Adjective Pairs Research Articles

Impacts of light direction and window properties on students’ perceptual evaluations in design studios

This study aimed to determine how light direction, window proximity and window dimensions could affect students' perceptual evaluations in design studios. The design studios of the Nuh Naci Yazgan University in Kayseri were selected as the research setting. The ‘semantic differential scale’ composed of 10 adjective pairs was used for determining subjects’ perceptual evaluations of design studios having two different window dimensions. According to the results obtained, when making drawings, right-handed students who received light from a window on the left side were determined to perceive the physical environmental factors of design studios more positively compared to students who received light from a window on the right side. In addition, students sitting near a window in design studios were observed to generally perceive the physical environmental factors more positively than those sitting in the middle close to the window, in the middle away from the window and inside. Furthermore, students who sat in an area with floor to ceiling window were determined to perceive the place more positively compared to those who sat in an area with parapet to ceiling window. These results generally confirmed that light direction, window proximity and window dimensions in design studios are effective on students’ perceptual evaluations.

Perceptual Evaluation of Traditional Turkish House Façade

Purpose This study aimed to make a comparative evaluation of the differences between the original façade (original) and the modified façade of the traditional Turkish Houses (collected from Afyonkarahisar city) based on perception. Design/Methodology/Approach In line with this purpose, digital images of eight sets of original and modified street silhouettes with gray color scales have been produced on the computer. Two different groups consisting of 80 people (architect and non-architect group) have evaluated the prepared images by the semantic differentiation scale consisting of the adjective pairs. The main hypothesis of the study is "The original façade would be more preferred than the modified façade". Also, gender, architect and non-architect group comparisons were made in the evaluations, too. Findings The results have shown that the participants liked the original traditional Turkish House façade more. The tidy/untidy and proportional/non-proportional adjective pairs have had the biggest difference in this evaluation. In another result, male participants have evaluated the traditional Turkish House façade views liked more for all dependent variables except for familiar / unfamiliar and qualified / unqualified adjective pairs compared to female participants. In addition, non-architects have liked more than architects the façade views of traditional Turkish Houses for adjective pairs that are beautiful / ugly, not impressive / unimpressive and interesting / uninteresting. On the other hand the architects have liked more than non-architects the façade view of traditional Turkish Houses for the proportional / non-proportional adjective pair. Research Limitations/Implications This study has been conducted only for Turkish Houses collected from Afyonkarahisar city. In addition, only architects and non-architects group attended for evaluation of the surveys. Social/Practical Implications According to the most important finding obtained from the study, the fact that the original state is observed in the restoration of traditional Turkish Houses has caused people liked it more. Similarly, it has been observed that the organization of windows, solid-void relationship ratio, repetitions, horizontal and vertical structural elements (beams etc.) in the Turkish house façade characteristic will have a positive effect on perception. Originality/Value With this study, for the first time in the literature, the evaluation of holistic (comprehensive) street silhouettes was made based on a single façade layout.

Online Public Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS) as a landscape and public use management tool: a case study from the Ebro Delta Natural Park (Spain)

This paper presents a Public Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS) application conducted in the Ebro Delta Natural Park, Spain. It aims to support decision-making and management activities. The application is based on an online PPGIS questionnaire using Google Maps API. Participants were asked about the spatial and temporal usage while visiting the Natural Park, about their landscape preferences, and appreciations. A set of eight pairs of bipolar adjectives related to landscape characteristics and experience, four items related to public use, and nine to leisure activities were used. In total, 204 valid answers and 3,969 georeferenced opinions were mapped by this case study. The results of this mapping give insights in the use, perception and appreciation of landscape naturalness and aesthetic beauty, accessibility, facilities, services, and signposting. Furthermore, this study discuss the outcomes of mapping the results and how they support the park management with regard to the identification of conflicts, and the need for action. Finally, this study discuss potentials and limitations of PPGIS as a tool for public participation to capture visitors' experiential knowledge in order to optimize and enhance the management of protected areas.

Soccer shoe recommendation system based on multitechnology integration for digital transformation

Designing a soccer shoe that fits specific customer’s requirements can improve satisfaction. However, there is no sufficient information to bridge the semantic needs and design characteristics of soccer shoes. Hence, this study is aimed at integrating multiple technologies with semantic customer requirements, shoe-form categories, and appearance designs, and developing a practical Kansei soccer shoe recommendation system. The psychological responses of a customer and perceptions of soccer shoe products are evaluated using Kansei engineering method. Based on a factor analysis, customers’ requirements are classified as aesthetic, functional, and comfortable. A total of 203 soccer shoe images were used to evaluate and categorise the external shoe form into nine design elements using the Kawakida Jirou method, and the weight assigned to each shoe-form category under Kansei semantic adjectives was determined using grey system theory. The quantification theory Type 1 method was used to determine the priority of the design elements. The results indicate that 10 pairs of semantic adjectives used by customers are related to soccer shoe forms. Furthermore, the design priority of each design element of the form category under the three types is reported. A soccer shoe recommendation system that can generate suggested soccer shoe samples for customers is developed by integrating the above-mentioned technologies. A validation experiment was conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed system. The overall satisfaction of the recommended samples generated via the system is 87.08%, as reported by 80 participants. The findings prove that a new soccer shoe business model can be launched using the proposed system, linking the semantic customer requirements to the soccer shoe-form categories.

Examining the Emotional Semantic Orientation of Gifted Students Towards the Flipped Learning Model

The aim of this study was to examine the emotional semantic orientation of gifted students towards the flipped learning model (FLM). An explanatory sequential design, one of the mixed research methods, was utilized in this research. Participants were 53 gifted students, who continued their education in a Science and Art Center in the Eastern Anatolia Region, in the first semester of the 2019–2020 academic year. Participants stated the FLM to be fun, different, instructive, useful, advantageous, and flexible in terms of in-class practices. They also found the FLM to be fun owing to its features such as facilitating learning, being flexible, and providing opportunities for practice. Moreover, the participants regarded the FLM as fun, useful, advantageous, flexible, and effective in terms of out-of-class practices. Another result was that no significant difference was found between the emotional semantic orientations of the female and male gifted students in terms of in-class practices. However, in terms of out-of-class practices, there was a significant difference between the scores obtained from the answers given for the effective-ineffective adjective pair in favor of male participants, while there a significant difference between the scores obtained from the answers given for the fun-boring adjective pair in favor of female participants. Investigation of integrating hybrid learning approaches such as the FLM and evaluating students’ cognitive and affective developments in other disciplines and subjects should be conducted to obtain more data on this approach.

Research on product design modeling image and color psychological test

This study focused on the affective characteristics of product shapes and colours and involved two experiments: (1) an emotional characteristic experiment on the imagery of product shapes, (2) a metallic product colour design experiment. Images of three commercially available Bluetooth products were collected to examine their psychological and emotional impact on consumers. The results were aggregated and analysed to verify the most suitable metallic colours for the products. According to the results of the emotional factor experiment, the most popular Bluetooth Earbuds & Mouse product shape is a curved design. Speaker is the design of hexagonal cylinder. ‘Rough–exquisite’ was the most suitable pair of affective adjectives, and the most suitable metallic colours for the earbuds were Pantone 8001 silver the most suitable metallic colours for the mouse were Pantone 8200 the most suitable metallic colours for the speaker were Pantone 8186. The design management model adopted in this study provides designers with a platform for creating design methods, rapidly grasping consumers’ preferences, and implementing the relationships of product vocabularies with product shapes and colours in product design; thus, the developed model facilitates innovative designs.

Effect of wall covering materials on the perception of cafe environments

PurposeThis study aims to determine the effects of wall covering materials (wood, concrete and metal) used indoors on participants’ perceptual evaluations. The differences among participants’ perceptual evaluations regarding indoor physical environmental factors by occupation and gender were examined.Design/methodology/approachCafes were selected as research environments. Virtual experimental spaces using three different wall covering materials were modelled and participants’ assessment of the physical environmental factors of these virtual spaces was measured through a detailed questionnaire.FindingsCafes using light-coloured wall covering materials were perceived more favourably than cafes using dark-coloured wall covering materials, and cafes with light-coloured wooden wall coverings were considered as a warmer material than cafes using concrete and metal. Participants who received design education (architect, interior architect) perceived physical environmental factors of cafes more negatively than those who did not receive design education (lawyer, economist, accountant, etc.). Male participants evaluated the physical environmental factors of cafes more positively than female participants for all adjective pairs. Except for two adjective pairs, no significant difference was found among the evaluations according to genders for the other adjective pairs.Originality/valueThis study revealed new results about customers’ choices of wall covering materials and offered designers new alternatives for materials that can be used in the design of cafes.

Can Residential Greenspace Exposure Improve Pain Experience? A Comparison between Physical Visit and Image Viewing.

Reducing the burden of pain via greenspace exposure is a rising research topic. However, insufficient evidence has been found in relation to the environmental effect itself. Residential greenspace, as a convenient but limited natural environment for urban dwellers, has benefits and services yet to be discovered. Therefore, the current study recruited 24 young adults to evaluate the effects of physical visit to, or image viewing of, residential greenspace on pain perception and related psychophysiological outcomes, via simulated pain. Pain threshold and tolerance were recorded via the level of pain stimuli, and pain intensity was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The state scale of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) and two adjective pairs were employed to measure the state anxiety and subjective stress, respectively. Meanwhile, heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and blood pressure (BP) were measured to investigate physiological responses. Besides, Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) was also employed to assess participants’ preference regarding the experimental environments. The results revealed that visiting the greenspace significantly increased the pain threshold and tolerance, while no significant effect was observed for image viewing. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in pain-related psychophysiological indices between the experimental settings, but significantly negative associations were found between the scores of SBE and subjective stress and state anxiety. In conclusion, the current study brings experimental evidence of improving pain experience via residential greenspace exposure, while the related psychophysiological benefits require further investigation.

Syntax, morphosyntax, and serial recall: How language supports short-term memory

In the classic view of verbal short-term memory, immediate recall is achieved by maintaining phonological representations, while the influence of other linguistic information is negligible. According to language-based accounts, short-term retention of verbal material is inherently bound to language production and comprehension, thus also influenced by semantic or syntactic factors. In line with this, serial recall is better when lists are presented in a canonical word order for English rather than in a noncanonical order (e.g., when adjectives precede nouns rather than vice versa; Perham et al., 2009, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62[7], 1285–1293). However, in many languages, grammaticality is not exclusively determined by word order. In German, an adjective–noun sequence is grammatical only if the adjective is inflected in congruence with the noun’s person, number, and grammatical gender. Therefore, we investigated whether similar effects of syntactic word order occur in German. In two modified replications of Perham et al.’s study, we presented lists of three pairs of adjectives and nouns, presented in adjective–noun or in noun–adjective order. In addition, we manipulated morphosyntactic congruence between nouns and adjectives within pairs (Exp. 1: congruently inflected vs. uninflected adjectives; Exp. 2: congruently inflected vs. incongruently inflected adjectives). Both experiments show an interaction: Word order affected recall performance only when adjectives were inflected in congruence with the corresponding noun. These findings are in line with language-based models and indicate that, in a language that determines grammaticality in an interplay of syntactic and morphosyntactic factors, word order alone is not sufficient to improve verbal short-term memory.

A Study on Determination of Turkish Adjective Pairs for Speech Sound

Purpose Disagreement between the designer and the audience causes creation of acoustically uncomfortable spaces, eventually these disagreements cause financial loss. To describe a phenomenon with the same modifier is the key to settle the conflict. It is very important to reveal acoustic conditions and it is necessary to use a common terminology for this purpose. To this end subjective evaluation studies are frequently used, especially in terms of room acoustics. To define sound via adjective and adjective pairs is a method used in determining architectural acoustic conditions in halls, mostly used for music-function halls but subjective evaluation studies are not common for speech-function halls. Turkish adjectives for speech sound that determine audience preferences are missing. Adjectives obtained from translations of different languages do not show the same descriptive effect in a specific language. Therefore, it is important to identify adjectives that define sound for each language. Design/Methodology/Approach In order to determine the Turkish adjectives that define the speech sound, which are absent from the literature, a two-step survey was performed. Sets of modifiers associated with acoustics parameters -reverberation, clarity and loudness- were prepared, that include direct translations from common English modifiers as well as Turkish modifiers that were derived from expert opinion. These sets of adjectives were then presented to the subjects and they were asked to make choices among them. Findings The results of survey where modifiers defining speech sound are assessed are presented. The results show that some are unsuitable in Turkish despite the same word is used in subjective evaluations in English often. Based on the survey results, a questionnaire can be prepared for determining the user preferences in speech-function halls to increase the acoustic comfort conditions. Research Limitations/Implications Need of explaining the room acoustics parameters to the subjects. Social/Practical Implications It is thought that the questionnaire text will benefit the increase of the acoustic comfort conditions in the new and / or existing buildings and reduce economic loss. Originality/Value This study is the first research which examines Turkish adjectives to describe speech sound.

The Primacy of Beauty in Music, Visual Arts and Literature: Not Just a Replication Study in the Greek Language Exploring the Effects of Verbal Fluency, Age and Gender.

Research on aesthetic descriptors of art in different languages is scarce. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the conceptual structure of aesthetic experiences of three forms of art (music, visual arts and literature) in the Greek language, which has not been explored so far. It was further aimed to study if biological and cognitive factors such as age and gender might produce differences in art appreciation. A total of 467 younger and older individuals from Greece were asked to generate verbal descriptors (adjectives) in free word-listing conditions in order to collect terms reflecting the aesthetics-related semantic field of art. The capacity of verbal memory was controlled by using a battery of neuropsychological tests. Analysis of generated adjectives’ frequency and salience revealed that ‘beautiful’ was the most prominent descriptor that was selected with a distinctive primacy for all three forms of arts. The primacy of ‘beautiful’ was significantly more pronounced for visual arts relative to music and literature. Although the aging-related decline of verbal capacity was similar for males and females, the primacy of ‘beautiful’ depended on age and gender by being more emphasized for young females than males, and for old males than females. Analysis of secondary descriptors and pairs of adjectives revealed that affective and hedonic experiences are essentially fixed in the semantic field of art reflection. It is concluded that although the concept of the aesthetics seems to be diversified and rich, a clear primacy of beauty is found for the Greek cultural environment and across different forms of art. The results also highlight the presence of complex influences of biological and cognitive factors on aesthetic art experiences.

Homosexual/Heterosexual: First Print Uses of the Terms by Daniel von Kászony (1868–1871)

ABSTRACT Printed use of the term heterosexuality, as juxtaposed to homosexuality, may be dated to 1871. The German noun pairs Heterosexualität/Homosexualität and adjective pair heterosexuelle/homosexuelle, appeared in two 1871 nonfiction works by hack writer Daniel von Kászony (1813–1886), picking up on Károly Mária Kertbeny’s terminology. Kertbeny juxtaposed heterosexual–homosexual in 1868 correspondence but refrained from using the former term in his two famed 1869 open letters to repeal Prussian anti-sodomy legislation. Printed use of the term homosexual may be dated to 1868 or early 1869, by a pseudonymous author that is almost certainly Kászony.

The temperature of emotions.

Emotions and temperature are closely related through embodied processes, and people seem to associate temperature concepts with emotions. While this relationship is often evidenced by everyday language (e.g., cold and warm feelings), what remains missing to date is a systematic study that holistically analyzes how and why people associate specific temperatures with emotions. The present research aimed to investigate the associations between temperature concepts and emotion adjectives on both explicit and implicit levels. In Experiment 1, we evaluated explicit associations between twelve pairs of emotion adjectives derived from the circumplex model of affect, and five different temperature concepts ranging from 0°C to 40°C, based on responses from 403 native speakers of four different languages (English, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese). The results of Experiment 1 revealed that, across languages, the temperatures were associated with different regions of the circumplex model. The 0°C and 10°C were associated with negative-valanced, low-arousal emotions, while 20°C was associated with positive-valanced, low-to-medium-arousal emotions. Moreover, 30°C was associated with positive-valanced, high-arousal emotions; and 40°C was associated with high-arousal and either positive- or negative-valanced emotions. In Experiment 2 (N = 102), we explored whether these temperature-emotion associations were also present at the implicit level, by conducting Implicit Association Tests (IATs) with temperature words (cold and hot) and opposing pairs of emotional adjectives for each dimension of valence (Unhappy/Dissatisfied vs. Happy/Satisfied) and arousal (Passive/Quiet vs. Active/Alert) on native English speakers. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that participants held implicit associations between the word hot and positive-valanced and high-arousal emotions. Additionally, the word cold was associated with negative-valanced and low-arousal emotions. These findings provide evidence for the existence of temperature-emotion associations at both explicit and implicit levels across languages.

An applied soundscape approach for acoustic evaluation – compatibility with ISO 12913

Soundscape treats the acoustical climate depending on the complex interaction among multiple sound sources, properties of the environment, and society. Research published on soundscape since 1970s, display a great variety of aims, area selections, evaluation criteria, and therefore, methodologies. The ISO 12913 series on soundscape was first published in 2014, and since then, it has been developed to harmonize definitions, to regulate methods for data collection and reporting requirements as well as data analysis with their interpretations. This paper presents a research that aims to build up an applied soundscape approach developed for the evaluation, conservation, and rehabilitation of acoustical comfort in urban areas. The conceptual frame of this study is based on a methodology derived from field studies aiming to relate objective and subjective assessments of the urban environment. Besides, binaural sound recordings using soundwalk method, surveys including questionnaires, and semantic evaluations by the pairs of adjectives were obtained from the area. It is confirmed that the binaural recordings represent the actual sound environment by statistical analysis between subjective data obtained from on-site and the laboratory via recordings. The subjective data (pairs of adjectives) are correlated with the objective ones (sound quality metrics calculated through the recordings). Thus, the approach enables the qualitative judgments from the quantitative data by utilizing the listed equations for pairs of adjectives that can be described by the sound quality metrics. It is also documented that satisfaction from the sound environment is directly related to satisfaction from soundmarks. The methodology suggested by the study will provide significant benefits in the time-consuming field studies on urban acoustical comfort by ensuring rapid and systematic progress in related processes, which are obtaining, collecting, organizing, and archiving data. Thus, the need for on-site studies will be minimized. Furthermore, it is believed that the outcomes of the study will contribute to ISO 12913-2 and 3.

Automatic Estimation of Multidimensional Personality From a Single Sound-Symbolic Word.

Researchers typically use the “big five” traits (Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness) as a standard way to describe personality. Evaluation of personality is generally conducted using self-report questionnaires that require participants to respond to a large number of test items. To minimize the burden on participants, this paper proposes an alternative method of estimating multidimensional personality traits from only a single word. We constructed a system that can convert a sound-symbolic word (SSW) that intuitively expresses personality traits into information expressed by 50 personality-related adjective pairs. This system can obtain information equivalent to the adjective scales using only a single word instead of asking many direct questions. To achieve this, we focused on SSWs in Japanese that have the association between linguistic sounds and meanings and express diverse and complex aspects of personality traits. We evaluated the prediction accuracy of the system and found that the multiple correlation coefficients for 48 personality-related adjective pairs exceeded 0.75, indicating that the model could explain more than half of the variations in the data. In addition, we conducted an evaluation experiment in which participants rated the appropriateness of the system output using a seven-point scale (with −3 as absolutely inappropriate and +3 as completely appropriate). The average score for 50 personality-related adjective pairs was 1.25. Thus, we believe that this system can contribute to the field of personality computing, particularly in terms of personality evaluation and communication.

Pairing colours in residential architecture for different interior types

AbstractMost colour studies focus on single colour effects; however, interiors are multi‐coloured environments and contemporary users are looking for more innovative colour schemes in interiors. Interior architects rely on their own subjective experience and instincts when they take up the challenge. This study aims to reveal colour semantics of paired colours on walls for different residential interior types (eg, living room) as a second part of the previous study conducted by the same authors. Both studies explore colour semantics through 42 Munsell colours (with variety of hues, value, and chroma levels) with 14 adjectives (eg, beautiful, unpleasant, cold) under controlled conditions. The predecessor study had explored single colour meanings, however, in this study, participants were asked to pair colours for the same residential interior types on the same semantic scales. Thus, its results can be compared to single colour data on different residential interior types through same methodology and participants. Results reveal that all colour attributes affect semantics paired wall colours. Orange is associated with negative meanings more whereas yellow hue induces positive meanings more for all adjective pairs, except cold‐warm and feminine‐masculine. For positive association, lighter colours and less saturated colours are selected more compared to saturated and darker colours. Comparing results of single colour study and the current study reveals that pairs cannot be anticipated through single colours for all residential interior types and adjectives, and positive adjectives tend to require different colours than their single associations in their pairs.

72시간 프로젝트로 본 소규모 유휴공간 재생 프로젝트의 경관적 개선 효과†

This research studied the effect of visual improvement of “72 Hour Project” that has regenerated small scale derelict spaces in Seoul through citizen participation. 29 projects built form 2016 to 2019 were analyzed. The research analyzed landscape image preference of before and after status of projects using 12 pairs of landscape adjectives. Basic statistical analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and ANOVA were performed based on the survey results. Since the satisfaction level of the projects compared with the before-condition was 3.63 higher than 3.00, it could be concluded that there was an meaningful effect of visual improvement after completion of the projects. As the result of the factor analysis, landscape adjective pairs were categorized into two factors: harmony and aesthetics. Through the cluster analysis, four clusters were formed and characteristics of each cluster were identified. As the result of rhe cluster analysis, the cluster with the high harmony level and the aesthetics level showed the highest overall satisfaction level. Comparing each cluster, it could be concluded that the factor of harmony was more important than the factor of aesthetics in evaluating the satisfaction level of projects. Analyzing qualitative aspects of project groups, spatially well-balanced design with generous vegetation areas was more effective in landscape improvement than artistic design with visually strong installations. Further researches based on behavior studies of actual users are required to compensate the limits of this research. This research can contribute to establish the improved direction of policies to regenerate various types of small scale derelict spaces.

Cross-linguistic differences affect emotion and emotion-laden word processing: Evidence from Polish-English and Romanian-English bilinguals

Aims: We study how emotions are represented in Polish-English and Romanian-English bilinguals, whose respective languages either mostly share emotion lexicon (Romanian-English) or not (Polish-English). We test to what extent such variance in lexical proximity between the two bilingual groups affects their decisions about emotional word content. Methodology: In a masked priming paradigm, participants viewed prime-target adjective pairs, and judged whether the target adjective was positive or negative in meaning. Primes and targets either named (emotion word) or evoked (emotion-laden word) emotions, and were either related – that is, belonged to one word type (emotion or emotion-laden) – or unrelated. Data and analysis: Behavioural data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models, with within-subject fixed effects of language, word type, valence and relatedness, and their interactions. Findings/conclusions: We found processing facilitation of emotion-laden rather than emotion words in both participant groups, irrespective of language of operation. Emotion target adjectives, particularly of negative valence, tended to slow down responses of Polish-English bilinguals in their first language. In the Romanian-English group, emotion target adjectives were recognized with lower accuracy in the second language. This pattern of results suggests that affective responsiveness is modulated by the lexical proximity between the first language and second language. Originality: Extending bilingual emotion research, this study tests how emotions are represented in languages that vary in lexical proximity with English: Polish and Romanian. We demonstrate that cross-linguistic differences between the respective languages of a bilingual impact emotional meaning processing in the first and second language. Significance/implications: We provide support for the emotion context-of-learning theory, language-specific episodic trace theory and the sense model in bilingualism, showing that cross-linguistic differences between the first and second language modulate emotion and emotion-laden word processing. Our findings also demonstrate that the distinction between the emotion and emotion-laden words is not as universal as previously assumed.

PERCEPTIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ARCHITECTURAL FACADE PERCEPTION DUE TO ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION

Aim: In this study, the façades of tourism buildings designed with different currents (universalism, regionalism, syncreticism, contextualism, neovernakularism) on the Antal-ya coastline, in terms of 'taste', 'chaos', 'affection', 'familiarity', by groups of architects and non-architects. It is aimed to examine how it is perceived. Method: For this purpo-se, the fronts of 20 tourism buildings from 5 different styles, designed with a modern and postmodern approach, were analyzed by 60 people through a questionnaire. In the survey, adjective pairs such as impressive / ordinary, original / imitation, coarse / elegant, modest / flamboyant, complex / plain, familiar / unfamiliar, modern / outdated, questio-ning the façade features for tourism buildings were evaluated with a five-digit semantic differentiation scale. The analysis of the data sets obtained through the questionnaire was performed with the IBM Statistical Package For The Social Sciences (SPSS) 23 For Windows statistical software package program. At the beginning of the study, it was thought that the subjects would have perception-behavioral performance differences depending on the architectural education. Results: Unlike the non-architect profession, the architect group liked the universalism, neo-natalism and regionalism movements, found it impressive and original; It was determined that he did not like the synchterism and contextualism movements as complex, rude and outdated. Conclusion: In the analysis, it was seen that the differences between architects and non-architects are statis-tically significant. As a result of the study, it was determined that there are significant differences between architects and non-architects in evaluating the adjectives of expres-siveness, complexity, familiarity and originality. İndividuals who do not have an archi-tectural education are familiar with the traditional inspired structures, and they find the-se structures impressive It is for the individuals who study architecture to find modern and regionalist structures impressive and original.

Does environmental enrichment consisting of brushing prepartum zebu heifers improve first-lactation behavior?

To date, Qualitative Behavior Assessment (QBA) has not been used to measure the welfare of pre-partum Zebu heifers treated with practices of positive handling. The study objective was to investigate the effect of brushing as positive handling on animal behavior in the prepartum period, aside from establishing a qualitative behavior index to assess the animals’ well-being pre- and postpartum periods. Thirty-five Zebu, 21 Gyr and 14 Gyr/Holstein heifers were evaluated. Filming was performed during the prepartum period, and on postpartum day (PPD) 1, 5 and 15. The filmed material was evaluated based on the method of Qualitative Behavior Assessment (QBA). A total of 1942 evaluation sheets with 10 fixed descriptive terms were analyzed. The means of Qualitative Behavior Index (QBI) were compared by the Tukey-Kramer test at 5% probability. On PPD1, training improved the QBI of Gyr and Gyr/Holstein heifers by 93 % and 43 %, respectively. The cumulative sum of the first two components explained 73.32 % of the variability in the datasets. High correlations were observed between the undesirable adjective pairs “nervous - aggressive” and “scared - irritable” (0.88); “confused-fearful” and “scared - irritable” (0.87) and between the desirable adjectives “calm - even-tempered” and” sociable - friendly” (0.78). The use of QBA to measure the welfare of pre- and postpartum Zebu heifers is applicable and efficient. The implementation of a training of prepartum Zebu heifers with environmental enrichment, tactile stimulation by brushing and human presence improved the adaptation of Zebu heifers to the postpartum milking system. We suggest brushing of Gyr heifers in the pre- as well as postpartum phases to improve the well-being of the animals.