Adhesion Of Films Research Articles

A new platform for designing high‐performance epoxy film adhesive with poly (butyl acrylate‐block‐styrene) block copolymer and alumina nano particles in aluminum–aluminum bonded joints: Preparation and analysis of the mechanical, adhesion, and thermal properties

AbstractEpoxy film adhesives are typically used in different industries. However, these adhesives suffer from brittleness, low flexibility, and thermal stability problems. In this research, phenolic resin (Novolac) and poly (butyl acrylate‐block‐styrene) were used in the formulation of epoxy film adhesive (Diglycidyl ether bisphenol A) to increase thermal stability and adhesion strength and as the toughening agent, respectively. Alumina nanoparticles were also employed to enhance the mechanical properties. The influence of block copolymer and alumina nano particles was also assessed on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy‐based film adhesives. The investigation of the mechanical properties of dumbbell‐shaped samples and adhesion strength of the Al‐Al bonded joints were evaluated by tensile, lap shear, and T‐peel tests. The thermal stability of the optimal samples was assessed by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). SEM analysis was also utilized to study the toughening mechanism. Tensile test of the dumbbell‐shaped samples indicated that the incorporation of 2.5 phr block copolymer and 2 phr alumina nanoparticles enhanced the toughness to 250%. The shear and peel strengths of this sample also exhibited 51% and 76% increase, respectively, showing a remarkable synergistic effect. On the other hand, TGA results revealed that the incorporation of block copolymer improved the thermal stability of the adhesive matrix. The copresence of these two materials also showed a considerable synergistic effect on the thermal stability. The SEM results were also in line with the results of mechanical tests as the crack deviation, crack pinning, and debonding were the most important mechanisms of toughening.Highlights A new platform was developed for designing epoxy films adhesives with high mechanical, adhesion, and thermal properties. The hybrid of butyl acrylate block styrene copolymer, phenolic resin, and alumina nanoparticles showed synergistic effects on the lap shear and T‐peel strength. The greatest improvement in toughness was related to the epoxy adhesive containing 2.5 phr block copolymer and 2 phr alumina nanoparticles. Analysis of the fracture surface showed that by using hybrid of nanoparticles and block copolymers in the epoxy film adhesive formulation, the cohesive failure occurred. The use of hybrid additives in film adhesive formulations enlightened manufacture of adhesives for future studies on adhesive formulations.

Key role of gradient-nanostructure and extremely thin amorphous passive film on tribocorrosion behavior of a novel Cr+N alloyed high-Mn austenitic steel

High manganese steel is influenced by the combined effects of corrosion and wear during service under specific conditions, resulting in components with shortened service life. Under harsh service environments, newly developed Cr+N alloyed austenitic high manganese steel (Mn18Cr7C0.6N0.2 steel) as a new type of railway steel has shown promising results. Herein, the tribocorrosion behaviors of Mn18Cr7C0.6N0.2 and Mn13C1.1 steels in artificial acid rain were studied using electrochemical methods, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopemicroscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The results showed the formation of passive film and gradient-nanostructure on surfaces of both test steels during tribocorrosion. A dense and tightly adhering amorphous passive film was formed on Mn18Cr7C0.6N0.2 steel surface with a superior blocking effect toward invasive ions. The high strain resistance and plasticity of the Mn18Cr7C0.6N0.2 steel resulted in an intact gradient-nanostructure, suitable for obtaining high surface hardness and maintaining the toughness of the matrix, contribute to providing high wear resistance. The oxide film on the Mn13C1.1 steel surface comprised crystal α-FeOOH. Vortex cracks formed in its gradient structure due to strain localization. Meanwhile, the relatively poor corrosion protection ability and vortex cracks of its gradient-nanostructure prevented it from maintaining interface integrity of the gradient nanostructure, resulting in inferior tribocorrosion resistance. In artificial acid rain, the new type of Cr+N alloyed Mn18Cr7C0.6N0.2 steel exhibited higher tribocorrosion resistance than traditional high manganese steel, promising for use as an excellent wear-resistant material under corrosive environments.

Enhancing photocatalytic efficiency and durability: Ag-modified CNS–TiO2 thin films for sustainable industrial wastewater treatment

This study explores a novel approach to address the persistent challenges encountered in recovering powder catalysts and achieving superior photocatalytic performance tailored for environmental remediation and industrial wastewater (IE) treatment. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), chosen as the solvent through Liyanage classical equations and zeta potential measurements (−33.6 mV), sets the stage for investigating the critical role of the surfactant (PVP) and binder (SiO2) in optimizing colloidal stability, thin-film coating, and photocatalytic activity. Meticulous experimentation reveals a synergistic 10:1 g/L ratio of PVP and SiO2 solutions as the key to achieving a delicate balance in enhancing colloidal stability, facilitating thin-film coating, and optimizing photocatalytic kinetics (84 ± 3%, k = 0.0303 ± 0.002 min−1). Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for a holistic optimization approach, highlighting colloidal stability and film adhesion to unlock the full potential of these advanced photocatalytic materials in engineering applications.

Damage tolerance analysis of double strap joints with composite adherends

ABSTRACT Damages in composite structures are typically repaired using external bonded patches. In this work, the damage tolerance within external patches is studied using double strap joint (DSJ) with carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) specimens. The damage tolerance in this work refers to bond-line manufacturing-related defects such as debond or dry area. Both intact and pre-cracked DSJ specimens are numerically analysed using experiments for comparisons. DSJ specimens’ adherends were CFRP laminates with AS4/3501–6 plies and bonded using adhesive film FM 300–2. The pre-cracked specimens are monitored during experiments using high-speed digital image correlation to visualize damage propagation. The unsymmetric pre-crack influences in a clear way as shown by experiments. The numerical analyses reveal the effect of failure mechanisms on final failure and the maximum force during a test. The included parametric sensitivity analysis is performed using statistical methods. The normally distributed parameters are sampled using separate distributions for each analysed interface and fracture mode. UNCLASSIFIED Based on Foreground Information under EDA Contract No B.PRJ.RT.670 covering the Ad Hoc Project entitled ”PATCHBOND II”.

Synthesis and characterization of organosilicon functionalized water-based polyvinylidene chloride emulsion with core-shell structure

The outstanding barrier performance of polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) has attracted widespread attention. In this work, a series of organosilicon functionalized water-based PVDC emulsions with core-shell structure are synthesized by seed emulsion polymerization using vinylidene chloride (VDC), methyl acrylate (MA), isooctyl acrylate (EHA) as core and vinylidene chloride (VDC), methyl acrylate (MA) as shell. Vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (VT-PDMS) are introduced into the core-shell as modifier. The properties of PVDC emulsions and films modified with VT-PDMS are investigated. On the one hand, when VT-PDMS is properly incorporated into the core-shell particles, the Si-O bonds in VT-PDMS are dissociated, which further forms a cross-networking structure, thereby enhances the adhesion of PVDC film to the substrate. The barrier performance of the film is also improved by a small amount of cross network structure. On the other hand, the addition of VT-PDMS leads to the phenomenon of thin film shrinkage, which further enhances the barrier performance of PVDC. All results indicate that the best comprehensive performance is achieved when the VT-PDMS content in the PVDC core is 2 wt%, the adhesion can be increased to 0.527 MPa, the oxygen transmittance is 5.68 cc/m2·24 hr, and the actual time of water barrier after coating starch-based tableware is over 12 hours. This provides an effective line of thinking for the further application of PVDC barrier film in the field of environmental protection food packaging.

Development of a Stretchable and Removable Electrical Interconnection Solution for Ultra-Thin Electronic Components

Currently, the solutions for interconnecting electronic components with their active face facing on substrates are based on metallic soldering. The mechanical contacts are therefore rigid. In order to enhance the reliability of the bonding, underfill is usually used to redistribute the thermo-mechanical stress created by the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) mismatch between the silicon chip and substrate. Underfill is done with epoxy resins containing silica fillers (SiO2). As a result, the removal of components is no longer possible. Moreover, this solution is not suitable for devices integrating ultra-thin silicon components (<100 μm) hybridized on flexible substrates that may be subject to deformation. This is the case, for example, of medical “patches” worn on the person and continuously solicited. Indeed, the rigid contact points are likely to break. To address this issue, we are developing a thin anisotropic conductive and stretchable adhesive film inspired by the adhesion of the gecko. Thanks to the microstructuration of its toes involving about 1 million setae, the gecko can develop a large contact surface and thus a large force of attraction by the multiplication of van der Waals interactions. In this work, this “dry adhesion” based on the principle of “contact splitting”, was implemented in order to improve the adhesion of a flexible interconnection. For this purpose, the surface of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film was structured with micrometric mushroom-shaped patterns known to be the most efficient form of contact. To this end, silicon molds with varying mushroom geometries were used to shape the PDMS (with different cap and pillar diameters) and the adhesion force microstructured films were assessed (shear and pull-off experiments). To make these films locally conductive through the thickness, a conductive composite was prepared and locally deposited in the mold. One approach we investigated, was using a screen-printing mask. This approach has been implemented and characterized using electrical tests (I-V measurements) in order to select the most suitable films to make a flexible interconnection.

The adhesion strength and stability of TiN films deposited on magnesium substrate with different substrate roughness

The adhesion stability of a film on its substrate is essential for enhancing and maintaining the protective performance of the film. In this study, titanium nitride (TiN) films were deposited on Mg alloy (ZM21) substrates with roughness values (Ra) of 200, 400, and 600 nm by magnetron sputtering. The effects of the substrate roughness on the film residual stress, adhesion strength, and wear resistance were studied. The results indicated that the residual stress of the film decreased as the substrate roughness increased. Adhesion is affected by a combination of the balance of film residual stresses and mechanical anchorage and the distribution of stresses on the rough surface. The TiN film on a substrate with a Ra of approximately 400 nm exhibited optimal adhesion strength. The wear resistance decreased with increasing Mg substrate roughness. Both the film residual stress and adhesion strength of the TiN film deteriorated after natural storage for 60 d, and the TiN film on the substrate with a Ra of 400 nm had optimal adhesion stability.

Spectroscopic Characterization of the Chemical Changes Occurring in Soy Wood Composite Adhesives When Exposed to Moisture

Abstract Solid-state surface attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SATR-FTIR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR) were used to characterize the physiochemical changes in solid soy-flour adhesives upon exposure to water. Comparisons were made between adhesives that were prepared with and without the crosslinking chemical polyamideamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE). Comparisons were also made between neat monolithic adhesive films, and adhesives that were laminated to yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). FTIR data revealed that the relative surface concentration of water-soluble components on neat monolithic adhesives was higher prior to water-exposure as compared with the adhesive laminated to wood. Moreover, the chemical composition of the water-soluble extract was affected by PAE. After soaking in water, the water-soluble components were observed to dissolve and disappear from the surfaces of the adhesives, as well as from the surfaces of water-soaked wood-laminate specimens. Similarly, SSNMR results corroborated with the dissolution and disappearance of the water-soluble components from the neat monolithic adhesives after water soaking. Moreover, it was discovered that the water-soluble components have a plasticization effect when PAE is used as a crosslinker. The implications of these findings as they pertain to the mechanism of adhesion will be discussed.

Characteristics of Film Adhesive of VK-105 Brand Designed for Manufacture of Parts for Structural Purpose

Characteristics of Film Adhesive of VK-105 Brand Designed for Manufacture of Parts for Structural Purpose

A Thermally Enhanced Film Adhesive for Assembling High Power Density Electronic Devices

Assembly adhesives play a crucial role in packaging and thermal management design for microelectronics devices. The main function of the adhesives is attaching multiple components together to deliver designed functionalities and ensure integrity and reliability of the device. As requirements for performance and functionality increase, heat generated from these devices increases exponentially. For example, local heat flux can easily exceed 50 W/cm2 for IGBT power modules while it may reach several hundred W/cm2 at active areas for Gallium Nitride (GaN) power amplifiers. However, intrinsic thermal conductivity of polymer-based adhesives is around 0.2 W/mK, which increasingly becomes a thermal bottleneck in high power density electronics devices, especially those used in defense and aerospace systems. Effectively and safely dissipating the high heat and ensuring device reliability have become one of the critical tasks in the development of modern aerospace and defense systems. This paper presents an adhesive film that uses non-electrically conductive particles with high thermal conductivity as fillers in the adhesive to enhance thermal transport. The adhesive film offers an effective thermal conductivity around 0.7 W/mK, which is more than a 3X improvement over conventional assembly adhesives. In addition, the film adhesive has a long work life at ambient conditions with significantly improved processability and controllability, such as bondline thickness control and uniformity, no voids/air pockets, no or minimum resin bleed, etc. They can also be easily converted into preforms with complicated shapes/geometries with typical tolerances less than 10 mil to facilitate assembly processes and ensure a clean and waste free environment.

Effect of unilateral surface compression technique and heat treatment on industrial application performance of poplar

The utilization of unilateral surface compression technique offers significant advantages such as reduced volume loss of wood and energy consumption, making it highly promising for widespread applications. This work focused on fast-growing poplar (Ctrl) as research subject. The unilateral surface compression technique was employed to prepare compressed wood (USW), while superheated steam was utilized to suppress rebound effects (resulting in the formation of US＆HW). The results showed that the combination of densification and heat treatment technology significantly enhanced the application performance of wood. Compared to Ctrl, the densified area exhibited a significant reduction in the volume of cell cavities, with a stepped distribution evident on the VDP. Furthermore, heat treatment resulted in a decrease in the relative amount of hydroxyl in the wood, as well as a slight increase in crystallinity. This effectively reduced deformation in dense wood, resulting in a 20.02% reduction in its recovery rate, without causing excessive damage to the VDP. Additionally, Heat treatment resulted in a darker wood color, reduced glossiness, increased roughness, and further increase the water contact angle of the compressed wood. The mechanical performance of US＆HW achieved an excellent grade, with a score of 48, while all six processing performance grades of US＆HW exceeded Grade 3, surpassing those of both USW and Ctrl. The finishing performance of the US＆HW was good, although slightly lower than that of USW in terms of ball impact performance. And the adhesion, hardness and abrasion resistance indexes of the paint film meet the requirements of excellent products in the standard.

Adhesion and structure of lubricant films: Molecular simulations of amine-based organic additives in base oil at a model of steel surface

Wear mitigation in gears and rolling bearings lengthens the service life of machines and contributes to the achievement of a more sustainable society. Organic additives form protective films on rubbing steel surfaces of mechanical contacts that can mitigate wear significantly. However, wear prevention requires the design of new additives for lubricants that are environmentally friendly. Molecular simulations are employed to investigate the effect of the base oil on the adsorption, the lubricant adhesion, and structural properties of a promising organic additive (N,N - Bis(4-aminobutyl) oleylamine). Results are compared with oleylamine. They suggest better performances for the promising organic additive. Overall, findings further support the fact that additives with polar head groups with aminoalkyl branches reduce wear efficiently in mechanical contacts.

Effects of Polydopamine Incorporation on the Nanostructure and Electrochemical Performance of Electrodeposited Polypyrrole Films

Polypyrrole films are commonly prepared as conductive electrode surfaces for a variety of applications. Recently, there has been increasing interest in improving the adhesive properties and biocompatibility of polypyrrole electrodes via the incorporation of bioinspired polydopamine within the polymer scaffold. However, very little is currently known about the structural effects of polydopamine incorporation during the electropolymerisation of hybrid films. In this work, we combine electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies, fundamental electrochemical characterisation, atomic force microscopy, and a suite of spectroscopic techniques in order to correlate changes in the structure and performance of polypyrrole–polydopamine films to the structural modifications of the nanostructure induced by polydopamine incorporation. The results indicate that polydopamine incorporation greatly increases the rate of hybrid film deposition, as well as improving adhesion, surface homogeneity, and wettability, with no compromise in charge transfer properties. Polydopamine incorporation is strongly suggested to occur in non-connected domains within a predominantly polypyrrole-like scaffold. We propose a two-step model of co-polymerisation and the subsequent surface adhesion of hybrid films. Results are expected to be of broad general interest to researchers utilizing polypyrrole and polydopamine to prepare tailor-made electrodes for biosensing and catalysis.

Argon ion sputtering bridging plasma nitriding and GLC film deposition: Effects on the mechanical and tribological properties

A duplex coating consisting of a nitrided layer and a GLC (Graphite-like carbon) film was deposited on the surface of the M50NiL steel via a one-step process in a plasma nitriding system. The influence of argon ion sputtering, a critical process bridging plasma nitriding and GLC film deposition, was studied. Effects of argon ion sputtering on the growth of the GLC film were investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical and tribological properties of the duplex coating were evaluated by a Vickers hardness tester, a scratching tester and a rotating ball-on-disc tribometer. Results reveal that pre-treatment by ion sputtering improves the surface condition of the nitrided layers and increases its surface energy, thus facilitating nucleation growth and GLC film adhesion. The combined effect of better film-substrate adhesion, strong interfacial chemical interaction and the self-lubricating features of the GLC films are the main reasons for the excellent tribological properties of the coating. This study may provide a new idea for optimizing the duplex coating (nitrided layer + GLC film) with excellent tribological properties and high durability.

Does the universal adhesive's film thickness affect dentin-bonding effectiveness?

To investigate the influence of adhesive resin application modalities on the film thickness of the adhesive resin and the effectiveness of a two-step universal adhesive (UA) bonded in self-etch (SE) bonding mode to high C-factor class-I cavity-bottom dentin. After application of the primer of G2-Bond Universal (G2B, GC), the adhesive resin was applied into standard class-I cavities (human molars) following four application modalities: (1) one layer, strongly air-blown; (2) one layer, gently air-blown; (3) two layers, each gently air-blown; (4) one layer, not air-blown. After being restored with composite, each tooth was sectioned to obtain one micro-specimen (n = 10), of which the adhesive resin film thickness was measured using optical microscopy. The micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) was tested immediately or upon 100,000 thermocycles. Statistical analyses involved Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U testing (p < 0.05). G2B's μTBS was significantly affected by the adhesive resin application modality and aging. Gently air-blowing the adhesive resin resulted in significantly higher immediate μTBS than strong air-blowing or no air-blowing. No significant difference in μTBS was found between single or double gently air-blown adhesive resin applications. The adhesive resin film thickness significantly varied with the application modalities. A too thin or too thick adhesive resin film thickness adversely affected bond strength of the two-step UA applied in SE mode and high C-factor condition. The adhesive resin layer thickness can affect the bonding performance of two-step UAs in high C-factor cavities. Dental clinicians remain advised to avoid improper air-blowing of UAs and strictly follow the application instructions.

Adhesion and Contact Aging of Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives to Swollen Elastomers.

Fluid-infused (or swollen) elastomers are known for their antiadhesive properties. The presence of excess fluid at their surface is the main contributor to limiting contact formation and minimizing adhesion. Despite their potential, the mechanisms for adhesion and contact aging to fluid-infused elastomers are poorly understood beyond contact with a few materials (ice, biofilms, glass). This study reports on adhesion to a model fluid-infused elastomer, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), swollen with silicone oil. The effects of oil saturation, contact time, and the opposing surface are investigated. Specifically, adhesion to two different adherents with comparable surface energies but drastically different mechanical properties is investigated: a glass surface and a soft viscoelastic acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive film (PSA, modulus ∼25 kPa). Adhesion between the PSA and swollen PDMS [with 23% (w/w) silicone oil] retains up to 60% of its value compared to contact with unswollen (dry) PDMS. In contrast, adhesion to glass nearly vanishes in contact with the same swollen elastomer. Adhesion to the PSA also displays stronger contact aging than adhesion to glass. Contact aging with the PSA is comparable for dry and unsaturated PDMS. Moreover, load relaxation when the PSA is in contact with the PDMS does not correlate with contact aging for contact with the dry or unsaturated elastomer, suggesting that contact aging is likely caused by chain interpenetration and polymer reorganization within the contact region. Closer to full saturation of the PDMS with oil, adhesion to the PSA decreases significantly and shows a delay in the onset of contact aging that is weakly correlated to the poroelastic relaxation of the elastomer. Additional confocal imaging suggests that the presence of a layer of fluid trapped at the interface between the two solids could explain the delayed (and limited) contact aging to the oil-saturated PDMS.

Hygrothermal ageing of dry gelatine adhesive films: Microstructure-property relationships

Gelatine adhesives, also known as animal glues, are collagen-based water-soluble biopolymers derived from vertebrate connective tissues. One of the various fields in which gelatine adhesives are widely used is the conservation of cultural heritage such as decorated furniture and panel paintings. It is observed that, with time, the failure in these objects often occurs along the adhesive bondlines. Given the moisture and temperature sensitivity of these adhesives, obtaining knowledge of their long-term behaviour, when exposed to climate variations, is pivotal. Here, the influence of hygrothermal ageing (exposure to a combination of elevated temperature and relative humidity (RH) cycling) on the microstructure and macroscopic properties of four different types of gelatine adhesives is investigated. These adhesives were selected from different animal origins namely bovine, rabbit, and fish with different Bloom strengths. It was observed that ageing cycles interfere with the most critical structural feature of protein chains namely triple helices. A clear decay in triple helix content at the micro-scale, determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques, was observed which had implications on the macroscopic properties of these adhesives such as reduction of strain to failure and toughness (strain energy density to failure). The rate of decay in properties was revealed to be the highest in the adhesives with the lowest triple helix content. This study provides a scientific view of microstructure-property relationships in gelatinous adhesives as a function of environmental ageing, and stipulates the underlying mechanism of the degradation of mechanical properties as the loss of structural triple helices, regardless of the animal origin.

Large-scale preparation of CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dot/EVA composite adhesive film by melting for crystal silicon solar cell

Silicon solar cell is the most mature photovoltaic conversion device, and in order to further improve the performance of the device, application of downshifting films has become a research hotspot. In this paper, CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dot/EVA composite adhesive film was prepared by melting method with CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dot film under solution processing as masterbatch and EVA particles as excipient. The effect of synthesis conditions on the luminescence properties of the composite films were thoroughly studied. The optimized CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dot/EVA composite adhesive film has excellent performance, and its light transmission reaches 85%. The CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dot/EVA composite adhesive film absolutely improves the efficiency of silicon solar cells by 1.08%, which is much higher than that of pure EVA adhesive film (0.63%). In addition, the device efficiencies have almost no change after 30 d in the air, maintaining the working stability of the device and contributing to industrial applications. This study provides a novel, industrial and low-cost synthesis route for the synthesis of CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dot/EVA composite adhesive film, which is expected to have broad application.

Nanostructured Copper Selenide Coatings for Antifouling Applications.

The accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, or small animals on wet surfaces that have a mechanical function causes biofouling, which can result in structural or other functional deficiencies. The maritime shipping industry must constantly manage biofouling to optimize operational performance, which is a common and long-lasting problem. It can occur on any metal structure in contact with or submerged in ocean water, which represents additional costs in terms of repairs and maintenance. This study is focused on the production of antifouling coatings, made with nanoparticles of copper selenide (CuSe NPs) modified with gum arabic, within a water-base acrylic polymeric matrix. During the curing of the acrylic resin, the CuSe NPs remain embedded in the resin, but this does not prevent the release of ions. The coatings released copper and selenium ions for up to 80 days, and selenium was the element that was released the most. The adhesion of film coatings to metallic substrates showed good adhesion, scale 5B (ASTM D3359 standard). Antimicrobial activity tests show that the coatings have an inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The effect is more noticeable when the coating is detached from the substrate and placed on a growing medium, compared to the coating on a substrate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show that nanostructured CuSe coatings are made up of rod-shaped and spherical particles with an average particle size of 101.6 nm and 50 nm, respectively. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) studies showed that the ratio of selenium nanoparticles is greater than that of copper and that their distribution is homogeneous.

(136) Development and Evaluation of a Novel Penile Blood Oxygen Sensor for Assessing Tissue Oxygenation

Abstract Introduction Penile blood oxygen concentration is a relatively unexplored clinical parameter that can provide valuable insights into various disease processes. Despite the significant role of oxygenation in maintaining penile tissue health and function, there is a paucity of research focusing specifically on monitoring penile blood oxygen levels. This knowledge gap hinders our understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying penile disorders and limits the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Objective The aim of this project was to develop and test a novel noninvasive penile blood oxygen sensor that can accurately assess the oxygen concentration in the penis, enabling a deeper exploration of its clinical significance and potential implications in disease management. Methods We developed a novel prototype of an oxygen sensor designed specifically for penile blood-oxygen assessment. Ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) was obtained prior to conducting the study. The trial participants consisted exclusively of patients scheduled to undergo penile duplex ultrasonography at our center. The study population was categorized into three distinct groups: the first group comprised patients diagnosed with Peyronie's Disease (PD) but without clinical erectile dysfunction (ED), serving as our control group; the second group consisted of patients clinically diagnosed with ED, who utilized the sensor with a band and an adhesive film; and the third group included patients who used the sensor without the adhesive film. Results At the time of submission, preliminary data analysis was performed for multiple patients with ED. The analysis of sensor data revealed a distinctive pattern during the initial calibration period, wherein the penile partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) exhibited a gradual decline, likely due to equilibration of the sensor with the penile oxygen concentration. Following the injection, a sharp increase in penile oxygen concentration was observed. Approximately 3-5 minutes following erection, the data from multiple patients showed a discernible downward trend towards the baseline level in penile pO2 levels, and changes in penile oxygenation could be detected as a result of penile manipulation both prior to and after injection. An examination of a patient’s penile changes in pO2 is summarized in Figure 1. Conclusions The observed temporal sequence of changes in penile oxygenation offers valuable insights into the dynamic physiological responses that occur during distinct stages of the erectile process. These findings contribute to our understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying penile vascular physiology and their roles in erectile function. An analysis of the full patient cohort is currently ongoing. Disclosure Yes, this is sponsored by industry/sponsor: PETROS. Clarification: Industry funding only - investigator initiated and executed study. Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Disclosures: Consultant for AbbVie, Marius, Tolmar, Endo, Petros, Boston Scientific, Coloplast Investor: Sprout.