjectives in Modern English. Aided by the PPCME2 of the Penn-Helsinki corpora, this corpus-driven study explores the range of adjectives attested frequently after the head noun, as well as their relative attraction to the position and, sampling the ME period with emphasis on variables in the corpus metadata, compares the frequencies of postnominally placed adjectives in various genres, capturing their declining overall frequency over time. These general tendencies are commented against the background of postpositives in PDE.

OF TURKISH ADJUSTMENTS IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE MORPHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT

The lexical composition of any national language, its total vocabulary, is a phenomenon that is formed throughout the entire historical development of this nation. The vocabulary of languages is enriched by internal and external resources. In most languages, internal resources are the main source of vocabulary replenishment. However, external factors also play a role. External factors include borrowing.Borrowing is the transfer of vocabulary from one language to another. They increase the vocabulary of the language, serving as a source of new stems, phrases and terms.The topic of "borrowing" is one of the most widely studied topics in lexicology. We can learn about the relationships between contacting nations through assimilation. Therefore, this topic is still the subject of research in many linguistic studies.When loanwords enter the language system, they go through several processes of adaptation. These adaptation processes can be phonetic, grammatical, semantic, graphic or stylish. Each adaptation is a separate topic and needs to be studied separately. Of these, grammatical adaptation, in particular morphological adaptation, is studied with particular interest. By this way, we can find out to what extent a foreign word has been borrowed to the language system.This article is devoted to the morphological adaptation of Turkic borrowings in Persian. In it, Turkic loanwords between independent word groups such as noun, adjective, form, number, and verb were studied, and the extent to which they adopted grammatical categories was studied.In particular, categories specific to the categories of words were considered, such as plural affixes, word formation and degrees of adjectives. Examples were taken from fiction and online materials to determine if loanwords are in use today. Examples have been given in sentence structure to better define the meaning of loanwords. Transcript and translation of sentences were also given as examples.

The Experience of Russian Terminology Comprehensive Training for Music Specialties Students from the Republic of Korea (on the case of the Higher School of Music of the Sakha Republic)

The article summarizes the experience of combining two manuals in work with students from the Republic of Korea who studied at the Higher School of Music of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). One manual is Russian as a foreign language for musical specialties by A.V. Bukharova and T.G. Bukharova, and the second is adapted texts derived from the Textbook on Harmony by A. Myasoedov. The paper deals with the difficulties that students from Korea encountered in applying the knowledge gained in the general course of Russian as a foreign language and in communicative practice in the Harmony class, which is part of the area of major.BR The article draws attention to the functioning of national terminology in teaching Harmony both in Russia and Korea; on the use of particular forms of adjectives that are not studied in the general course of Russian as a foreign language but actively operated in the field of music specialty. In addition, the author points to the active use of verbal nouns as music terms and the importance of teaching students the constructions of the scientific style of the Russian language.

On the Concepts of narečje and diasystem in Serbian and Croatian Dialectology and Standard Language Scholarship

The aim of this paper is to present a historical analysis of the concept of narečje (narječje) and diasystem in dialectology since their beginnings on the territory of contemporary Croatia and Serbia until today. These concepts are normally used to denote a dialectological unit higher than a single dialect, and also play an important role when defining standard languages. Regardless of their uniqueness and importance, there is no historical overview of their development. The historical analysis identified two distinct periods: (1) the comparative-descriptive and (2) the neogrammarian-structuralist. The first is ascribed to Vuk Karadžić and the philological school, who understood narečje as contemporary linguistic forms, while the second was started by Aleksandar Belić, who understood them primarily as homogenous proto-dialects, which split into smaller dialects over time. This understanding of narečje remained dominant even during the times Pavle Ivić introduced structural dialectology, as well as in the research of Dalibor Brozović, who introduced the alternative notion of diasystem in the 1970s. The conclusions invite for a revision of the concept of a narečje and diasystem in dialectology and the studies of standard languages. On a practical level, the author suggests that for contemporary varieties, adjectival forms or forms clearly refering to a hypothetical origin should be used (i.e. Štokavian dialects or dialect of Štokavian origin), while narečje, or noun-forms (i.e. Štokavian narečje, Štokavica, Štokavština) should either be avoided or substituted with reconstructed proto-dialect.

Synthetic -BLE compounds VS. -BLE adjectives: Issues in the external and internal syntax

Abstract The subject matter of this paper is the external and internal syntax of adjectival compounds based on -ble adjectives in English (e.g. vaccine-preventable, machine-readable, drug-susceptible) and passive potential adjectives in Polish (e.g. łatwopalny ‘combustible’, lekkostrawny ‘lit. easily digestible, light’, szybkozmywalny ‘quickly-washable’), with special attention paid to whether the syntactic behaviour exhibited by -ble and -ny/-alny adjectives is also present in compounds headed by them. Drawing on analysis put forth by Oltra-Massuet (2013), the present research departs from Oltra-Massuet's account in that certain ble adjectives which show irregular morphology (e.g. visible, tolerable) are interpreted as high (eventive) -ble adjectives. It is shown that while synthetic -ble compounds in English inherit the syntactic features of their heads, passive potential adjectives in Polish often lose the ability to project the external argument upon being merged with a modifier to form a compound.

DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES IN ENGLISH AND JAVANESE

ABSTRACT This study is about the realization of derivational and inflectional morphemes in English and Javanese. The objectives of this study are to investigate the kinds of derivational and inflectional in English and Javanese short stories, how the English and Javanese words formed by derivational and inflectional, and to explain the realization of derivational and inflectional morphemes in English and Javanese. This study is designed in descriptive-qualitative research. The source of data is English and Javanese short stories namely 1) Oedipus Rex and Sangkuriang, 2) Beauty and the beast and Lutung Kasarung. The data of the study is the words of English and Javanese. The findings of the study showed that the word formation formed by derivational morpheme in English short stories were begun from Oedipus rex consisted of 11 noun formation, 1 verb formation, 2 adjective formation and 8 adverb formation. While, beauty and the beast consisted of 16 noun formation, 2 verb formation, 9 adjective formation, and 14 adverb formation. The total of derivational process in Oedipus Rex and beauty and the beast was 63 words (52%). The word formation formed by derivational morpheme in Javanese short stories were begun from Sangkuriang consisted of 17 noun formation, 16 verb formation, and 1 adverb formation. While, Lutung Kasarung had 3 noun formation, 16 verb formation, 1 adjective formation, and 4 adverb formation. The total of derivational process in sangkuriang and Lutung Kasarung was 58 words (48%). The word formation formed by inflectional morpheme in English short stories were begun from Oedipus Rex had 1 noun formation, 27 verb formation, and 2 adjective formation. While, Beauty and the Beast had 12 noun formation, 36 verb formation, and 14 adjective formation. The total was 92 words (100%). Javanese did not have inflectional process.

《한비자》의 판단문 연구

The ‘pànduànjù (判断句)’ (mediaeval Chinese assertive sentences) occupies a very important role as it demonstrates massive changes in aspects through several forms throughout its transformative process of the Chinese language. A total of 1,291 examples emerged after examining several pànduànjù forms that appear in the book of Han Fei Zi written at the end of the Warring States Period(戰國). The emergent frequency rate of the modal particle(yǔqìzhùcí/语气助词), yě(也), which indicates the particle of the pànduàn was 58.6% (757 cases) which was a lot higher than the pànduànjù forms that did not have the modal particle yě which was calculated to be 41.4%(534 cases). Amongst all the 13 different kind of pànduànjù forms, the verbal pànduànjù form was the highest with 27.9%(360 cases) indicating that the 325 cases where the modal particle yě(也) does not appear is relatively higher than the 35 cases where the modal particle does appear. Within this phenomenon, the usage rate of wéi(爲) gradually increased while one shì(是) appeared demonstrating that it began to act as a pànduàncí (判断词) although this practice wasn’t quite as universal during this period. In addition, the emergent frequency rate of the adverb which enhances the pànduàn function because it is used in front of the predicate was 18.6% (240 cases) making the usage rate even wider across the board. Also, in the case of the predicate, although there were many emergent cases of noun predicates, most of the predicates were in the forms of adjectives, adjective phrases, verbal phrases and verb objective phrases.