Additional Route Research Articles

Gantry-free cone-beam CT arthrography for diagnosis of scapholunate ligament injuries: accelerating the preoperative work-up in acute wrist trauma.

Combining fluoroscopy and high-resolution cone-beam CT (CBCT) in a multipurpose scanner without a conventional gantry holds the potential for time-saving in musculoskeletal interventions. This study investigated the performance of gantry-free CBCT arthrography in patients with suspected scapholunate ligament (SLL) tears. Fifty-five patients (29 men, 46.0 ± 15.3 years) who underwent preoperative gantry-free CBCT arthrography between June 2021 and March 2024 were analyzed retrospectively. Three radiologists assessed CBCT arthrograms for tears of the palmar and dorsal SLL segments. Surgical reports served as the reference standard for calculating indicators of diagnostic accuracy. Interreader agreement was tested by computing Krippendorff α. Radiation dose and examination time were recorded. Tears of the palmar and dorsal SLL segment were recorded in 25 (45%) and 6 patients (11%), respectively. CBCT arthrography facilitated good sensitivity (range for all readers: 84-92%) and excellent specificity (93-97%) in the assessment of the palmar SLL. For the dorsal SLL, sensitivity (83-100%) and specificity (96-98%) were even higher. Substantial agreement was determined for both the palmar (α = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.74-0.90) and dorsal SLL (0.84, 0.70-0.95). The mean volume CT dose index for CBCT arthrography was 3.2 ± 1.4 mGy. Not requiring patient repositioning, the median time between fluoroscopy-guided contrast injection and CBCT was 3:05 min (2:31-3:50 min). Gantry-free CBCT arthrography allows for excellent accuracy in the preoperative diagnosis of SLL tears with low radiation dose. The ability to alternate between fluoroscopy and CBCT without repositioning facilitates a "one-stop-shop" approach with short examination time. Question Performing fluoroscopy-guided arthrography and high-resolution cone-beam CT without patient repositioning appears advantageous for the preoperative work-up of distal radius fractures with concomitant scapholunate ligament injuries. Findings Gantry-free cone-beam CT arthrography allowed for short examination times and high diagnostic accuracy for either segment of the scapholunate ligament (89-98% versus surgery). Clinical relevance Preoperative assessment of scapholunate instability influences treatment since surgeons can reduce radius fractures and perform osteosynthesis via a dorsal portal to simultaneously stabilize the scapholunate compartment or use an additional dorsal access route for ligament suture and transfixation.

Exploring the synergistic effect of NaOH/NaClO absorbent in a novel wet FGD scrubber to control SOx/NOx emissions.

Escalating SOx and NOx emissions from industrial plants necessitates customized scrubbing solutions to improve removal efficiency and tackle cost limitations in existing wet FGD units. This work investigates the real-time intensified removal pathways via an innovative two-stage countercurrent spray tower configuration strategically integrating NaOH (Ma) and NaOH/NaClO (Ma/Mb) to remove SOx and NOx emissions simultaneously from the industrial stack through a comprehensive parametric study of absorbents concentration, reaction temperature, gas flow rate, liquid to gas ratio (FL/FG), and absorbent showering head. Flue gas stream comprising SO2 bearing 4500ppm, SO3 bearing 300ppm, 70ppm NO, and 50ppm NO2 brought into contact with two scrubbing solutions as Ma, and a complex absorbent of Ma/Mb at varying respective ratios. Ninety-two percent SOx emissions were removed using 5% NaOH with double-stage scrubbing, while NOx removal was observed below 50%. Adding NaClO facilitates additional "free radical (ClO-)" chemical pathways for gases to react and decompose into ionic forms for easier solubilization so as to significantly enhance the removal capacities for both SOx and NOx compounds. NaClO oxidizer, along with NaOH, boosted the respective removal efficiencies of SOx to 99.6% and 92% NOx, proving complementary media integration advantages arising from staged exposure and bubbly interphase mass transfer phenomena. The customized synergistic effect of Ma and Mb promoted the development of an additional free radical oxidation route while sustaining the solubilization of SOx/NOx in caustic, driving toward fractional detoxification. A dimensionless emission performance model was developed along with mechanism validation through DFT in context to the successful formation of residual salts by applying the DMol3 tool in Materials Studio by exploring the convergence analysis, geometry optimization, and COSMO sigma profile.

Effect of intermittent water flow on biodegradation of organic micropollutants in the hyporheic zone.

Water scarcity in the Mediterranean area has increased the number of intermittent rivers. Recently, hyporheic zones (HZ) of intermittent rivers have gained attention since a substantial part of the stream's natural purification capacity is located within these zones. Thus, understanding the flow dynamics in HZs is crucial for gaining insights into the degradation of organic micropollutants. A lab-scale study using column experiments was conducted in an attempt to elucidate the environmental processes accounting for the biodegradation capacity of the HZ under flow intermittency. A mixture of six compounds including pesticides (chloranthraniliprole, fluopyram and trifloxystrobin) and pharmaceuticals (venlafaxine, amisulpride and paroxetine) spiked at 1μg/L level was used for degradation kinetic studies and at 1mg/L for transformation products identification using suspect/non-target liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry approaches. The experiments lasted 60 days, divided into two 14-day phases: one before and one after a 5-week desiccation period. Bacterial community was charaterized by high-throughput DNA sequencing. The results suggested that intermittent flows stimulated the biodegradation of three compounds namely fluopyram, trifloxystrobin and venlafaxine, showing a large range of biodegradation profiles in batch water/sediment testing system according to OECD 308 tests. Biodegradation rate enhancement was ascribed to the occurrence of additional transformation routes after the desiccation period of river sediment, with the formation of new transformation products reported for the first time in the present work. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the desiccation period favored the growth of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria which could partially explain the emergence of the new transformation pathways and most specifically those leading to N-oxide derivatives. Identification of transformation products also revealed that reductive transformation routes were relevant for this study, being dehydrogenation, dehalogenation, ether bond cleavage and sulfone reduction into sulphide important reactions. These results suggest that the intermittent flow conditions can influence the HZ biodegradation capacity.

Engineering mechanisms of proton-coupled electron transfer to a titanium-substituted polyoxovanadate-alkoxide.

Metal oxides are promising catalysts for small molecule hydrogen chemistries, mediated by interfacial proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) processes. Engineering the mechanism of PCET has been shown to control the selectivity of reduced products, providing an additional route for improving reductive catalysis with metal oxides. In this work, we present kinetic resolution of the rate determining proton-transfer step of PCET to a titanium-doped POV, TiV5O6(OCH3)13 with 9,10-dihydrophenazine by monitoring the loss of the cationic radical intermediate using stopped-flow analysis. For this reductant, a 5-fold enhanced rate (k PT = 1.2 × 104 M-1 s-1) is accredited to a halved activation barrier in comparison to the homometallic analogue, [V6O7(OCH3)12]1-. By switching to hydrazobenzene as a reductant, a substrate where the electron transfer component of the PCET is thermodynamically unfavorable (ΔG ET = +11 kcal mol-1), the mechanism is found to be altered to a concerted PCET mechanism. Despite the similar mechanisms and driving forces for TiV5O6(OCH3)13 and [V6O7(OCH3)12]1-, the rate of PCET is accellerated by 3-orders of magnitude (k PCET = 0.3 M-1 s-1) by the presence of the Ti(iv) ion. Possible origins of the accelleration are considered, including the possibility of strong electronic coupling interactions between TiV5O6(OCH3)13 with hydrazobenzene. Overall, these results offer insight into the governing factors that control the mechanism of PCET in metal oxide systems.

Lesser-Known Cyanotoxins: A Comprehensive Review of Their Health and Environmental Impacts.

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are a diverse phylum of photosynthetic, Gram-negative bacteria and one of the largest microbial taxa. These organisms produce cyanotoxins, which are secondary metabolites that can have significant impacts on both human health and the environment. While toxins like Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsins are well-documented and have been extensively studied, other cyanotoxins, including those produced by Lyngbya and Nostoc, remain underexplored. These lesser-known toxins can cause various health issues in humans, including neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and dermatotoxicity, each through distinct mechanisms. Moreover, recent studies have shown that cyanobacteria can be aerosolized and transmitted through the air over long distances, providing an additional route for human exposure to their harmful effects. However, it remains an area that requires much more investigation to accurately assess the health risks and develop appropriate public health guidelines. In addition to direct exposure to toxins, cyanobacteria can lead to harmful algal blooms, which pose further risks to human and wildlife health, and are a global concern. There is limited knowledge about these lesser-known cyanotoxins, highlighting the need for further research to understand their clinical manifestations and improve society's preparedness for the associated health risks. This work aims to review the existing literature on these underexplored cyanotoxins, which are associated with human intoxication, elucidate their clinical relevance, address significant challenges in cyanobacterial research, and provide guidance on mitigating their adverse effects.

The Octadecanoids: Synthesis and Bioactivity of 18-Carbon Oxygenated Fatty Acids in Mammals, Bacteria, and Fungi.

The octadecanoids are a broad class of lipids consisting of the oxygenated products of 18-carbon fatty acids. Originally referring to production of the phytohormone jasmonic acid, the octadecanoid pathway has been expanded to include products of all 18-carbon fatty acids. Octadecanoids are formed biosynthetically in mammals via cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity, as well as nonenzymatically by photo- and autoxidation mechanisms. While octadecanoids are well-known mediators in plants, their role in the regulation of mammalian biological processes has been generally neglected. However, there have been significant advancements in recognizing the importance of these compounds in mammals and their involvement in the mediation of inflammation, nociception, and cell proliferation, as well as in immuno- and tissue modulation, coagulation processes, hormone regulation, and skin barrier formation. More recently, the gut microbiome has been shown to be a significant source of octadecanoid biosynthesis, providing additional biosynthetic routes including hydratase activity (e.g., CLA-HY, FA-HY1, FA-HY2). In this review, we summarize the current field of octadecanoids, propose standardized nomenclature, provide details of octadecanoid preparation and measurement, summarize the phase-I metabolic pathway of octadecanoid formation in mammals, bacteria, and fungi, and describe their biological activity in relation to mammalian pathophysiology as well as their potential use as biomarkers of health and disease.

Mechanistic investigation on degradation of tetrabromobisphenol S by OH, O3 and SO4•- in wastewater and atmosphere

Human cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity are two characteristics of the new brominated flame retardant (NBFR) tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS). TBBPS can be discovered in both water and the atmosphere. The degradation of TBBPS by •OH and O3 both in the atmosphere and water was investigated. For the first time, we examine the mechanism of TBBPS and O2•- transformation using the density functional theory (DFT) method. We also examine the routes of TBBPS with SO4•-, and 1O2. The TBBPS-OH intermediates will react with O2 and HO2• to produce products in water, and the •OH-addition products of TBBPS will react with O2 and NO in the atmosphere. In comparison to the water phase, the gas phase TBBPS pathways with •OH and O3 are more advantageous. At 298K, the TBBPS reaction rate constant with O2•- is 5.39 × 10-7M-1 s-1. The TBBPS O2•--addition routes are superior to the TBBPS O2•--SET pathways. SO4•- and •OH predominate in the breakdown of TBBPS, where O2•-, 1O2 and O3 playing a minor role. Significant quantities of very hazardous TBBPS breakdown products are produced by SO4•--based AOPs. TBBPS has an environmental half-life of 0.0119s within the [•OH] of 10-9molL-1 in AOPs at 298K, despite being environmentally persistent in natural waters. The majority of TBBPS transformation products have far lower levels of toxicity. This work disproved the theory that O2•--based AOPs degrade TBBPS and supported the degradation of TBBPS by AOPs based on •OH.

A novel Ti-eggshell-based composite fabricated by combined additive manufacturing-powder metallurgical routes as bioimplants

A novel Ti-eggshell-based composite fabricated by combined additive manufacturing-powder metallurgical routes as bioimplants

Reductive mechanochemical synthesis of alkali molybdenum bronze nanoparticles

The synthesis of two mixed-valent oxides of Mo using mechanochemical methods was presented. The reactions proceed via two-steps including ball milling and an annealing step. Two alkali molybdenum oxides bronzes of special interest, K0·3MoO3 and Na0.9Mo6O17 were considered. The structures and stoichiometry are supported by powder X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements. It was found that the effects of ball milling significantly reduce the time required (from 12 or more to 4 h) to complete the reaction by creating solid solutions which dramatically lower the melting point of MoO3 from around 800 °C–400 °C. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of ball milling to synthesize nanoparticles of these bronzes with controlled size distributions, with average length down to 7.7 ± 2.5 nm; shown by pXRD and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The results demonstrate the possibilities for reducing total reaction times necessary for the formation of complex oxides by combining mechanochemical methods with additional synthetic routes. This methodology, as well as the ability to control product size, enables further investigation of size-dependent electronic phenomena in these systems.

A rare HSC-derived megakaryocyte progenitor accumulates via enhanced survival and contributes to exacerbated thrombopoiesis upon aging.

Distinct routes of cellular production from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have defined our current view of hematopoiesis. Recently, we challenged classical views of platelet generation, demonstrating that megakaryocyte progenitors (MkPs), and ultimately platelets, can be specified via an alternate and additive route of HSC-direct specification specifically during aging. This "shortcut" pathway generates hyperactive platelets likely to contribute to age-related platelet-mediated morbidities. Here, we used single-cell RNA/CITEseq to demonstrate that these age-unique, non-canonical (nc)MkPs can be prospectively defined and experimentally isolated from wild type mice. Surprisingly, this revealed that a rare population of ncMkPs also exist in young mice. Young and aged ncMkPs are functionally distinct from their canonical (c)MkP counterparts, with aged ncMkPs paradoxically and uniquely exhibiting enhanced survival and platelet generation capacity. We further demonstrate that aged HSCs generate significantly more ncMkPs than their younger counterparts, yet this is accomplished without strict clonal restriction. Together, these findings reveal significant phenotypic, functional, and aging-dependent heterogeneity among the MkP pool and uncover unique features of megakaryopoiesis throughout life, potentially offering cellular and molecular targets for mitigation of age-related adverse thrombotic events.

Zebrafish Dark-Dependent Behavior Requires Phototransduction by the Pineal Gland.

Located dorsally underneath a thin translucent skull in many teleosts, the pineal gland is a photoreceptive organ known as a key element of the circadian clock system. Nevertheless, the presence of additional routes of photoreception presents a challenge in determining its specific roles in regulating photic-related behavior. Here, we show the importance of the pineal gland in mediating a prolonged motor response of zebrafish larvae to sudden darkness, both as a photodetector and as a circadian pacemaker. This was evident by a reduced motor response of Bsx-deficient larvae, lacking a pineal gland, to sudden darkness. Moreover, the typical daily rhythm of the intensity of this response was lost in the pineal-less larvae. In contrast, motor response to a sudden increase in illumination was unaffected. Furthermore, we show that the pineal-mediated behavioral response to darkness requires two elements: the photoreceptor cells and the projecting neurons. Dark response was impaired in larvae whose pineal photoreceptor cells were genetically ablated and in larvae whose pineal projecting neurons had undergone laser-axotomy. This study thus establishes the pineal gland as a mediator of dark-dependent behavior and reveals underlying cellular components involved in transducing information about darkness to the brain.

Novel Methods for the Formation of Free Carbyne Radicals in Solution.

Carbyne free radicals (RC) are usually associated with high-energy processes, thus research on their preparation, chemical reactivity, and prevalence under mild conditions is scarce. Recently, it was reported that metallo-complexes containing CR ligands may undergo spontaneous degradation in aqueous solutions to produce free RC radicals. These highly reactive species may react with each other to form the corresponding alkyne and other products. The reaction of 1,1,1 halo-carbo-hydrates with Cr(II) ions also forms RC radicals under mild conditions. Herein, we report two additional synthetic routes that produce free RC radicals under mild conditions. First, the reaction between metallic zinc and acetic anhydride produces 2-butyne and several other C2, C3, and C4 compounds. Isotopic-labeling experiments indicate that the formation of 2-butyne results from an inter-molecular reaction in which two RC moieties from two acetic anhydride molecules combine in solution. In addition, the degradation of the tri-molybdenum complex [Mo3(H3CC≡CCH3)(OAc)(H2O)2Br7], in which a 2-butyne ligand is coordinated to the Mo3 framework in a μ3-η2 (⊥) binding mode in aqueous solution produces several C2, C3, C4 and C5 molecules. This indicates the formation of free CH3C radicals by a homolytic cleavage of the carbon-carbon triple bond.

Dairy cows inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 haemagglutinin clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in the USA in 2021. These HPAI viruses caused mortality events in poultry, wild birds and wild mammals. On 25 March 2024, HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b was confirmed in a dairy cow in Texas in response to a multistate investigation into milk production losses1. More than 200 positive herds were identified in 14 US states. The case description included reduced feed intake and rumen motility in lactating cows, decreased milk production and thick yellow milk2,3. The diagnostic investigation revealed viral RNA in milk and alveolar epithelial degeneration and necrosis and positive immunoreactivity of glandular epithelium in mammary tissue. A single transmission event, probably from birds, was followed by limited local transmission and onward horizontal transmission of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype B3.13 (ref. 4). Here we sought to experimentally reproduce infection with genotype B3.13 in Holstein yearling heifers and lactating cows. Heifers were inoculated by an aerosol respiratory route and cows by an intramammary route. Clinical disease was mild in heifers, but infection was confirmed by virus detection, lesions and seroconversion. Clinical disease in lactating cows included decreased rumen motility, changes to milk appearance and production losses. Infection was confirmed by high levels of viral RNA detected in milk, virus isolation, lesions in mammary tissue and seroconversion. This study provides the foundation to investigate additional routes of infection, pathogenesis, transmission and intervention strategies.

Development of ferritic–austenitic functionally graded structure via twin wire arc additive manufacturing route

Development of ferritic–austenitic functionally graded structure via twin wire arc additive manufacturing route

Effect of welding gas mixtures on weld material and bead geometry

Abstract Shielding gas is an essential parameter in welding processes, serves to shield the molten material from the atmosphere and external contaminations while providing a stable electric-arc pathway during the process, thus influencing the quality of the weld bead and several other aspects of the process. Therefore, any welding-based process, such as wire-arc additive manufacturing, could benefit from shielding gas mixture optimisation to selectively improve the processing and possibly the final mechanical properties of the welded material. In this study welding of EN AW 5183 aluminium (single weld bead and wire-arc additive manufacturing build-up) was conducted using several gas mixtures and their influence on final geometry defects, and microstructure measured. The gas mixtures used were a combination of varying amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen. These were added to commercially available argon gas. It was observed that: CO2 additions led to an unfavourable bonding defect and increased mean grain size; nitrogen additions caused a decrease in mean grain size, decreased pore count while maintaining a similar pore volume fraction to the reference argon mixture samples; oxygen additions showed slight reduction of mean grain size, decreased pore count and decreased pore volume fraction. These results further showcase that varying shielding gas mixtures influence the final material properties and should be considered as an additional improvement route for conventional welding and additive manufacturing.

Cycle route uptake and scenario estimation (CRUSE): an approach for developing strategic cycle network planning tools

This paper describes an approach for developing strategic cycle network planning tools. Based on our experience developing and deploying the Cycle Route Uptake and Scenario Estimation (CRUSE) Tool for Ireland, we outline the underlying methods, including disaggregation of origin–destination data with the open source ‘odjitter’ software, incorporation of additional trip purposes, routing, scenario generation, and development of an intuitive user interface that is tested and used by practitioners. Commissioned by the national infrastructure agency Transport Infrastructure Ireland, CRUSE provides estimates of current and potential future cycling levels under ‘snapshot’ scenarios to inform investment decisions. The publicly available results at https://cruse.bike/ enable planners, engineers, and other stakeholders to make more evidence-based decisions. CRUSE goes beyond previous work by: modeling networks at high spatial resolution; simulating multiple trip purposes (social, shopping, personal utility, recreational, and cycle touring), supplementing official origin–destination datasets on travel for work and education; and providing estimates of ‘quietness’ (a proxy for cyclist comfort and route preference) at the route segment level. Three network types—‘Fastest’, ‘Balanced’, and ‘Quietest’—help plan both arterial and residential cycle networks. Workshops with stakeholders were used to inform the development of the tool. Feedback shows that the tool has a wide range of uses and is already being used in practice to inform urban, inter-urban, and rural cycle network designs. The approach is flexible and open source, allowing the underlying ideas and code to be adapted, supporting more evidence-based and effective cycling policies and interventions internationally.

Microbial oil from R. opacus: Sustainable biodiesel production

Generating additional and efficient biodiesel routes will rely heavily on advancements in clean energy technologies along with the creation of novel fermentation tactics and analyses. To create biofuels of the second generation from alternative carbon sources other than food, oleaginous microbes with the capacity to accumulate methyl esters of fatty acids (FAMEs), such as Rhodococcus species, can be utilised. These "micro biorefineries" offer a technique to convert waste streams from industry and agriculture into fungible fuels or compounds that can be used as building blocks for other substances and chemicals. Due to their similar content to typical raw materials like plant-based oils, oils from bacteria have become a feasible substitute to create biodiesel from raw material. The fact that they do not compete for arable land or with food for people or animals is another benefit of them. Using hydrolysate as the only source of carbon, a carbon and energy balance for the model species R. opacus was assessed in this study. A favourable energy balance was shown by the method. The viability of bacterial oil as a biofuel substrate was also assessed by measuring the lipid fatty acid profile and cetane number. Also, an analysis of the oil yields from bacterial, microalgae and plant-based oils is shown in terms of how much land each uses. The findings revealed that R. opacus oil production is significantly more than plant-based oils (650 times) and microalgae (30 times).

Human Immunodeficiency Virus - a Review of the clinical aspects and detection of the infection

Introduction: Currently, many people are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Transmission is primarily through sexual contact, with additional routes including mother-infant exposure to needles and needle sharing. Since the HIV/AIDS pandemic was first identified in 1981, more than 75 million people have been infected. Numerous new cases continue to be reported, and infection can become the starting point for the development of HIV. Clinical manifestations include acute retroviral syndrome, opportunistic infections, and dermatological, neuromuscular, and other complications. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), challenges remain, including drug resistance, opportunistic infections, and persistent HIV reservoirs in some cell types. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential, and recommended testing protocols include fourth-generation serological tests and point-of-care (POC) testing. ART, which includes combinations of antiretroviral drugs, is the standard treatment, and ongoing research into gene therapy shows promise for the future. Purpose of the work: The aim of this study is to review and characterize the clinical aspects and detection of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Materials and methods: A comprehensive analysis of research papers available on PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus was undertaken using the searchterms encompassing the following keywords: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, ART, HIV manifestation, HIV detection, HIV diagnosis, HIV treatment.

Bronze Age cheese reveals human-Lactobacillus interactions over evolutionary history

Despite the long history of consumption of fermented dairy, little is known about how the fermented microbes were utilized and evolved over human history. Here, by retrieving ancient DNA of Bronze Age kefir cheese (∼3,500 years ago) from the Xiaohe cemetery, we explored past human-microbial interactions. Although it was previously suggested that kefir was spread from the Northern Caucasus to Europe and other regions, we found an additional spreading route of kefir from Xinjiang to inland East Asia. Over evolutionary history, the East Asian strains gained multiple gene clusters with defensive roles against environmental stressors, which can be a result of the adaptation of Lactobacillus strains to various environmental niches and humanselection. Overall, our results highlight the role of past human activities in shaping the evolution of human-related microbes, and such insights can, in turn, provide a better understanding of past human behaviors.

Characterizing neuroinvasion and neuropathology of SARS-CoV-2 by using AC70 human ACE2 transgenic mice.

COVID-19 presents with a plethora of neurological signs and symptoms despite being characterized as a respiratory disease, including seizures, anxiety, depression, amnesia, attention deficits, and alterations in consciousness. The olfactory nerve is widely accepted as the neuroinvasive route by which the etiological agent SARS-CoV-2 enters the brain, but the trigeminal nerve is an often-overlooked additional route. Based on this consensus, we initially conducted a pilot experiment investigating the olfactory nerve route of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion via intranasal inoculation in AC70 human ACE2 transgenic mice. Notably, we found that the trigeminal ganglion is an early and highly efficient site of viral replication, which then rapidly spread widely throughout the brain where neurons were primarily targeted. Despite the extensive viral infection across the brain, obvious evidence of tissue pathology including inflammatory infiltration, glial activation, and apoptotic cell deaths were not consistently observed, albeit inflammatory cytokines were significantly induced. However, the expression levels of different genes related to neuronal function, including the neurotransmitter dopamine pathway as well as synaptic function, and markers of neuronal damage were altered as compared to mock-infected mice. Our findings suggest that the trigeminal nerve may serve as a neuroinvasive route complementary to the olfactory nerve and that the ensuing neuroinvasion presented a unique neuropathological profile. This study provides insights into potential neuropathogenic mechanisms utilized by coronaviruses.