Addition Of Sulfonate Research Articles

Effects of water soaking and/or sodium polystyrene sulfonate addition on potassium content of foods

In this study, we determined, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the potassium amount leached by soaking or boiling foods identified by children suffering from chronic renal failure as “pleasure food” and that they cannot eat because of their low-potassium diet, and evaluated whether addition of sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin (i.e. Kayexalate®) during soaking or boiling modulated potassium loss. A significant amount of potassium content was removed by soaking (16% for chocolate and potato, 26% for apple, 37% for tomato and 41% for banana) or boiling in a large amount of water (73% for potato). Although Kayexalate® efficiently dose-dependently removed potassium from drinks (by 48% to 73%), resin addition during soaking or boiling did not eliminate more potassium from solid foods. Our results therefore provide useful information for dietitians who elaborate menus for people on potassium-restricted diets and would give an interesting alternative to the systematic elimination of all potassium-rich foods from their diet.

Spectral Study and Protein Labeling of Inclusion Complex between Dye and Calixarene Sulfonate

The host-guest inclusion complex of calix[6]arene sulfonate (SCA6) with thiazole orange (TO) formed in aqueous solution was studied. Absorption and fluorescence techniques were used for the analysis of this inclusion complex. The addition of calixarene sulfonate leads to a decrease in both absorption and fluorescence intensity of the dye, indicating that the inclusion complex was formed. Simultaneously, the inclusion phenomenon of another cyanine dye, Cy3, with calixarene sulfonate was investigated. The stability constant of the two complexes was determined, and the results were compared. The water solubility of TO dye was increased in the presence of calixarene sulfonate, and further protein labeling experiments suggested that this TO-SCA6 complex can act as a fluorescent probe for labeling of biomolecules.

High voltage and safe electrolytes based on ionic liquid and sulfone for lithium-ion batteries

Novel binary electrolytes based on ionic liquid (N-butyl-methyl piperidinium bis(trifluoro-methylsulfonyl)imide, PP14-TFSI) and sulfone (tetramethylene sulfone, TMS) have been prepared and examined for use in lithium-ion batteries. The addition of sulfone is expected to improve the lithium salts solvability, ionic conductivity and electrode compatibility of the ionic liquid greatly. More importantly, the addition of sulfone is not expected to deteriorate the peculiar properties of the ionic liquid, such as the wide electrochemical window and non-flammability. Experimental results have shown that the reversible discharge capacities of the Li/LiFePO4 half-cell, which contains a 0.5 M LiTFSI/(60%) PP14-TFSI/(40%) TMS mixed electrolyte at a current density of 0.05 C and 1 C, can reach up to 160 and 150 mAh g−1, respectively, which are much higher than the discharge capacity achieved using the pure ionic liquid electrolyte under the same conditions. Furthermore, lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) has been found to have positive effects on the battery performance of the mixed electrolytes. The 0.5 M LiDFOB/(60%) PP14-TFSI/(40%) TMS mixed electrolyte exhibits better compatibility with the Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 cathode than conventional electrolytes, where an initial discharge capacity of 255 mAh g−1 is obtained and a stable capacity of above 230 mAh g−1 is retained after 30 cycles.

ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of γ,δ‐Unsaturated β‐Amino Sulfones from Ellman′s N‐tert‐Butylsulfinyl Ketimines and Methyl Phenyl Sulfone.

AbstractA convenient procedure is presented for the base‐mediated addition of sulfone (II) to optically active ketimines to produce title compounds (III) with high diastereoselectivity.

Microbial reduction of Fe(III) in smectite minerals by thermophilic methanogen Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus

Clay minerals and thermophilic methanogens can co-exist in hot anoxic environments, including the continental subsurface, geysers, terrestrial hot springs, and deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems. However, it is unclear whether thermophilic methanogens are able to reduce structural Fe(III) in clay minerals. In this study, the ability of a thermophilic methanogen Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus to reduce structural Fe(III) in iron-rich and iron-poor smectites, (nontronite NAu-2 and Wyoming montmorillonite SWy-2) and the relationship between iron reduction and methanogenesis were investigated. M. thermautotrophicus reduced Fe(III) in nontronite NAu-2 and montmorillonite SWy-2 with H2/CO2 as substrate. The extent of bioreduction was 27% for nontronite and 13–15% for montmorillonite. Anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) did not enhance the extent of bioreduction, but accelerated the rate. When methanogenesis was inhibited via addition of 2-bromoethane sulfonate (BES), the extent of bioreduction decreased to 16% for NAu-2 and 9% for SWy-2. These data suggest that Fe(III) bioreduction and methanogenesis were mutually beneficial. The likely mechanism was that Fe(III) bioreduction lowered the reduction potential of the system so that methanogenesis became favorable, and methanogenesis in turn stimulated the growth of the methanogen, which enhanced Fe(III) bioreduction. NAu-2 was partly dissolved and high charge smectite and biogenic silica formed as a result of bioreduction.

Effect of Added Surfactants on the Dynamic Interfacial Tension Behaviour of Alkaline/Diluted Heavy Crude Oil System

This study has been undertaken to get a better understanding of the interactions between Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) surfactants used in chemical flooding and <i>in situ<i/> surfactants present in an heavy oil. We report an experimental study of dynamic Interfacial Tension (IFT) behaviour of diluted heavy oil/surfactant enhanced-alkaline systems. The dynamic IFT was measured using pendant drop and spinning drop tensiometers. The dynamic IFT between diluted heavy oil and alkaline solution (pH 11) with no added surfactant increased sharply with time, which was attributed to the transfer of the <i>in situ<i/> surfactant (produced by saponification of the acids groups present in the crude oil) across the oil/water interface. The addition of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) above the Critical Micellar Concentration (CMC ~ 0.002%), changed completely the dynamic IFT behaviour of the diluted heavy oil as the IFT strongly decreased and finally reached a plateau, of about 1.5 × 10<sup>-3<sup/> mN/m at a concentration of only 0.02%. We attributed the efficiency of SDBS to a synergistic effect between the <i>in situ<i/> surfactant and the added surfactant that form a mixed interfacial monolayer, which is very efficient in decreasing the IFT to ultra low values and in resisting mass transfer across the oil/water interface.

ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective β‐Vinylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes Using a β‐Nitroethyl Sulfone as Vinyl Anion Equivalent.

A concise method for the asymmetric β-vinylation of enals is presented. The success of the reaction lies in the stereoselective organocatalyzed addition of β-nitroethyl sulfone 1 to enals and in the ability of Mg to promote the concomitant elimi

One-pot synthesis of ferromagnetic Fe2.25W0.75O4 nanoparticles as a magnetically recyclable photocatalyst

To pursue the novel magnetically recyclable photocatalyst, W has been successfully doped in Fe3O4 host matrix for the fabrication of Fe2.25W0.75O4 nanoparticles through a one-pot hydrothermal progress with the addition of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. The size range of the obtained nanoparticles is from 30 to 50 nm determined by SEM. And the particle size is about 41 nm calculated with Debye–Scherrer equation. X-ray diffraction analysis clearly shows that all peaks of Fe2.25W0.75O4 nanoparticles shift slightly toward lower angles relative to those of the standard Fe3O4, which resulted from the substitutions of Fe ions by the bigger W ions in the host lattice. When Fe2.25W0.75O4 nanoparticles were applied to degrade methyl orange under the irradiation of a 10 W UV lamp, it showed a higher decomposition efficiency of 67 % than that of 55 % for normal TiO2 photocatalysts P-25. Moreover, Fe2.25W0.75O4 nanoparticles can be conveniently and quickly recovered with a magnet and no decrease of photocatalytic activity has been observed after several consecutive rounds of photodegradation reaction. The magnetic Fe2.25W0.75O4 nanoparticles with strong photocatalytic ability show promising applications in the degradation of organic pollutants.

ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Formal Allylation of α‐Branched Aldehydes.

AbstractEnantioselective Michael addition of sulfone (I) to aldehydes (II) in the presence of 4‐nitrobenzoic acid and 9‐amino‐9‐deoxyepiquinine as catalytic system is achieved.

Synthesis of oil-soluble multipurpose sulfonate additives based on low-molecular-weight alkylphenols

New multipurpose sulfonate additives improving the detergent, dispersant, anticorrosive, and antioxygenic properties of lubricant oils were developed on the basis of sulfomethylated alkyl(C10–C14)phenolformaldehyde condensation product.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral Cyclic Nitrones by Asymmetric Addition of β‐Ketosulfones to Nitroalkenes Followed by Reductive Cyclization.

AbstractThe addition step is catalyzed by thiourea cinchona alkaloids like (I) to give the sulfone addition products as diastereomeric mixtures.

The effect of polytetrafluoroethylene on pressure oxidation of nickeliferous pyrrhotite

Nickeliferous pyrrhotite tailings, from Vale's Clarabelle Mill, were oxidized at 140 °C and 690 kPa (using compressed O 2) in an electrolyte with an initial composition of 50 g/L H 2SO 4 and 2.25 g/L of Fe 2(SO 4) 3. These conditions are similar to those employed in the Sherritt Zinc Pressure Leach Process that promotes the formation of elemental sulfur. The kinetics of oxidation was tracked by measuring the extraction of nickel to the electrolyte as a function of time. As expected, the pyrrhotite oxidation kinetics under these conditions was inhibited by the occlusion of the pyrrhotite particles by molten elemental sulfur formed during the leaching process. Addition of a commercially available granular form of PTFE increased the degree of leaching of nickel from the pyrrhotite, increasing the ultimate extraction of nickel at low and high impeller speeds from ca. 65% to over 90% after 90 min. This effect was attributed to the PTFE particles acting as a solid sorbent for the molten sulfur, which mitigated the effect of pyrrhotite occlusion and allowed oxidation to continue. The results of the use of PTFE on pyrrhotite oxidation kinetics are similar to those with addition of lignin sulfonate.

Non‐Magnetic and Magnetic Supported Copper(I) Chelating Adsorbents as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts and Copper Scavengers for Click Chemistry

AbstractNovel supported chelating adsorbents bearing diverse multidentate nitrogenated ligands with strong copper(I) affinities are easily prepared in non‐magnetic and magnetic variants using silica and silica‐coated magnetite nanoparticles as suitable supports and the aza‐Michael‐type addition of vinyl sulfones as the ligation tool. These adsorbents are versatile materials with applications in the copper‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry where their complexation abilities enable them to act either as heterogeneous click catalysts when used in their complexed form or as copper(I) scavengers when used in their uncomplexed form. In the first instance, they proved to be robust and efficient heterogeneous catalysts to promote click reactions using extremely low doses and showing negligible copper leaching, particularly in the case of the silica‐based non‐magnetic adsorbents, allowing a simple operational protocol for their rapid and easy removal by filtration or magnetic decantation and showing good recyclability properties. In their uncomplexed form, the non‐magnetic chelating adsorbents are very efficient copper scavengers that are able to remove any traces of metal contamination and that can be applied in tandem with any heterogeneous supported copper(I) catalysts or as stand‐alone copper removing system in any click protocol allowing the isolation of metal‐free clicked compounds.

Estudio cinético del efecto de polifenilsulfona sobre el curado de una resina epoxi/amina mediante calorimetría diferencial de barrido convencional y modulada con temperatura: parte II

En este trabajo se estudió el efecto de la adición del termoplástico lineal polifenilsulfona (PPSU), sobre la cinética de reacción y las propiedades térmicas de una resina epoxídica basada en diglicidil éter de bisfenol - A (DGEBA), curada con diaminodifenilsulfona (DDS). El estudio cinético y la caracterización se realizaron mediante calorimetría diferencial de barrido, DSC estándar y modulado, bajo condiciones isotérmicas y dinámicas. La cinética del curado se discutió en el marco de tres modelos cinéticos: Kissinger, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa y el modelo cinético de orden n. Para describir la reacción de curado en su última etapa, se usó la relación semiempírica propuesta por Chern y Poehlein para considerar la influencia de la difusión sobre la rapidez de reacción. El mecanismo de curado, para todos los sistemas, se ajustó a una cinética de orden n, a pesar del contenido de PPSU, y se observó que éste se hace muy controlado por la difusión conforme aumenta el contenido de PPSU y conforme la temperatura de curado disminuye. El tiempo de vitrificación de los sistemas exhibió una fuerte dependencia con el contenido de PPSU.

Development of an enantioselective route toward the Lycopodium alkaloids: total synthesis of lycopodine.

Synthesis of a C(15)-desmethyl tricycle core of lycopodine has been accomplished. Key steps in the synthetic sequence include organocatalytic, intramolecular Michael addition of a keto sulfone and a tandem 1,3-sulfonyl shift/Mannich cyclization to construct the tricyclic core ring system. Synthetic work toward this natural product family led to the development of N-(p-dodecylphenylsulfonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide, an organocatalyst which facilitates enantioselective, intramolecular Michael additions. A detailed mechanistic discussion is provided for both the intramolecular Michael addition and the sulfone rearrangement. Finally, the application of these discoveries to the enantioselective total synthesis of alkaloid lycopodine is described.

Effects of waste activated sludge and surfactant addition on primary sludge hydrolysis and short-chain fatty acids accumulation

This paper focused on the effects of waste activated sludge (WAS) and surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) addition on primary sludge (PS) hydrolysis and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) accumulation in fermentation. The results showed that sludge hydrolysis, SCFA accumulation, NH 4 + –N and PO 4 3 - –P release, and volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction were increased by WAS addition to PS, which were further increased by the addition of SDBS to the mixture of PS and WAS. Acetic, propionic and valeric acids were the top three SCFA in all experiments. Also, the fermentation liquids of PS, PS + WAS, and PS + WAS + SDBS were added, respectively, to municipal wastewater to examine their effects on biological municipal wastewater treatment, and the enhancement of both wastewater nitrogen and phosphorus removals was observed compared with no fermentation liquid addition.

Ion mobility–mass spectrometry of phosphorylase B ions generated with supercharging reagents but in charge-reducing buffer

We investigate whether "supercharging" reagents able to shift the charge state distributions (CSDs) of electrosprayed protein ions upward also influence gas-phase protein structure. A differential mobility analyzer and a mass spectrometer are combined in series (DMA-MS) to measure the mass and mobility of monomer and multimeric phosphorylase B ions (monomer molecular weight ∼97 kDa) in atmospheric pressure air. Proteins are electrosprayed from charge-reducing triethylammonium formate in water (pH = 6.8) with and without the addition of the supercharging reagent tetramethylene sulfone (sulfolane). Because the DMA measures ion mobility prior to collisional heating or declustering, it probes the structure of supercharged protein ions immediately following solvent (water) evaporation. As in prior studies, the addition of sulfolane is found to drastically increase both the mean and maximum charge state of phosphorylase B ions. Ions from all protein n-mers were found to yield mobilities that, for a given charge state, were ∼6-10% higher in the absence of sulfolane. We find that the mobility decrease which arises with sulfolane is substantially smaller than that typically observed for folded-to-unfolded transitions in protein ions (where a ∼60% decrease in mobility is typical), suggesting that supercharging reagents do not cause structural protein modifications in solution as large as noted recently by Williams and colleagues [E. R. Williams et al., J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 2010, 21, 1762-1774]. In fact, the measurements described here indicate that the modest mobility decrease observed can be partly attributed to sulfolane trapping within the protein ions during DMA measurements, and probably also in solution. As the most abundant peaks in measured mass-mobility spectra for ions produced with and without sulfolane correspond to non-covalently bound phosphorylase B dimers, we find that in spite of a change in mobility/cross section, sulfolane addition does not substantially alter the structure of non-covalently bound protein complexes in the gas-phase.

Efficient diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of α,β-disubstituted γ-phosphono sulfonates

The first asymmetric synthesis of α,β-disubstituted γ-phosphono sulfonates is reported. The key step is the Michael addition of a lithiated enantiopure sulfonate bearing an inexpensive chiral sugar auxiliary to α,β-unsaturated phosphonates in good diastereoselectivities. After chromatographic purification, the cleavage of the chiral sugar auxiliary proceeds without any epimerization or racemization to form the corresponding isopropyl sulfonate in very good overall yield (75%) and excellent diastereomeric and enantiomeric excess (de, ee ⩾ 95%).

Response of soil enzymes to Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) addition in soil microcosms

Soil enzymatic activities (phosphatases, arylsulphatase and dehydrogenase) were measured in microcosm systems designed for the study of the impact of a commercial mixture of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) homologues on a xerofluvent agricultural soil. The soil microcosms consisted of glass columns filled with 800 g of dry soil which were fed with sterile commercial LAS solutions at concentrations of 10 or 50 mg l −1 for periods of time up to 21 days. A soil microcosm fed with sterile distilled water was included in this study and considered as control. Our results showed that the continuous application of the anionic surfactant to soil increased the values of the enzymes acid and alkaline phosphatases and arylsulphatase. On the contrary, the dehydrogenase activity was decreased by the continuous application of 10 or 50 mg l −1 LAS when compared with control microcosms. In addition, a statistically negative correlation was found between this enzymatic activity in the upper portion of the soil columns amended with LAS and the viable counts of heterotrophic aerobic microorganisms. Moreover, in order to test the influence of LAS on nutrient availability and, consequently, on bacteria populations and soil biological activities, phosphate concentration was regularly determined in the microcosm leachates. The phosphate concentration tested in the leachate of the microcosm continuously amended with 50 mg l −1 LAS solution was significantly lower than the concentrations detected in the leachate of the microcosms continuously amended with 10 mg l −1 LAS throughout the experiment.

Preparation and shape control of β-Ni(OH)2 nano-particle

Abstract A simple and convenient method for the preparation of needle-shape nanoparticles of β-Ni(OH)2 has been developed. Results show that a needle-shaped β-Ni(OH)2 can be easily obtained in the presence of ethylenediamine and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate within a size from 100 to 200 nm. The shape and structure of the product were characterized by XRD, TEM and FT-IR. It is noteworthy that the formation of needle-shape β-Ni(OH)2 benefits from the addition of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. The optimum preparation conditions and the possible mechanism are also discussed.