Adequate Criteria Research Articles

Evaluation of the Football Achievement Development Program in Indonesia Muda Purwokerto Soccer School

This research aims to determine the evaluation of the football achievement development program at SSB IM Purwokerto, examining it from the aspects of context, input, reaction, and outcome (CIRO) as well as finding out whether the achievement development program that has been running at SSB IM Purwokerto has been managed optimally. This research is a type of qualitative research using the CIRO evaluation model. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique to obtain a sample of three program administrators, three trainers, and six student parents. The evaluation uses a qualitative approach. Data collection uses research instruments in the form of interviews and documentation.The results of this research, namely the evaluation of the SSB IM Purwokerto achievement development program from all aspects, obtained adequate criteria, which means moderate so that the SSB IM Purwokerto achievement development program is still not optimal. The results of each aspect, namely the context aspect, are sufficient criteria, input is insufficient, reaction is good and the outcome is sufficient. There are important notes on the context, input, and product aspects. Recommendations for managers include the context aspect to increase the number of administrators so that management performance is more optimal, the input aspect to be more frequent and broader when promoting and counseling the opening of player recruitment, and provide facilities to support the progress of SSB IM Purwokerto students so that the potential of players is more visible during tests. recruitment, process aspects to be further optimized so that they become even better, and product aspects when the SSB IM Purwokerto team participates in tournaments, most of the players but the coach must be able to maximize the existing players and become champions in the tournaments they participate in.

Endocrine oncology : An update on surgical treatments

In the management of solid tumours, routine concepts are increasingly being transformed into individualized patient treatment. Endocrine surgery is traditionally characterized by resection strategies that are adapted to phenotype and genotype of the underlying disease. As complication rates in surgery correlate with the extent of resection, continuous efforts are made to identify selection criteria in order to limit the extent of surgery without compromising the oncological outcome. The aim is to design risk-stratified precision endocrine surgery. Asearch was carried out in PubMed for new and modern strategies and approaches for oncological endocrine surgery. Several developments in surgical technique and technology, molecular pathology, medical therapy, and study data identify the potential to adapt the surgical strategy in all areas of endocrine surgery. According to prevalent data, limited extent of resection in thyroid cancer surgery shows a reduction in complication rates while preserving oncological outcome when adequate selection criteria are implemented. New insights and innovative technologies also influence additional areas in oncological endocrine surgery for parathyroid, adrenal, and neuroendocrine neoplasia. However, the broad practice of these new concepts needs to be evaluated with regard to long-term oncological outcome.

Bacteria of healthy periodontal tissues as candidates of probiotics: a systematic review

ObjectivesThe use of probiotics could promote the balance of the subgingival microbiota to contribute to periodontal health. This study aimed to identify the potential of bacteria commonly associated with healthy periodontal tissues as probiotic candidates.Material and methodsA systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Ovid databases as well as the combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and non-MeSH terms. Based on the selection criteria, original studies published in English and identifying the microorganisms present in the periodontium of healthy individuals and patients with periodontitis using the high-throughput 16S ribosomal gene sequencing technique were included.ResultsOut of 659 articles, 12 met the criteria for this review. These articles were published from 2012 to 2020 and mainly originated from the United States, China, and Spain. Most of these studies reported adequate criteria for selecting participants, using standardized clinical criteria, and compliance with quality based on the tools used. In periodontal healthy tissue were identified species like Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus intermedius, and Prevotella nigrescens which have recognized strains with a capacity to inhibit periodontopathogens.ConclusionsS. sanguinis, S. oralis, S. mitis, and S. gordonii are among the bacterial species proposed as potential probiotics because some strains can inhibit periodontopathogens and have been reported as safe for humans.

Review of Ethiopia’s Foreign Policy Responsiveness Capacity to Red Sea Militarization between 1991-2018

Abstract This article aims to assess responsiveness capacity of Ethiopian foreign policy on political and militarization dynamics in the Red Sea region from 1991 to 2018. Primarily, the evaluation employs the Effectiveness and Adequacy policy measurement criteria to assess the foreign policy's responsiveness. The review employed explanatory and argumentative approaches to examine different sources. The study also designed a logical framework of analysis by incorporating relevant IR theories like Hegemonic Stability Theory (HST) and Realism. The analysis then divided foreign policy objectives into General objectives and specific objectives which include Eritrea, Somalia, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula. Consequently, Adequacy and effectiveness policy evaluation criteria are used as to examine whether or not Ethiopian foreign policy assumptions are aligning with the Red Sea political dynamics and effectively achieve the stated objectives. The study shows shortcomings in responsiveness of both adequacy and effectiveness criteria. This is due to change in prior policy assumptions caused by rapid global and regional power dynamics. nevertheless, country specific findings are different. In country such as Eritrea and the Arabian Peninsula the policy is found to be is ineffective and inadequate; where as in Somalia it’s both effective and adequate. on the other hand, policy towards Egypt bound to have adequate assumptions but not effective. Therefore, revision and adoption of a holistic policy towards Red Sea region recommended.

The Influence Of The Drill Method On Futsal Passing Technique Skills Using The Inside Of The Foot

The purpose of this paper is to measure futsal passing skills using the drill method on a wall target. In group division, they were divided into two groups with 13 experimental students and 12 play method students. The result data obtained from the pre-test contained 3 (23%) students with adequate assessment criteria, and 10 (77%) students with inadequate assessment criteria. The increase occurred after being given the drilling method treatment on the wall target, and data obtained from post-test observations showed that there were 8 (61.5%) students who achieved the adequate assessment criteria and 5 (38.5%) students who achieved the good assessment criteria. The results of the normality test in the experimental group show that Ho is accepted, because calculated X2 X2 table. And the Homogeneity Test proves F count F table, so it can be said that the population is a homogeneous population. This research was said to be successful because students experienced progress as a result of applying the drill method treatment to the wall target.

Applications of Structural Nabla Derivatives on Time Scales to Dynamic Equations

We present here more general concepts of Hausdorff derivatives (structural Nabla derivatives) on a timescale. We examine structural Nabla integration on temporal scales. Using the fixed-point theorem, we establish adequate criteria for the question of existence and uniqueness of the solution to an initial value problem characterized by structural Nabla derivatives on timescales. Furthermore, some features of the new operator are proven and illustrated by using concrete examples.

Mathematical modelling for predicting performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with palm kernel biodiesel–diesel-diethyl carbonate fuel blends

The search for environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives to conventional diesel fuels has prompted investigations into blends of biodiesel and oxygenated additives like diethyl carbonate. This study focuses on developing mathematical models to predict the performance and emissions of a single-cylinder diesel engine running on palm kernel biodiesel blended with varying proportions of diethyl carbonate. Response Surface Methodology with a general factorial design was employed to create mathematical models for brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen emissions. The two input variables were engine load (five levels) and diethyl carbonate percentage in the fuel blend (five levels). Second-order models were developed, and model fit was evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence. The developed RSM models showed excellent fit with high R-squared values close to unity, satisfying the model adequacy criteria. ANOVA revealed the models to be statistically significant predictors of the response variables based on load and diethyl carbonate percentage. The optimum operating condition for best performance and emissions balance was found to be 71% load and 10% diethyl carbonate inclusion. The study emphasises the importance of alternative fuels in mitigating environmental pollution and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

Living with semantic indeterminacy: The teleosemanticist's guide

Teleosemantics has an indeterminacy problem. In an earlier publication, I argued that teleosemanticists may afford to be realists about indeterminacy, pointing to the phenomenon of vagueness as a case of really‐existing semantic indeterminacy. Here, I continue that project by proposing two criteria of adequacy that a semantically indeterminate theory should meet: a criterion of theoretical adequacy and a criterion of extensional adequacy. I present reasons to think that indeterminate versions of teleosemantics can meet these criteria. I end by discussing vagueness, concluding that it most likely is not the same kind of phenomenon as the semantic indeterminacy afflicting teleosemantics.

A Stronger Novel Form of Soft Semi-Open Set

In this paper, we introduce the concept of a soft [Formula: see text]-open set. We show that the class of soft [Formula: see text]-open sets lies strictly between the classes of [Formula: see text]-open sets (respectively, soft [Formula: see text]-open) and soft semi-open sets. Additionally, we provide several adequate criteria for the equivalence between soft [Formula: see text]-open sets and each of [Formula: see text]-open sets and soft semi-open sets. Moreover, we demonstrate that the family of soft [Formula: see text]-open sets is a supra soft topology. We study the relationships between soft [Formula: see text]-open sets and other types of soft sets such as soft open, soft pre-open, soft [Formula: see text]-open, soft [Formula: see text]-open, soft [Formula: see text]-open, soft [Formula: see text]-open and soft [Formula: see text]-open. Also, we study the behavior of soft [Formula: see text]-open sets under some soft operators. Finally, we clarify the correspondence between the classes of soft [Formula: see text]-open sets in a soft topological space and in its soft topological subspaces.

Biochemical indices of blood protein metabolism as criteria of broiler nutrition adequacy

The experiments were conducted on the broiler chickens of the cross "Smena-9" in the vivarium of the Selective Genetic Centre "Zagorskoe Experimental Breeding Farm" in Sergiev Posad. The results of the blood plasma biochemical tests showed wavelike changes in the trypsin activity at all ages stu- died. The increased concentration of total protein at 7 days of age in all groups could have been induced by switching from endogenous feed when receiving exogenous feed containing more protein than the yolk sac. The age dynamics of the alkaline phosphatase activity had sharp fluctuations throughout the whole rearing period. At 1–7 days of age, there was an increase in the phosphatase activity with a subsequent decrease until 35 days of age relative to the control in all groups. The peak of high activity of this enzyme occurs on the 7th day – 31030 units/l in the control group and on the 14th day in the experimental group 2. Thereafter, there is a gradual decrease in the activity of this enzyme. A sharp increase in the level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood of broiler chickens at 7–21 days of age indicates intensive growth and formation of the organism, but a sharp surge in activity at 7 days of age could also be caused by the transition to a new diet, which in itself is a stress factor. A decrease in the activity of this enzyme at 28–35 days of age indicates a slowdown in the growth process. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical composition of blood in different periods of post-embryogenesis of broiler chickens of the cross "Smena-9" at changing the level of protein in the diet, which in this case remains a relevant and informative source of information on the effect of changes in the ingredient composition of feed on the bird organism as a whole.

Evaluasi Compliance Risk Management (CRM) Dalam Kegiatan Pengawasan Di KPP Pratama Gianyar

The low number of Daftar Sasaran Prioritas Penggalian Potensi (DSP3) which derives from Compliance Risk Management (CRM) (8.47% of the DSP3) at Gianyar Tax Service Office motivates this study to evaluate the use of CRM called CRM Fungsi Pemeriksaan dan Pengawasan (CRM Rikwas) in supervision activities (starting from the planning, implementation, and follow-up stages) at Gianyar Tax Service Office. Evaluation is measured by the criteria of effectiveness at the planning stage of supervision and adequacy at the stage of implementation and follow-up stage of supervision. This study is a case study with an evaluation approach. The research method used is a qualitative method and descriptive analysis. Data was collected by collection of documentation, interviews with the Account Representative (AR) and the Head of the Supervision Section, and questionnaires to the AR. The results of the evaluation with the effectiveness criteria showed that CRM Rikwas suggests effectiveness in the planning stage of supervision. The results of the evaluation with the adequacy criteria indicate that the CRM Rikwas is not adequate in assisting the supervision activities (implementation and follow-up stages) because several indications of non-compliance are not following the actual situation. Based on these findings, this study recommends that AR at the Gianyar Tax Service Office review the non-conforming indicators first and recommends the DGT follow up on those findings.

Management Evaluation in the Achievement Development Program of Football Sport Branch at FC UNY Academy

This research aims to assess the management's evaluation of the FC UNY Academy football achievement development program using the Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) framework. Additionally, it seeks to determine if the ongoing achievement development program at the FC UNY Academy is being effectively managed. This qualitative research employs the CIPP evaluation model, with a purposive sampling technique to select three program administrators for study. Data collection involves interviews and documentation. The research findings indicate that the management evaluation of the FC UNY Academy achievement development program met adequate criteria across all aspects, signifying a moderate level of performance. However, the management's effectiveness in optimizing the program remains suboptimal. Specifically, the context aspect meets sufficient criteria, the input meets adequate criteria, the process meets good criteria, and the product meets adequate criteria. Key considerations are identified in the context, input, and product aspects. Recommendations for administrators include: Context aspect: Increase the number of administrators to enhance management performance. Input aspect: Enhance promotional activities and counselling during player recruitment to showcase player potential effectively. Process aspect: Optimize processes for better outcomes. Product aspect: Despite having tier 2 players, coaches should maximize player potential to achieve championship results in tournaments.

Deceiving Humans and Machines Alike: Search-based Test Input Generation for DNNs Using Variational Autoencoders

Due to the rapid adoption of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) into larger software systems, testing of DNN-based systems has received much attention recently. While many different test adequacy criteria have been suggested, we lack effective test input generation techniques. Inputs such as images of real-world objects and scenes are not only expensive to collect but also difficult to randomly sample. Consequently, current testing techniques for DNNs tend to apply small local perturbations to existing inputs to generate new inputs. We propose SINVAD (Search-based Input space Navigation using Variational AutoencoDers), a way to sample from, and navigate over, a space of realistic inputs that resembles the true distribution in the training data. Our input space is constructed using Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), and navigated through their latent vector space. Our analysis shows that the VAE-based input space is well-aligned with human perception of what constitutes realistic inputs. Further, we show that this space can be effectively searched to achieve various testing scenarios, such as boundary testing of two different DNNs or analyzing class labels that are difficult for the given DNN to distinguish. Guidelines on how to design VAE architectures are presented as well. Our results have the potential to open the field to meaningful exploration through the space of highly structured images.

SCIENTIFICALLY BASED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF REAL ESTATE USE AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL

It is proved that real estate is an essential element affecting the functioning of regions, as its use forms the material basis of regional development. In recent years, there has been a decrease in the efficiency of real estate use at the regional level. In this context, we should note the negative impact of external and internal factors and the consequences of Russian aggression. Therefore, theoretical provisions regarding the definition of real estate need further improvement, considering international experience. In addition, the approach to applying the method and models for forming a quantitative basis for real estate use to develop relevant scientifically based recommendations needs reconsideration. The research has achieved the goal of developing scientifically based recommendations for increasing the efficiency of real estate use at the regional level. We have solved the following tasks in the article: substantiating theoretical provisions regarding the definition of regional real estate, forming directions for improving the efficiency of real estate use at the regional level, and proposing a mechanism for using real estate. Real estate is defined as a set of land plots and other objects located on it, forming spatial support from above and below, the use of which has a long-term nature and the movement of which leads to a violation of their functional characteristics. Spatial, functional, investment, and environmental factors influence the formation and use of real estate. Their interaction and definition allow building a multi-level system of assessment indicators to form a quantitative basis for making informed decisions. To increase the level of real estate use in the regions, we have further developed methodological approaches, as recommendations, to the assessment of real estate use based on methods and models that characterise the directions and features of the use of spatial, functional, investment, and environmental support, which provide the opportunity to form a mathematical basis and identify the appropriate toolkit for developing a method for assessing the level of real estate use in regions. Of particular importance are the results of mathematical modelling of real estate use processes at the regional level based on the establishment of relationships between systemic spatial, functional, investment, and environmental factors and an integral indicator by applying the method of correlation-regression analysis, model adequacy criteria, which allows determining directions for increasing the efficiency of use of the real estate. A mechanism for the use of real estate at the regional level is proposed based on the results of the assessment, mathematical modelling, and forecasting of the factors of real estate use, which, unlike the existing ones, made it possible to determine the directions of implementation of scientifically based recommendations and build geospatial monitoring maps. As a result of the study, we have developed a mechanism for real estate use at the regional level as a comprehensive tool for ensuring the efficiency of real estate use in the regions. Keywords: real estate, regional level, efficiency of use, recommendations, mechanism, geospatial monitoring maps, methods, models.

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE FACTORS OF LAND USE OF THE OBJECTS OF THE NATURE RESERVE FUND OF THE REGIONS

It has been proven that the land use level of the nature reserve fund objects is decreasing, and their condition is being disturbed based on unjustified construction, in particular. In this context, forming a quantitative basis for decision-making through implementing mathematical modelling of the land use factors of the nature reserve fund objects of the regions is particularly relevant. As a result of the generalisation of theoretical approaches, we proposed a definition of ‘land use monitoring of the nature reserve fund objects of the regions’ as a set of legal, constructive, complex, organisational, functional, and instrumental directions aimed at the formation of informational, analytical, and spatial support regarding the state and level of land use of the nature reserve fund objects at the regional level using mathematical modelling methods, which creates a quantitative basis for permanent tracking and control over the use of the nature reserve fund objects. The purpose of the study is to use mathematical modelling tools to establish cause-and-effect relationships between the factors of land use of the nature reserve fund objects of the regions. In this context, the study has solved the following tasks: highlighting the practical aspects of mathematical modelling of the factors of land use of the nature reserve fund objects of the regions; characterisation of the adequacy criteria of the established relationships between the integral indicator of the level of land use of the nature reserve fund objects of the regions and factors using the method of neural networks. The results of mathematical modelling allow for forecasting changes in the integral indicator of the level of land use of the nature reserve fund objects of the regions depending on the relevant factors and for offering scientifically based recommendations for the development and implementation of monitoring of the formation of land use of the nature reserve fund objects of the regions. The conducted analysis of the adequacy of the developed mathematical models of the influence of factors on the integral indicator of the level of land use of the nature reserve fund objects of the regions using the neural network method made it possible to confirm the completeness and reliability of the established relationships based on the low values ​​of the relative error of the test sample. Keywords: land use, objects of the natural reserve fund of the regions, methods, mathematical modelling, monitoring.

Validating and Adapting the Brief Resilient Coping Scale for Greek Humanitarian Workers

IntroductionHumanitarian workers (HWs) face significant challenges while providing aid to those in need, often leading to psychological exhaustion and the risk of primary or secondary trauma.ObjectivesOur study aimed to validate and adapt the Greek version of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) for HWs in Greece.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study between September and December 2022. Participants were recruited through a self-administered questionnaire distributed via social media to humanitarian groups. Additionally, the questionnaire was sent via email to these groups’ members, who then forwarded it to their respective networks. The questionnaire included the BRCS, a 4-item measure designed to capture tendencies to cope with stress in a highly adaptive manner. A score of 4-13 points indicates low resilient copers, 14-16 points medium resilient copers and 17-20 points high resilient copers. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess internal consistency. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was employed to evaluate model fit. Adequate or good fit criteria included a χ2 test p-value ≥ 0.05, Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA) ≤ 0.08, Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual (SRMR) ≤ 0.05, and a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) or Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI) ≤ 0.90. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA and SPSS software.ResultsA total of 151 humanitarian workers (76% females), with a mean age of 39.3±10.6 years participated in the study. The mean BRCS score was 65.6/100. Participants were categorized as follows: 34.6% as low resilient copers, 38.6% as medium resilient copers, and 26.8% as high resilient copers. Cronbach’s alpha for the BRCS was 0.84, indicating good internal consistency. CFA results supported the one-factor solution proposed by the original researchers, with acceptable global fit indices: Chi-square p-value = 0.303, SRMR = 0.028, RMSEA = 0.036, CFI = 0.991, TLI = 0.974.ConclusionsThe findings of our study show that the Greek version of BRCS is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to evaluate resilient coping among humanitarian workers in Greece.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Digital counting of tissue cells for molecular analysis: the QuANTUM pipeline.

The estimation of tumor cellular fraction (TCF) is a crucial step in predictive molecular pathology, representing an entry adequacy criterion also in the next-generation sequencing (NGS) era. However, heterogeneity of quantification practices and inter-pathologist variability hamper the robustness of its evaluation, stressing the need for more reliable results. Here, 121 routine histological samples from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases with complete NGS profiling were used to evaluate TCF interobserver variability among three different pathologists (pTCF), developing a computational tool (cTCF) and assessing its reliability vs ground truth (GT) tumor cellularity and potential impact on the final molecular results. Inter-pathologist reproducibility was fair to good, with overall Wk ranging between 0.46 and 0.83 (avg. 0.59). The obtained cTCF was comparable to the GT (p = 0.129, 0.502, and 0.130 for surgical, biopsies, and cell block, respectively) and demonstrated good reliability if elaborated by different pathologists (Wk = 0.9). Overall cTCF was lower as compared to pTCF (30 ± 10 vs 52 ± 19, p < 0.001), with more cases < 20% (17, 14%, p = 0.690), but none containing < 100 cells for the algorithm. Similarities were noted between tumor area estimation and pTCF (36 ± 29, p < 0.001), partly explaining variability in the human assessment of tumor cellularity. Finally, the cTCF allowed a reduction of the copy number variations (CNVs) called (27 vs 29, - 6.9%) with an increase of effective CNVs detection (13 vs 7, + 85.7%), some with potential clinical impact previously undetected with pTCF. An automated computational pipeline (Qupath Analysis of Nuclei from Tumor to Uniform Molecular tests, QuANTUM) has been created and is freely available as a QuPath extension. The computational method used in this study has the potential to improve efficacy and reliability of TCF estimation in NSCLC, with demonstrated impact on the final molecular results.

H ∞-based truncated predictive control for switched nonlinear cyber physical systems subjected to actuator faults and deception attacks

ABSTRACT This paper emphasises the study of switched nonlinear cyber-physical systems (CPSs) subjected to input delay, actuator faults and deception attacks by a H ∞ -based truncated predictive control design. Particularly, the predictive controller uses delayed state information in addition to the traditional feedback control to estimate the present state for the feedback. Furthermore, the proposed control design is modelled with a truncated predictive approach which is also used to compensate the effects of actuator faults and attacks that also satisfy a predefined H ∞ index simultaneously. With the assistance of the Lyapunov stability theory, a novel set of adequate criteria are acquired in terms of LMIs which assure the asymptotical stability of the switched nonlinear CPS under prescribed predefined H ∞ performance levels. Eventually, the proposed theoretical results are validated through two numerical examples.

Reducing Manual Efforts in Equivalence Analysis in Mutation Testing

Mutation testing has attracted a lot of interest because of its reputation as a powerful adequacy criterion for test suites and for its ability to guide test case generation. However, the presence of equivalent mutants hinders its usage in industry. The Equivalent Mutant Problem has already been proven undecidable, but manually detecting equivalent mutants is an error-prone and time-consuming task. Thus, solutions, even partial, can help reduce this cost. To minimize this problem, we introduce an approach to suggest equivalent mutants. Our approach is based on automated behavioral testing, which consists of test cases based on the behavior of the original program. We perform static analysis to automatically generate tests for the entities impacted by the mutation. For each mutant analyzed, our approach can suggest the mutant as equivalent or non-equivalent. In the case of non-equivalent mutants, our approach provides a test case capable of killing it. For the equivalent mutants suggested, we also provide a ranking of mutants with a strong or weak chance of the mutant being indeed equivalent. In our previous work, we evaluated our approach against a set of 1,542 mutants manually classified in previous work as equivalents and non-equivalents. We noticed that the approach effectively suggests equivalent mutants, reaching more than 96% of accuracy in five out of eight subjects studied. Compared with manual analysis of the surviving mutants, our approach takes a third of the time to suggest equivalents and is 25 times faster to indicate non-equivalents. This extended article delves deeper into our evaluation. Our focus is on discerning the specific characteristics of mutants that our approach erroneously classified as equivalent, thereby producing false positives. Furthermore, our investigation delves into a comprehensive analysis of the mutation operators, providing essential insights for practitioners seeking to improve the accuracy of equivalent mutant detection and effectively mitigate associated costs.

PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA TENTANG MEMBEDAKAN ZAT TUNGGAL DAN CAMPURAN MELALUI MODEL STUDENT TEAM ACHIEVEMNT DIVISION KELAS IV SD KUPANG

This research aims to improve student learning outcomes in class V science subjects through the application of the STAD learning model. The research method used is Classroom Action Research (CAR) or Classroom Action Research (PTK) using the STAD learning model which is carried out in 2 cycles. One cycle consists of four stages, namely: planning, implementation, observation and reflection. This research was conducted at SDI Fatufeto 1 Kupang City. The research subjects were class V students of SDI Fatufeto 1 Kupang City for the 2022/2023 academic year, consisting of 24 students. The action taken is to apply the STAD learning model. Data collection techniques include observation, tests and documentation. The results of this research show that learning on theme 9 subtheme 1 learning 2 using the STAD learning model can improve the learning outcomes of SDI Fatufeto 1 class students in Kupang City. In cycle I, the criteria were Poor (K) with a percentage of completeness of student learning outcomes obtained at 37.5%, while student learning outcomes in cycle II received good criteria (B) with a percentage of completeness obtained at 95.84%. Meanwhile, data from student observations in cycle I, students obtained a total score of 955.50 with an average score of 72.50 and received adequate criteria (C), while in cycle II the student activity score increased to 1,142.50 with an average score 88.75 and received very good criteria (SB).