Adequate Intake Of Essential Nutrients Research Articles

Prevalence and factors associated with adequate dietary diversity among pregnant women in Nekemte town, Western Ethiopia, 2021.

Dietary diversity refers to increasing the consumption of a variety of foods. The consumption of diversified food during pregnancy enables the adequate intake of 11 important micronutrients. Inadequate dietary intake during pregnancy is the major determinant factor in the risk of low birth weight infants. It is capable of ensuring the adequate intake of essential nutrients, which can promote good physical health and mental development. Pregnant women require more protein, iron, iodine, vitamin A, folate, and other nutrients. Adequate intake of fruit, vegetables, and animal products throughout the life cycle helps ensure that women enter pregnancy and lactation without deficiencies. Micronutrient deficiency and protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake imbalances are also linked to an increased risk of chronic disease. To assess the prevalence and associated factors with adequate dietary diversity among pregnant woman in Nekemte town, western Ethiopia, 202.1. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 475 pregnant women in the town. We used a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews by trained data collectors using a validated questionnaire. Before being exported to STATA version 14, data were entered into EpiData version 3.1, cleaned, coded, and checked for missing values. Results from bivariable analysis of p-value less than 0.25 were moved to a multivariable binary logistic regression model for analysis. Finally, multivariable logistic regression with p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Prevalence of adequate dietary diversity was 43.6% (95% CI; 39.1-48.1). Households with the richest wealth index adjusted odds ratio (AOR = 3.17; 95%Confidence Interval = 1.60-6.28), those who have antenatal care (AOR = 2.16; 95%CI = 1.22-3.84), and women who were government employees (AOR = 1.87; 95%CI = 1.01-3.48) were positively associated with adequate dietary diversity. On the other hand, food-insecure households (AOR = 0.34; 95%CI = 0.17-0.66), women who had not changed their meal frequency (AOR = 0.613; 95%CI = 0.38-0.99), and women in their third trimester (AOR = 0.40; 95%CI = 0.20-0.81) were negatively associated with adequate dietary diversity during pregnancy. The findings showed that there was a low acceptable level of dietary diversity among pregnant women in the town. Wealth index, antenatal care, women's occupation, household food insecurity, gestational age, and not changing meal frequency were identified as factors associated with adequate dietary diversity. Therefore, multi-sectoral collaboration is needed to enhance the dietary diversity of pregnant women by promoting women's employment and strengthening sustainable income-generating activities.

Effect of Diet on Depression: A Review of Nutritional Solutions

Depression is a mental illness with several categories that have common symptoms such as chronic sorrow, lack of interest, lack of pleasure, mood swings between guilt and poor self-esteem, sleep disturbances, and a loss of appetite. Over 300 million individuals globally suffer from depression, and the socioeconomic cost of this debilitating disorder is expected to rise dramatically in the future decades.
 Behavioral health illnesses can be prevented and treated to some extent with dietary and nutritional means. Nutritional psychiatry has produced observational and effectiveness evidence regarding the role of healthy dietary patterns in the onset and treatment of depressive symptoms. Diet is associated with depressive symptoms or depression, meaning that an increase in depressive disorders coincide with a deterioration in healthy living choices, including poor quality diets.
 Healthy eating habits and adequate intake of essential nutrients via the diet can help prevent and treat depression by reducing symptoms of mental illness. In addition, because nutrition is a modifiable risk factor for depression, it is practical for the public to consider dietary changes to reduce the prevalence of depressive disorders.
 This paper reviews the potential value of diet-based actions to manage depression, and ways in which dietary changes could be made to improve mental and cognitive health. Furthermore, some practical solutions for preventing and controlling depression are proposed based on health-related effects of improving dietary habits and life style.

Dietary Diversity Among U.S. Infants and Toddlers: Associations With Caregiver Sociodemographic Characteristics

ObjectivesThe introduction to a variety of foods during the first two years of life is recommended to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients required for optimal growth and development. The purpose of this study was to assess dietary diversity among children 4–26 months and to identify associations between caregiver sociodemographic characteristics and child dietary diversity.MethodsCaregivers, recruited via Qualtrics panels, reported on how often foods (n = 57) were offered to their child in the prior month using a food frequency questionnaire designed to assess usual intakes of infant/toddler foods. Foods were grouped (vegetables, fruits, grains, meat and meat alternatives, snacks, sweets, and dairy) and summed into a 7-point dietary diversity score (DDS). Tertiles of dietary diversity were used to classify children by age into low, average, and high diversity. Ordinal logistic regression tested the association between caregiver sociodemographic factors (age, race/ethnicity, household income, partner status, household size) and tertile of child DDS.ResultsCaregivers (n = 344; 70.3% female; M ± SD age 31.5 ± 6.3 y), identified as White (73%), and had attended at least some college (74%). The average DDS for the sample was 4.2 ± 2.35. Among infants (< 12 months; n = 150), 50.8% received breastmilk, 39% consumed 0–2 food groups and 42.0% consumed ≥ 5 food groups (DDS 3.6 ± 2.5). Among toddlers (>12 months; n = 194), 24.8% received breastmilk, 18% consumed 0–2 food groups and 62% consumed ≥ 5 food groups (DDS 4.7 ± 2.1). A Pearson's Chi-Squared test revealed a significant association between breastfeeding status and DDS (c 2 (2) = 8.272, P < 0.05). 23% of children who were receiving breastmilk were classified as low DDS compared with 35% of children not receiving breastmilk. Children from households with ≥ 5 members had 2.7 (95% CI, 1.44 to 4.95) times the odds of high DDS than children from households with ≤ 2 members (P < 0.01). No other caregiver sociodemographic factors were significantly associated with child DDS.ConclusionsCaregiver sociodemographic factors, other than household size, were not related to children's DDS. Given the importance of dietary variety on nutrition adequacy, future work should consider other factors that might influence DDS among infants and toddlers.Funding SourcesThis project was unfunded.

Relationship between adherence to mediterranean diet and nutritional adequacy

Rationale: Adequate intake of essential nutrients required for optimal nutrition and health status is called nutritional adequacy (1). Mediterranean diet (MD) is suggested as the one of the healthiest nutritional models. The MD reduces the risk of chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases and cancer, due to its low carbohydrate ratio and high dietary fiber, healthy fat, and antioxidants contents (1). The aim of this study is to examine the nutritional adequacy of the MD in healthy adults.

Dietary Diversity Score and its Associated Factors in Salem and Namakkal Districts

Dietary diversity is defined as the amount of various foods or food groups that are consumed over a period of specific reference time. Increasing the variety of foods and food groups in the diet helps to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients. The present study was undertaken to assess the dietary diversity score and its associated factors. A total number of 32 households were selected from both urban and rural areas of Salem and Namakkal districts. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between 23 rd August 2018 and 10 th September 2018 with the help of questionnaire which contained general information, socio economic status and 24 hour recall method. Dietary diversity score was computed for 10 food groups that were commonly consumed by Indians. Among the total number of 32 households, the average dietary diversity score of the participants was 7. Majority of the households (53.1%) were spending about 3000 to 5000 INR per month for purchasing food. The results revealed that the monthly income, expenditure on food, dietary pattern and occupation of the household had a positive influence with Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS).

Determination and Characterization of Women, Infants, and Young Children's Dietary Diversity in Agricultural Mitigation Period of Burkina Faso

Backgroun: The increasing variety of foods and food groups in the diet helps to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients and promotes good health. The main objective was to determine the diet quality of women, infants, and young children in agricultural mitigation period of Burkina Faso. Methods: A 24-h dietary open recall was used to collect all foods taken by women, infants, and young children in Centre-West region of Burkina Faso. The dietary diversity (DD) score was equal to the number of consumed food groups for infants (6-23 months) according to WHO recommendations and for women and young children (24-59 months) according to food and agriculture organization (FAO). Three DD classes were determined for the individual average DD. For each DD class, food consumption profile was determined by food items or groups consumed by at least 50 percent of women, infants, and young children according to FAO guide. Results: The study was conducted among 971 women, 419 infants, and 189 young children. Regarding the dietary diversity score (DDS), 16.3, 39.2, and 44.5 percent of women and 12.7, 49.7, and 37.6 percent of young children had low (&lt; 5), average (= 5), and high (&gt; 5) rates, respectively. Furthermore, DDS was low (&lt; 4), average (= 4) and high (&gt; 4) in 22.9, 12.6, and 64.4 of infants, respectively. The consumption rates of roots/tubers, dairy products, eggs, and fruits were very low regardless of the women, infants, and young children DDS in times of agricultural mitigation. Conclusion: The diet of women and young children was a little more diversified compared to infants.

Current treatment methods for sarcopenia in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of combined post-dilution online hemodiafiltration therapy and ketoanalogue amino acid medications at a dose of 0.2 g/kg of ideal body weight/day for sarcopenia-correcting interventions in patients on hemodialysis with adequate intake of essential nutrients. Materials and methods. In total, 645 patients undergoing hemodialysis were examined. Nutritional status of all patients was evaluated to identify pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia. In addition, leptin and interleukin-6 serum levels were determined. The patients with signs of sarcopenia were divided into three groups depending on the treatment method. Results. We demonstrated the effectiveness of combined post-dilution online hemodiafiltration therapy and ketoanalogue amino acids at a dose of 0.2 g/kg of ideal body weight/day for correction of sarcopenia in patients on hemodialysis. Conclusion. Combined therapy with post-dilution online hemodiafiltration therapy and ketoanalogue amino acids at a dose of 0.2 g/kg of ideal body weight/day is regarded as a pathogenetically grounded method for correction of sarcopenia in patients on hemodialysis with adequate intake of essential nutrients. (For citation: Jakovenko AA. Current treatment methods for sarcopenia in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Urologicheskie vedomosti. 2018;8(2):36-42. doi: 10.17816/uroved8236-42).

Efficiency of post-dilution online hemodiafiltration therapy in combination with ketoanalogues of amino acid in the correction of protein-energy malnutrition in hemodialysis patients

Purpose of the study. Evaluate the efficiency of permanent post-dilution online hemodiafiltration therapy in combination with the prescription of keto analogues of amino acid at a dose of 0,2 g/kg of ideal body weight/day to correct protein-energy malnutrition in hemodialysis patients with adequate intake of essential nutrients. Patients and methods. A total of 645 patients with terminal renal failure received programmed hemodialysis, of which there were 300 men and 345 women aged 58,8 ± 6,9 years. All patients received treatment with programmed GD for 6,9 ± 2,1 years. All patients underwent a comprehensive assessment of nutritional status. The level of leptin and interleukin-6 serum was determined. Patients with signs of protein-energy malnutritian (PEM) were divided into three groups, depending on the method of PEM correction. Results. The study showed the efficiency of postdilution online hemodiafiltration therapy on an ongoing basis in combination with keto-analogues of amino acids at a dose of 0,2 g/kg of ideal body weight/day for correction of PEM in hemodialysis patients. Conclusion. The post-dilution online hemodiafiltration therapy combined with keto-analogues of amino acid at a dose of 0.2 g /kg of ideal body weight/day can be considered one of the pathogenetically grounded methods for correcting PEM in patients receiving programmed hemodialysis with adequate intake of essential nutrients.

Dietary diversity and its determinants: A community-based study among adult population of Durgapur, West Bengal

Introduction: Proper diet is essential from the very early stages of life for proper growth and development. Increasing the variety of foods and food groups in the diet helps to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients. The study was conducted with the objective to assess the dietary diversity pattern and to find the association between dietary diversity score and selected sociodemographic variables among adult population, if any. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2016 and January 2017 among 216 adults with the help of dietary diversity questionnaire from rural and urban field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India. Pearson's Chi-square test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and binary multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS software. Results: The median dietary diversity score of the participants was 6. Nearly 45.4% of participants had adequate dietary diversity scores. Most common food groups consumed by the participants were starchy staples (100%), followed by oil and oil-based items (99.5%) and milk and milk products (86.1%). Age, residency, type of family, and occupation have a significant association with adequate dietary diversity. Conclusion: Awareness program on dietary diversity should be organized to make people aware about the importance of dietary diversity. Proper diet is essential from the very early stages of life for proper growth and development. Increasing the variety of foods and food groups in the diet helps to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients.

Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors Among Infants and Young Children in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Increasing the variety of foods and food groups in the diet ensures that there is adequate intake of essential nutrients. Lack of dietary diversity especially for children 6-23 months is specifically critical because they require energy and nutrient-dense foods for both physical and mental growth and development. Encouraging children aged 6–23 months for appropriate complementary feeding practices reduces the incidence of stunting and leads to better health and growth outcome. A community based cross sectional study was conducted from May-June 2016, among children aged 6-23 months residing in rural districts of Wolaita Zone. Multi-stage sampling technique was applied to select 944 child-mother/caregiver paired study population. Data was collected through a pre-tested and structured interviewer administered questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics variables, household wealth indicators, and dietary assessment tool and entered using Epi-data manager and client entry version 1.4.4.0 and exported to SPSS Version 20 for analysis. Variables having p < 0.25 at bivariate analysis were fitted to multivariate analysis. Odds ratio, P-value and 95% CI were computed to show the association of variables. The proportion of children who consumed minimum acceptable dietary diversity was 43.2% (95% CI: 40.0 – 46.6). The Diary and dairy products, meat, Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables were less commonly consumed food groups. Older children (AOR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.71, 3.64), maternal education of primary and secondary and above (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI: 2.01, 5.22) and (AOR = 4.78, 95% CI: 2.55, 8.95) were independent predictors of dietary diversity. Conclusion: Even though feeding practice of infants and young children is encouraging, plenty of children are still suffering from consuming inadequate dietary diversity. Hence, due attention has to be given to improve feeding practice of older children. Furthermore, improving parental education and economy result in proper child feeding practice.

Nutritional and Physical Activity Interventions to Improve Immunity.

Physical activity and nutrition are important in a healthy lifestyle with potential benefits to immunity often overlooked. Infection of the upper respiratory tract, and the associated symptoms, are the most frequent presentations to general practitioners and may have significant economic and social impact. In this review, we consider the role of physical activity and nutrition in improving immunity. Evidence suggests that regular moderate activity is particularly beneficial for immune enhancement and reducing the risk of infection. We also discuss some nutritional strategies. Unfortunately, the evidence for many is weak. Avoiding nutritional deficiencies seems the most pragmatic recommendation. This can be achieved with a balanced diet. Including a variety of fruits and vegetables may help ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients with little risk of excess intake of any single nutrient. Supplementation with individual nutrients is generally not recommended. Multinutrients may be beneficial for those with a preexisting deficiency but not if normal dietary intake is sufficient. Further benefit may be gained from some supplements including probiotics, bovine colostrum, and some plant-derived products (Echinacea, black elderberry, and some polyphenols) but only in specific situations/contexts. Individuals should consider their personal needs, use caution, and avoid the indiscriminate use of supplements.

Age related changes in aminergic system and behavior following lead exposure: Protection with essential metal supplements

Age related impairments in behavioral functions following lead (Pb) exposure have been linked to changes in neurotransmitter levels in brain regions. In the present study, we have evaluated the protective effect of a mixture of essential elements containing calcium, zinc and iron against Pb-induced long-term effects on aminergic system and behavior of rats. Rats were lactationally exposed to Pb (0.2%) or Pb acetate together with nutrient metal mixture (0.02% Ca, Zn and Fe) in drinking water of the mother from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND 21. Increases in synaptosomal dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin levels and decrease in mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) in cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus regions were observed following Pb exposure in different age groups (PND 45, 4, 12 and 18 months) of rats. The alterations were greater in hippocampus than cortex and cerebellum. Total locomotor activity, exploratory and open field behaviors were also altered following Pb exposure. However, the alterations were maximum in PND 45 coinciding with greater blood Pb levels observed in PND 45. These data suggest that, Pb exposure induced age dependent alterations in motor behavior and synaptosomal aminergic system were significantly reversed with the supplementation of nutrient metal mixture suggesting therapeutic nature of essential metal supplements against Pb-induced toxicity.

Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Status of Urban Primary School Children from Iran and India

Introduction: Nutritional status of children is influenced by diet. Better dietary diversity helps ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients especially for growing school going children. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary scores and nutritional status of urban Iranian and Indian school children. Methods: The present study examined dietary diversity, weight-for-age (WA) and height-for-age (HA) and weightfor- height weight-for-age z-scores and nutritional status of 4570 children aged 6-9 years, including 2234 Iranian (1016 boys, 1218 girls) and 2336 Indian (1240 boys, 1096 girls) attending primary schools residing in Mumbai and Ahwaz, Iran, from low and middle income categories. Dietary diversity scores were assessed based on frequency of consumption of individual food items categorized into 11 individual food groups. Results: Total dietary diversity scores were significantly higher for Indian children who had normal weight or who were overweight (F=32.197, p=0.000) and lowest for underweight children. Similar trends were observed for the children from Iran (F=9.345, p=0.000). Total food group scores increased with better height status of the children. In both countries, severely and moderately stunted children had lower total mean scores than those who had normal and above average height. Wasting was also associated with lower total mean scores. Analysis of data for individual food groups showed that increasing weight was associated with higher scores for almost all food groups in India. In Iran, mean scores for vegetables, beverages, sweets and fats increased with increasing weight. Heights for age z-scores were positively associated with a mean score for pulses in countries and dairy products, beverages and fats. Higher BMI was associated with higher scores for cereals, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, mixed dishes, beverages, sweets and fats.

Dietary diversity in Khon Kaen, Thailand, 1988 2006

A restricted diet, if high in saturated fats, sugars, animal products and processed carbohydrates, is associated with many modern diseases1 while diverse diets are considered to be healthy;2 and an effective indicator of food security.3 Dietary guidelines recommend balanced consumption from a number of core food groups to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients to promote good health4 and prevent non-communicable chronic diseases. The availability of a diverse diet reflects political and economic factors, such as the global trade in foods and national GDP.5 Industrialization has brought many Thais greater dietary diversity as well as more pre-processed foods and more dietary sugar, fat and animal products.6 These dietary changes are reflected in an epidemiological transition with increasing obesity, Type II diabetes, hypertension, stroke, hyperlipidaemia, coronary heart disease and cancer.7

Weight control among obese adolescents: A pilot study

Objective The present study evaluated weight loss and compliance outcomes for overweight adolescents assigned to one of two dietary interventions differing in the type of snacks allowed.Methods The study was a 12-week, controlled clinical trial, among otherwise healthy but overweight (body mass index ≥95th percentile) 11-year-old to 15-year-old girls who were randomly assigned to either a 1,500 kcal/day free-snack program or a 1,500 kcal/day restricted-snack program. All subjects were counseled to consume three servings of dairy products per day, and were provided with a 500 mg calcium supplement as well. Subjects in the free-snack group could choose any 150-calorie item as one of their two daily snacks, including regular soda if desired; however, subjects in the restricted-snack group were limited to diet soda.Results Thirty-two adolescent girls completed the 12-week intervention. Both diets were equally effective in achieving a modest amount of weight loss, and were equally acceptable to the subjects. Significant decreases in weight, body mass index, anthropometric measures, total cholesterol and triglycerides were observed.Conclusions A 1,500 kcal/day diet allowing for a free snack of 150 calories was equally as effective as a more restricted snack policy in achieving a modest amount of weight loss among overweight 11-year-old to 15-year-old girls. In addition, results suggest that some soda may be included in a teen weight control diet, as long as caloric intake is maintained at recommended levels, and care is taken to achieve adequate intake of essential nutrients. Calcium intake among subjects was low at baseline, and, although it increased during the study (due to supplementation), further efforts to increase consumption of naturally calcium-rich and calcium-fortified foods and beverages are needed.

Physical activity and fitness

There is unanimous agreement that regular exercise is essential for optimal function of the human body. It is evident that extrinsic factors, such as diet and exercise habits, are reflected in the morbidity and mortality statistics, especially in aging. Aging is obligatorily associated with reduced maximal aerobic power and reduced muscle strength, ie, with reduced physical fitness. As a consequence of diminished exercise tolerance, a large and increasing number of elderly people will be living below, at, or just above "thresholds" of physical ability, needing only a minor intercurrent illness to render them completely dependent. Physical training can readily produce a profound improvement of functions also essential for physical fitness in old age. From a nutritional viewpoint one advantage of physical activity, and increased metabolic rate, is that a higher energy intake can better secure an adequate intake of essential nutrients.