Adenosine Deaminase Activity Research Articles

Synthesis of Pd nanoparticle and study the effect on Adenosine amino hydrolase (ADA) enzyme activity in blood serum

Chemical reduction with trisodium citrate as the reducing agent resulted in the successful formation of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs), and all of the material's components were synthesised in double-distilled water. UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, with Transmission Electron Microscopy were all utilised to investigate the Pd nanoparticles. According to TEM investigations, the average size of the Pd nanoparticles formed was 13.5 - 45 nm. Serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in atherosclerosis patients was tested to see if Pd NPs had any effect. Serum ADA activity was considerably higher in individuals with atherosclerotic disease, both in those treated with Pd nanoparticles and in those who were not (P<0.01). Pd nanoparticles significantly lowered blood levels of ADA activity in atherosclerotic disease patients compared to those who did not receive Pd nanoparticles.

Immunological Assessment of Human Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Iraqi Female With Thyroid Autoimmune Disease

Immunological Assessment of Human Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Iraqi Female With Thyroid Autoimmune Disease

Role of serum and pleural adenosine deaminase activity compared to pleural fluid analysis in patients with pleural effusion of various etiology

Role of serum and pleural adenosine deaminase activity compared to pleural fluid analysis in patients with pleural effusion of various etiology

Study of parameters of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in rats treated with cadmium nitrate with biocorrection by infusion of Beta vulgaris seeds

Recently, interest in natural antioxidants and their use in the food industry has increased. In addition to ensuring maximum safety of the produced product, they also serve as an antioxidant shield for the entire living organism. Plant extracts contain flavonoid compounds that have an antioxidant effect. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to study the antioxidant properties of infusion of Beta vulgaris’s seeds, to establish the relationship between acute and subacute inoculation of rats with cadmium nitrate and oxidative stress. For this experimental study, we used 50 male rats. The animals were exposed to Cd nitrate, with an initial weight of 180 ± 30 g. The first groups of rats were injected with cadmium nitrate at a dose of 0.1 g/L inter peritoneal, the second groups received a 0.01% solution of cadmium nitrate 1 ml 5 days a week, orally for 10 and 24 days. The state of oxidative metabolism in the blood was investigated. To assess the state of oxidative metabolism in the blood, the primary, secondary and end products of lipid peroxidation were determined, such as diene conjugates (DC), cetodiene (CD), malondialdehyde (MDA), Schiff bases (SHB), and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP), catalase (CAT), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes were evaluated by the parameters of antioxidant protection. The mean ± SEM values were calculated for each group to determine the significance of the intergroup difference. Each parameter was analyzed separately using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. To determine the difference between groups, Student’s “t”-test was used. Studies have shown that with the use of cadmium in the blood of experimental animals, there is a violation of catabolits of lipoperoxidation, depending on the length of the days of poisoning, but a significant decrease in the biocorrection of Beta vulgaris’s seeds. Because of in this study, we found that the activity levels of antioxidant defense enzymes were significantly increased in the blood of experimental animals, which biocorrected with beetroot seed infusion. In conclusion, our study allows us to state that the use infusion of Beta vulgaris’s seeds in subacute and acute experiments with poisoning of experimental rats with cadmium nitrate as an antioxidant protective effect.

Impacts of Dietary Chrysophyllum albidum Fruit Pulp on Brain Cholinesterase Function in High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Epidemiologic studies have shown strong correlations between Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes mellitus. The exact mechanism through which this happens remains unclear. However, the dependence on glucose for brain function has been proposed as one possible mechanism. Hence, this study investigated the neuroprotective potential of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit pulp (CAPP) with hypoglycaemic properties in diabetic rats induced with high-fat diet/streptozotocin (STZ). The animals were grouped into seven units as follows: control, STZ-induced, STZ + metformin (positive control), STZ + 5% CAPP, STZ + 10% CAPP, control + 5% CAPP and control + 10% CAPP and each group was made up of six rats. The animals were first placed on normal diet (non-diabetic groups) and high fat diet (diabetic groups) for a fortnight, respectively before induction with STZ and were treated with diets containing 5 and 10% CAPP for 14 days. After the experiment, the rat brain cholinesterase and antioxidant activities were determined. The results revealed that acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butylcholinesterase (BuChE), arginase, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and antioxidant activities were altered in STZ-diabetic group in comparison to the control. However, a significant decrease at p < 0.05 was found in the activities of AChE, BuChE, arginase and ADA. In addition, there was a concomitant rise in the levels of antioxidant in all the groups administered supplemented diets and the group treated with metformin in comparison to the STZ-diabetic group. Conclusively, we can suggest that the fruit pulp prevents neurological damage in diabetic rats via anticholinesterase activity and improvement of brain antioxidant status.

ADENOSINE DEAMINASE ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

Although the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), which is a systemic disease characterized by inflammation, is largely unknown, pro-inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress, and immunity are thought to be involved in the development and the prognosis of the disease. It was aimed in this study to reveal activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), a cornerstone enzyme in different pathways. Twenty nine AS patients and 16 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups as active and inactive phases. Additionally, the patients were re-grouped according to axial/peripheral involvement. ADA and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels were measured in plasma of the study groups. While the significant increases were observed in AOPP and MPO levels in AS patients compared to the control group, when the patients were divided into subgroups, only ADA was significantly decreased in active patients. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in AOPP, MPO, and ADA levels in groups created according to axial/peripheral involvement. Based on these findings, it is thought that the decrease in ADA levels in AS patients can give an idea about the prognosis of the disease and can be used as an activity marker. Keywords: Adenosine deaminase, advanced oxidation protein products, ankylosing spondylitis, autoinflammation, myeloperoxidase.

Investigation the role of some biochemical variables in liver Cirrhosis

Objectives: The current study is to assess nitric oxide levels as well as a few other biochemical parameters in individuals with hepatic Cirrhosis disease. Methods: The study included 55 age-matched controls and 57 individuals with cirrhosis disease that were both clinically and biochemically identified. Adenosine deaminase (ADA), albumin, aspartate tansaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), -glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase were measured as part of the biochemical analyses (ALP). Results: The study group's serum nitric oxide (NO) levels were substantially (p 0.001) greater than those of the control group's. Additionally, the results showed that the activities of the enzymes ADA, GGT, ALP, AST, and ALT were significantly higher in liver cirrhotic patients than in the control group. Conclusions: Nitric oxide concentration elevation may serve as a potential diagnostic indicator for liver cirrhosis.

Differences in Weight, Hierarchy, and Incidence of Lameness between Two Groups of Adult Pigs Derived from Assisted Reproductive Technologies.

The in vitro production (IVP) and subsequent transfer of embryos (ET) to recipient mothers is not yet an established reproductive technology in the pig industry, as it is in cattle. However, that the trade of IVP-cryopreserved pig embryos is expected to start in the next decades. Society and governments are increasingly aware of the repercussions that IVP could have for animal health, welfare, behavior, or food safety, but proven scientific information for this type of animal does not exist, since no colonies of pigs have been created to this end. We created a small one and studied the differences between 16 IVP-derived pigs and 14 pigs derived from artificial insemination (AI), at 3.5 years of age, conceived from the same boar, and housed and fed under the same conditions since they were born. Incidence of lameness, position in the herd hierarchy, weight, adenosine deaminase activity, and hematological and biochemical analytes were compared between the two groups of animals. The results showed that the IVP animals weighed more, occupied higher positions in the herd hierarchy, and had a lower incidence of lameness. Although genetic differences from the maternal line could explain some of these results, it is also possible that the IVP animals developed better adaptative abilities, but more studies with a higher number of animals are necessary to reach consistent conclusions.

The Role of Reduced Glutathione on the Activity of Adenosine Deaminase, Antioxidative System, and Aluminum and Zinc Levels in Experimental Aluminum Toxicity.

Aluminum (Al) is one of the most abundant element in the world. But aluminum exposure and accumulation causes serious diseases, related with free radicals. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide with intracellular antioxidant effects. This study aimed to investigate the role of GSH on adenosine deaminase (ADA), antioxidant system, and aluminum and zinc (Zn) levels in acute aluminum toxicity. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 32) were used. The rats were divided into four equal groups (n = 8). Group I received 0.5mL intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% saline solution (NaCI), Group II received single-dose AlCI3, Group III was given GSH for seven days, and Group IV was given AlCI3 single dose, and at the same time, 100mg/kg GSH was given for seven days. At the end of the trial, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) and Zn levels were lower in the aluminum-administered group than the control group. In contrast, plasma total oxidant status (TOS) and aluminum concentrations and ADA activity were found higher in the aluminum-administered group than in the control group. Unlike the other groups, group GSH administrated with aluminum was similar to the control group. As a result, GSH administration has a regulatory effect on ADA activity, antioxidant system, and Zn levels in experimental aluminum toxicity. In addition, GSH may reduce the oxidant capacity increased by Al administration and may have a tolerant role on the accumulated serum Al levels. But long-term experimental Al toxicity studies are needed to reach a firm conclusion.

Improving the xanthine oxidase and adenosine deaminase inhibitory activities of Flos Sophorae Immaturus by ultrasound-assisted heating treatments

Flos Sophorae Immaturus (FSI) is consumed as a natural food rich in flavonoids and exhibits potential xanthine oxidase (XOD) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibitory activities. Therefore, ultrasound and heating treatments were applied to improve the XOD and ADA inhibitory effects of FSI, and the mechanisms were revealed by tracking the changes of flavones. Results showed that ultrasound (480 W, 60 min) assisted heating treatments (180 °C, 60 min) significantly improved the XOD (from 40.97% to 83.47%) and ADA (6.64%–23.28%) inhibition rates. Meanwhile, ultrasound and heat treatment caused significant variations in total polyphenols and flavonoid contents and altered the flavonoid composition of FSI. Specifically, rutin, kaempferol–3–o–rutinoside, and narcissoside of FSI converted to quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin during heating treatments. However, the model experiment revealed that ultrasound treatment did not cause the conversion of flavones and just promoted the dissolution of FSI flavones. Furthermore, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin possessed better XOD and ADA inhibitory activities than rutin, kaempferol–3–o–rutinoside, and narcissoside at a concentration from 0.025 mg/mL to 1.0 mg/mL, implying de-glycosylation is a feasible approach for enhancing XOD and ADA activity. The present study provides a promising strategy for the processing of FSI.

Diagnostic Value of Pleural Fluid Adenosine Deaminase In Patients With Pleural Tuberculosis

Background and Objectives Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis occurs in about 10-20% of patients with tuberculosis. It most commonly manifests as tuberculous lymphadenitis or pleural effusion. Pleural fluid Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity considered as a useful biomarker for detecting pleural tuberculosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase level in patients with pleural tuberculosis. Methods In this study, 113 patients with exudative pleural effusion with unknown underlying diagnosis, were enrolled. Physical examination, chest CT, ADA level of pleural fluid, direct thoracoscopic examination, and biopsy of pleura were obtained for all individuals. ADA level and thoracoscipoc appearance of the lesions was then compaierd among the patients with regard to the pleural biopsy report as the diagnostic goldstandard. Results The diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy was established in 40 individuals based on the pathology reports. The mean ADA level of the TB and the non-TB group was 39.90±22.93 IU/L and 30.74±38.27 IU/L, respectively (P-value=0.167). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ADA test were 35%, 86.30%, 58.33%, and 70.79%, respectively. Conclusion Based insuffiecient sensitivity and specificity of ADA, in patients with unexplained exudative pleural effusion especially in those with a high suspicion of tuberculous pleurisy, despite the low level of ADA, direct thoracoscopic pleural evaluation with obtaining multiple biopsies of pleura is highly recommended.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ МЕТАБОЛИЗМА ЭПИТЕЛИАЛЬНОЙ ОПУХОЛИ ПРИ ЕЁ МЕЗЕНХИМАЛЬНОМ ПЕРЕХОДЕ

The epithelial tumors of various localizations are capable of producing reactive oxygen species that stimulate their epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. For tumors of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), gastric and intestinal adenocarcinomas (GIAC) their metabolic heterogeneity was established. By the results of analysis in morphologically homogeneous tumors of the same localization we detected clusters of tumors characterized by increased activity of xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase, decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase (negative relation with pathology (ρ = -0,465, p < 0,05)). Thus, glutathione peroxidase activity was minimal in the second GIAC cluster, 1.4-fold lower, and 1.8-fold lower in their first cluster than in NSCLC tumors of the corresponding clusters. In the second NSCLC cluster, it was 1.5-fold lower than in their first cluster. Against this background, superoxide dismutase activity in tumors of different localizations included in the second clusters, on the contrary, increased 2-fold in NSCLC and 1.7-fold in GIAC, respectively. It leads to increased production of hydrogen peroxide in the tumor. Increase of adenosine deaminase activity detected (positive strong correlation (Spearman rank correlation coefficient ρ = 0,805, p < 0.01)) may be accompanied by a decrease of adenosine levels and its regulatory effects preventing tumor aggressive properties. Correlation of enzymatic activity with pathology was established. In different localization tumors the possibility of metabolic stimulation of tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transformation was revealed.

Aqueous extract of Massularia acuminata exerts erectogenic effect by modulating critical enzymes and hormones in streptozotocin-induced erectile dysfunction in rats.

Massularia acuminata stem is often used in folkloric medicine in the management of erectile dysfunction (ED), without full scientific basis for its action. Thus, the effects of aqueous extract of M. acuminata stem (MAS) on sexual activity, hormonal action, enzymatic activity and levels of molecules associated with erectile function were assessed. ED was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin in rats and treated with sildenafil citrate or MAS (50 or 100 mg/kg) orally for 2 weeks. The results revealed that there was significant (p < 0.05) reduction in mounting and intromission frequencies, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and nitric oxide levels, as well as elevation in mounting and intromission latencies, phosphodiesterase 5, arginase, acetylcholinesterase, adenosine triphosphatidase, and adenosine deaminase activities, nitric oxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, and glycated haemoglobin levels were observed in ED rats in comparison with the control rats. Treatment with MAS or sildenafil citrate significantly (p < 0.05) modulated the sexual behaviour, biochemical parameters and histological architecture, with 100 mg/kg of MAS having the best erectogenic effects. Furthermore, phenolic characterization revealed that catechin and kaempferol as the main phenolic compounds present in MAS, that can act in synergistically or additively with other phytochemicals to confer erectogenic effect.

Resveratrol enhances A1 and hinders A2A adenosine receptors signaling in both HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells: Potential mechanism of its antitumoral action.

Despite great efforts, effective treatment against cancer has not yet been found. However, natural compounds such as the polyphenol resveratrol have emerged as promising preventive agent in cancer therapy. The mode of action of resveratrol is still poorly understood, but it can modulate many signaling pathways related to the initiation and progression of cancer. Adenosinergic signaling may be involved in the antitumoral action of resveratrol since resveratrol binds to the orthosteric binding site of adenosine A2A receptors and acts as a non-selective agonist for adenosine receptors. In the present study, we measured the impact of resveratrol treatment on different adenosinergic pathway components (i.e. adenosine receptors levels, 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase, and adenylyl cyclase activities, protein kinase A levels, intracellular adenosine and other related metabolites levels) and cell viability and proliferation in HeLa and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Results revealed changes leading to turning off cAMP signaling such as decreased levels of A2A receptors and reduced adenylyl cyclase activation, increased levels of A1 receptors and increased adenylyl cyclase inhibition, and lower levels of PKA. All these changes could contribute to the antitumoral action of resveratrol. Interestingly, these effects were almost identical in HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells suggesting that resveratrol enhances A1 and hinders A2A adenosine receptors signaling as part of a potential mechanism of antitumoral action.

Zinc normalizes hepatic lipid handling via modulation of ADA/XO/UA pathway and caspase 3 signaling in highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated Wistar rats

BackgroundAlthough highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is effective in the management of HIV, it has been reported to induce hepatic injury and non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD). However, there is a lack of data on the roles of the adenosine deaminase (ADA)/xanthine oxidase (XO)/uric acid (UA) pathway and caspase 3 signaling in HAART-induced NAFLD. Also, whether or not zinc confers protection against HAART-induced NAFLD is not known. AimThis study evaluated the involvement of the ADA/XO/UA pathway and caspase 3 signaling in HAART-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. It also evaluated the possible protective effect of zinc in HAART-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and injury. MethodsThirty two male Wistar rats (n = 8/group) were assigned into four groups namely; vehicle-treated (p.o), zinc-treated (3 mg/kg/day of elemental zinc; p.o), HAART-treated (a cocktail of 52.9 mg/kg of Efavirenz, 26.48 mg/kg of Lamivudine, and 26.48 mg/kg of Tenofovir; p.o), and HAART + zinc-treated groups. The treatment lasted for 8 weeks. ResultsHAART administration led to increased body weight and hepatic weight, but unaltered hepatic organo-somatic index. HAART exposure also resulted in impaired glucose homeostasis, evidenced by increased fasting blood glucose, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance (IR), increased plasma and hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides, and impaired hepatic function as depicted by elevated hepatic injury markers and reduced glycogen synthase activity and glycogen content. These findings were accompanied by increased plasma and hepatic ADA and XO activities, UA and malondialdehyde levels, inflammatory markers, and caspase 3 activities. However, HAART suppressed plasma and hepatic antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, HAART distorted hepatic histoarchitecture and reduced hepatic sinusoidal diameter. Co-administration of zinc with HAART normalized HAART-induced alterations. ConclusionsThese findings showed that downregulation of the ADA/XO/UA pathway and caspase 3 signalings may rescue the liver from HAART-induced lipid accumulation and injury.

Diapin®: A food supplement with diverse therapeutic potentials

Background and Aims: For many centuries herbs and spices have traditionally been used to treat or manage a variety of diseases. The formulation of food supplements containing single or multiple herbs or spices is now popular. These formulations provide biochemical, pharmacological and medicinal benefits due to their diverse phytochemical constituents. Methods: In the present study, Diapin® – a food supplement containing Olea europaea L. leaves extract, Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl stem extract, Nigella sativa L. seed oil, Cocos nucifera L. oil and vitamin D3 – dissolved in absolute ethanol was evaluated for α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, elastase, neuraminidase, adenosine deaminase and arginase inhibitory activity. Results: The supplement strongly inhibited neuraminidase (IC50 = 0.272 ± 0.007 mg/mL), while adenosine deaminase, acetylcholinesterase, elastase and arginase were moderately inhibited (with an IC50 of 4.562 ± 0.052, 5.396 ± 0.563, 5.783 ± 0.058 and 6.800 ± 0.067 mg/mL respectively). The less inhibition activity was on α-amylase and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 9.593 ± 0.582 and 14.010 ± 2.280 mg/mL respectively). Conclusion: The pharmacological activities of Diapin® can be attributed to its opulent phytochemical composition. The present findings support the folkloric claim of Diapin® supplement having antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-ageing, and immune bolstering properties, in addition to the mitigation of Alzheimer’s disease and the alleviation of neurological dysfunction.

Serum adenosine deaminase activity and acute cerebral infarction: a retrospective case-control study based on 7913 participants.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of adenosine into inosine, which eventually decomposes into uric acid (UA). A body of papers have reported that adenosine and UA are closely related to cerebrovascular events. However, the association between serum ADA activity and acute cerebral infarction (ACI) remains unclear. 7913 subjects were enrolled, including 3968 ACI patients and 3945 controls, in this study. An automatic biochemistry analyzer was used to determine serum activity. Serum ADA activity was found that was significantly decreased in patients with ACI (10.10 ± 3.72 U/L) compared to those without ACI (11.07 ± 2.85 U/L, p < 0.001). After Logistic regression analysis, ADA concentrations were negatively correlated with ACI (OR = 1.161, 95% CI: 1.140-1.183, p < 0.001). Smoking and alcohol consumption decreased serum ADA concentrations in patients with ACI, whereas diabetes and hypertension had the opposite effect. Serum ADA concentrations in patients with ACI are markedly decreased, suggesting that the decreased ADA concentrations may be involved in the pathogenesis of ACI. We hypothesized that decreased ADA activity may be an adaptive mechanism to maintain adenosine levels and protect against ischemic brain injury.

Markers of inflammation in obese pregnant women: Adenosine deaminase and high sensitive C - reactive protein.

IntroductionThe worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity over the years has emerged as a global health concern. The growing rate of obesity in women of child bearing age is particularly a matter of concern. Obesity is considered a risk factor that predisposes an individual to a proinflammatory state through the release of the inflammatory mediators. Recent studies have shown a positive correlation between the severity of inflammation and an increase in adenosine deaminase (ADA) and high sensitivity C- reactive protein (hs-CRP). Obese pregnancy women are at a higher risk for developing inflammation-mediated pregnancy complications like gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and preterm delivery. Considering the fact that pregnancy, obesity and inflammation are closely linked, this study evaluated the inflammation associated with obesity during pregnancy by estimating changes in ADA and hs-CRP.Materials and methodsThe current study aimed to evaluate the levels of inflammation in obese pregnant women compared to non-obese pregnant women by correlating BMI with levels of ADA / hs-CRP. The study also aimed to examine the change in ADA and hs-CRP levels with gestational age (between the 1st and the 3rd trimester) in obese pregnant women as compared to non-obese pregnant women. We also examined whether changes in the levels of ADA correlate with changes in the levels of hs-CRP particularly in obese pregnant women.Blood samples were collected from obese and non-obese pregnant women. ADA activity and hs-CRP levels were estimated by biochemical assays. BMI was evaluated in the 1st trimester and those women with BMI > 30 kg/m2were considered as obese. Thirty subjects were included in each of the two groups.ResultsADA and hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in obese pregnant women in both the 1st and 3rd trimesters compared to non-obese participants (P value<0.05). Statistically significant higher values of ADA and hs-CRP were seen in obese participants in the 3rd trimester compared to the 1st trimester.A significant linear positive correlation was found between BMI and 3rd trimester ADA, and a linear positive correlation between BMI and hs-CRP both in the 1st and 3rd trimester. The relationship between ∆ ADA and ∆ hs-CRP was non- significant.ConclusionsThe observations of this study reveal increased inflammatory responses in obese pregnant women and suggests the importance of ADA and hs-CRP as early indicators of obesity-related complications prevailing thereafter, these markers can be useful for clinical diagnosis of impending maternal and neonatal complications.

Impact of oxidative stress on the activity of adenosine deaminase and its isoenzymes in nephropathy patients from Wasit-Iraq

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders that share with symptoms of hyperglycemia led to elevated free radical activity. Hyperglycemia is linked to a higher level of (ADA), which is one of the factors that cause oxidative stress by creating reactive oxygen species (ROS), that leads to insulin resistance. This study aimed to determine the relationship between serum total adenosine deaminase(TADA) and its isoenzyme (ADA1and ADA2) with the progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes using a case-control study from Wasit-Iraq. In addition, we aimed to find if there is a link between oxidative stress with TADA and its isoenzyme. The One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean values of fasting plasma sugar (FPS), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), microalbumin in urine, HbA1c, and TADA, ADA1, ADA2 between the three studied groups (Control(C), diabetic patients(DM), and diabetic nephropathy patient(DN). The results of our study revealed that there was a highly significant increase in TADA and its isoenzyme activities of DM and DN groups, as compared to the C group.

Antioxidant, antiproliferative, and apoptotic activity of thymoquinone against benzo(a)pyrene-induced experimental lung cancer.

Several studies have suggested that increased consumption of phytochemicals is a comparatively easy and practical strategy to significantly decrease the incidence of cancer. In the present study, we have reported the protective effect of a natural compound, thymoquinone (TQ) against benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. B(a)P (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered twice weekly for four successive weeks and left until 20 weeks to induce lung cancer in mice. TQ (20 mg/kg body weight) was given orally as a pretreatment and posttreatment drug to determine its chemopreventive and therapeutic effects. B(a)P-induced lung cancer-bearing animals displayed cachexia-like symptoms along with an abnormal increase in lung weight and the activities of marker enzymes adenosine deaminase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, 5'-nucleotidase and lactate dehydrogenase; tumor marker carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Furthermore, B(a)P-induced animals showed elevated levels of lipid peroxides with subsequent depletion in the antioxidant status and histological aberrations. These anomalies were accompanied by increased expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1 in the lung sections derived from B(a)P-induced animals. On TQ treatment, all the above alterations were returned to near normalcy. Furthermore, TQ administration in B(a)P-induced animals downregulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway and induced apoptosis as evidenced by a decrease in cytochrome c, proapoptotic Bax, caspase-3, and p53 with a parallel increase in antiapoptotic Bcl-2. Our present results demonstrate the potential effectiveness of TQ as an antioxidant, antiproliferative, and apoptotic agent against B(a)P-induced experimental lung tumorigenesis.