Addition Of Sulfonate Research Articles

The influence of the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfonate to sodium caprylate on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in aqueous HCl

The influence of the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfonate to sodium caprylate on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in aqueous HCl

Amphiphile regulated ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems with tunable LCST and extraction behavior

Ionic liquid (IL)/H2O mixtures with tunable lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior exhibit tantalizing prospect in the field of liquid-liquid phase separation and purification. Herein, different types of amphiphiles were evaluated for the facile regulation of IL ([P4444][DMBS]) based aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs). Interestingly, the addition of zwitterionic 3-(1-dodecyl-3-imidazolio) propanesulfonate (DIPS) remarkably increases the phase separation temperature of IL aqueous solution, while the addition of anionic sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and dodecyl-benzenesulphonic acid (DBSA) results in decreasing of the phase separation temperature. The tunable phase separation temperature ranges from 10 to 90 °C, which almost cover the full usable temperature range of ABSs. The regulation mechanism of amphiphile additives on the LCST behavior of IL/H2O mixtures was investigated through isothermal titration calorimetry, 1H NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Briefly, the addition of zwitterionic DIPS increased LCST through electrostatic shielding effect, while the addition of anionic SDBS and DBSA decreased LCST through ion exchange effect. As a proof of concept, the amphiphile regulated ABSs were demonstrated to selectively separate aliphatic and aromatic amino acids.

Separation of extremely small indium oxide quantum dots and their highly luminescent properties by dispersing agent

Acquiring extremely small quantum dots (QDs) absorbing and emitting light in the ultraviolet region is challenging because of the difficulty in size control via chemical synthesis. Here, we report that extremely small In2O3 QDs with high crystallinity can be earned from a pristine In2O3 powder of which the average size exceeds the range of QDs. Interestingly, we extracted the extremely small In2O3 QDs by a series of filtration processes of an In2O3 suspension. Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed In2O3 nanoparticles falling within the range of QDs. The tiny In2O3 QDs absorbed light at a wavelength of 220 and 280 nm and exhibited the maximum photoluminescence spectra in the ultraviolet region under the excitation of the wavelengths. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of a surfactant on the optical properties of In2O3 QDs separated from the powder. As a result, the luminescent intensity of In2O3 QDs enhanced drastically with the addition of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. Our findings pave the way to acquiring highly luminescent tiny QDs from other semiconducting powders.

Enhanced catalytic oxidation of dichloromethane by a surfactant-modified CeO2@TiO2 core–shell nanostructured catalyst

Surfactant-modified CeO2@TiO2 core–shell nanostructure catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation with the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), and their catalytic oxidation of dichloromethane (DCM) was studied. A 90% DCM conversion efficiency is obtained at 300 °C with the CeO2@TiO2SDS catalyst, and its catalytic stability in the 55 h test period is better than that of Ce/TiO2 and CeO2@TiO2. Based on the characterization of CeO2@TiO2SDS, the dispersion of active components is promoted due to the inhibition of crystal growth with the introduction of SDS. The improvement of surface acidity and redox capacity is beneficial to the enhancement of catalytic activity. The higher adsorbed oxygen content on the surface of the CeO2@TiO2SDS catalyst is responsible for the better catalytic stability. Generally, a novel method was developed to design catalytic oxidation catalysts for the treatment of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in future applications.

Solidification characteristic enhancement of aqueous nanofluid with different carbon nanotube sizes

In this work, the solidification characteristic of aqueous carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanofluids with various CNTs sizes and concentrations were experimentally investigated. It is indicated addition of surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) keeps suspension stability of CNTs nanofluid after solidification-melt cycle, and shows a positive effect during the nucleation region. The results show that subcooling degree and energy storage duration decrease as increasing CNTs concentration from 50 ppm to 2000 ppm. Furthermore, it is found the size of CNTs has a great influence on solidification characteristics. The subcooling degree depression and storage energy acceleration for aqueous nanofluids are more effective as the smaller diameter and longer length of CNTs. A maximum reduction of 47.3% in subcooling degree and 17.8% in charging speed advance were achieved for the CNTs nanofluid with diameter of <8 nm and length of 10–30 um at 500 ppm compared to the deionized water. Moreover, nucleation free energy for five sizes of nanofluids was studied by heterogeneous nucleation in consideration of contact angle and radius of CNTs. The results show the lower nucleation free energy is relevant to the lower subcooling.

Amphidinolides F and C2: An Odyssey in Total Synthesis.

Amphidinolides F, C, C2, and C3 are marine natural products isolated from dinoflagellates Amphidinium species. They share the same macrolactone core, with the difference between them residing at the side chain level. A predominant feature of these amphidinolides is the presence of two trans-THF rings inside the macrolactone core, which is thought to be built by C-glycosylation with titanium enolate of N-acetyl oxazolinethiones. Thus, the original strategy for their total synthesis was based on the assembly of three main fragments corresponding to C1-C9, C10-C19, and C20-C29 or C20-C34 disconnections. Whereas synthesis of all fragments was successful, the C-glycosylation reaction between C19 and C20 turned out to be an issue. Therefore, a second route was designed. The new disconnection between C17 and C18 was based on a sulfone addition and a desulfonylation sequence. Our convergent strategy allowed the total synthesis of amphidinolide F and enabled a new unifying route toward the synthesis of amphidinolides C, C2, and C3 using a late-stage divergent approach. Although there were unsatisfying yields at some critical steps, our work culminated into the first total synthesis of amphidinolide C2.

Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles and SDBS on corrosion behavior of 3003 aluminum alloy in aqueous ethylene glycol containing chloride ions at high temperature

The antifreeze mainly composed of aqueous ethylene glycol is easily contaminated with chloride ions, which will accelerate corrosion of aluminum alloy in the components of the engine heat transfer system at long-term high temperatures. In the present work, corrosion behavior of 3003 aluminum (Al) alloy with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) in aqueous ethylene glycol (EGW) containing chloride ions at 88 ℃ was examined. The corrosion behavior of 3003 Al alloy was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to explore the morphology, structure, and composition of the sediment on the alloy surface. And the Turbiscan Lab (TLAB) dispersion stability analyzer was utilized to test the dispersion stability of TiO2 nanofluids. The experimental results demonstrated that the co-existence of TiO2 and SDBS performed the significant corrosion inhibition, and can protect alloy from chloride ions.

Long-cycling and dendrite-free lithium metal anodes via salt chemistry

Ma and his co-workers have employed in-situ optical microscopy to observe the formation of Li dendrites. After 6 min of deposition in electrolytes with the addition of potassium perfluorohexyl sulfonate (K + PFHS), potassium perfluorobutyl sulfonate (K + PFBS, C 4 F 9 -SO 3 K), and potassium perfluorooctane sulfonate (K + PFOS, C 8 F 17 -SO 3 K), the lithium metal could still maintain a smooth surface. • Ma et al. designed multifunctional electrolyte additives to suppress Li dendrites. • The “multi-factor principle” was benefit for the design of electrolyte additives. • The synergistic effect could mutually suppress the formation of lithium dendrites.

Copper-Catalyzed Radical Aryl Migration Approach for the Preparation of Cyanoalkylsulfonylated Oxindoles/Cyanoalkyl Amides.

A copper-catalyzed radical cross-coupling of oxime esters and activated alkenes is accomplished for the synthesis of cyanoalkylsulfonylated oxindoles and cyanoalkyl amides via an aryl migration strategy. Specifically, the subsequent mechanism research indicates that the unique desulfonylation and sulfone addition processes were involved in the transformation. This transformation is identified as having good functional group applicability with two different quaternary stereocenter in a regioselective manner, which is controlled by the substituent group of the nitrogen.

Synthetic sulfonate additives for lubricating oils

Synthetic sulfonate additives for lubricating oils

ТЕРМИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕЗВРЕЖИВАНИЕ УГЛЕРОДСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ШЛАМОВ

Acid tar is a resinous substance, which in most cases has a viscous structure. They are obtained as a result of sulfuric acid purification of petroleum distillates, oil residues, in the production of sulfonate additives, in the sulfonation and purification of oils, paraffins, kerosene and gas oil fractions and other petroleum products from aromatic hydrocarbons. Until recently, this type of waste was temporarily accumulated in specially designated areas - acid tar storage ponds, which were located near the oil refinery, which had a significant impact on the environment. The paper considers the process of formation of acid tar on the example of the production of sulfonate additives. The composition of the mixture of acid tar and sulfonate sludge was evaluated, and the hazard class of this type of waste was determined. Methods of utilization of acid tar are studied and a method of utilization of acid tar for the considered production is proposed.

Comparison of thermal and chemical enhanced recovery of DNAPL in saturated porous media: 2D tank pumping experiments and two-phase flow modelling

Pumping experiments were performed in a 2D tank in order to estimate the recovery yield of pure heavy chlorinated organic compounds (DNAPL; dense non-aqueous phase liquids) by varying different parameters: permeability of the saturated zone, pumping flow rates, addition of surfactant and heating. Surfactant was added to decrease capillary forces involved in the entrapment of DNAPL in porous media while temperature was increased to reduce DNAPL viscosity (and hence increase its mobility). Chemical enhancement was performed with the addition of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) (at its Critical Micelle Concentration, to avoid DNAPL dissolution) and thermal enhancement was performed at 50 °C (to avoid DNAPL volatilization). The experiments were monitored with photography allowing, on the basis of image interpretation, to convert optical densities (OD) into water saturations (Sw). Image interpretations were compared with modelling results. The two-phase flow modelling was performed with the pressure-pressure formulation using capillary pressure and relative permeability functions based on the van Genuchten–Mualem equations. Measured volumes of DNAPL recovered as well as the displacement of the DNAPL-water interface (radius and height of the cone of depression) are consistent with the modelling results. Furthermore, chemical enhancement results in a significant increase in the recovery rates of DNAPL. The observed improvement in the recovery of DNAPL with chemical enhancement is due to the fact that: (i) the residual saturation inside the cone of depression is lower and (ii) the cone of depression radius and height increase. Thermal enhancement had no beneficial effect on DNAPL recovery rate or yield. This study shows that it is possible to accurately determine water and DNAPL saturations by image interpretation during pumping tests in a 2D tank in the laboratory. For field-scale applications, the two-phase flow model allows to determine remediation yields as well as the volumes of the cone of depression according to the different operating conditions.

Multi-factor principle for electrolyte additive molecule design: Potassium perfluorinated sulfonate additives for lithium metal batteries

Multi-factor principle for electrolyte additive molecule design: Potassium perfluorinated sulfonate additives for lithium metal batteries

Preparation and electrochemical performance of activated carbon microspheres from recycled novolak phenol formaldehyde

In this study, an attempt is made to obtain porous activated carbon microspheres (ACMs) as supercapacitor electrodes by recycling waste novolak phenol formaldehyde (NPF) resins. These NPF-ACMs were prepared by a three-step procedure of hydrothermal synthesis, carbonization, and activation in turn. The effects of temperature, time, and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) addition on NPF-based microspheres were studied by the orthogonal method. The optimal preparation process of NPF-based microspheres was the following: 230 °C, 4 h, and a mass ratio of SDS: NPF of 24:1 by hydrothermal synthesis. Based on the above optimal conditions, NPF-ACMs were made, the yield of the microspheres after carbonization and chemical activation are 54% and 38%, and their electrochemical properties were analyzed. The NPF-ACMs had uniform size, a high surface area of 2528 m2 g−1, good dispersion, a low impedance of 0.46 Ω, highest specific capacitance of 118.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, good rate capability with 79% retention from 0.1 to 10 A g−1. Moreover, it showed high capacitance retention of 99.5% after 1000 cycles at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. The results showed that waste NPF can be used as promising ACMs of the electrode material to increase its utilization value.

Electrolytes enriched by potassium perfluorinated sulfonates for lithium metal batteries

Lithium (Li) metal is widely considered as a promising anode for next-generation lithium metal batteries (LMBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and lowest electrochemical potential. However, the uncontrollable formation of Li dendrites has prevented its practical application. Herein, we propose a kind of multi-functional electrolyte additives (potassium perfluorinated sulfonates) from the multi-factor principle for electrolyte additive molecular design (EDMD) view to suppress the Li dendrite growth. The effects of these additives are revealed through experimental results, molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles calculations. Firstly, K+ can form an electrostatic shield on the surface of Li anode to prevent the growth of Li dendrites. Secondly, potassium perfluorinated sulfonates can improve the activity of electrolytes as co-conductive salts, and lower the electro-potential of Li nucleation. Thirdly, perfluorinated sulfonate anions not only can change the Li+ solvation sheath structure to decrease the desolvation energy barrier and increase the ion migration rate, but also can be partly decomposed to form the superior solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Benefited from the synergistic effects, an outstanding cycle life over 250 h at 1 mA cm−2 is achieved in symmetric Li||Li cells. In particular, potassium perfluorinated sulfonate additives (e.g., potassium perfluorohexyl sulfonate, denoted as K+PFHS) can also contribute to the formation of high-quality cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). As a result, Li||LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 full cells exhibit significantly enhanced cycling stability. This multi-factor principle for EDMD offers a unique insight on understanding the electrochemical behavior of ion-type electrolyte additives on both the Li metal anode and high-voltage cathode.

Effects of surfactant addition to draw solution on the performance of osmotic membrane bioreactor

This study investigated the effects of surfactant addition to the draw solution on the performance of osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR). Forward osmosis (FO) tests were conducted with the addition of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), a representative surfactant, to both inorganic and ionic organic draw solutions, including sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium acetate (NaOAc), and sodium propionate (NaPro), to determine the desirable draw solution for OMBR operation. Results show that SDBS impacts were more notable for inorganic draw solution in comparison to its ionic organic counterparts at the same osmotic pressure (60 bar) in FO operation. In specific, SDBS addition up to 5 mM considerably reduced the reverse diffusion of NaCl draw solute (approximately 69.7%) with insignificant impact on water flux. Thus, salinity build-up in the bioreactor could be effectively mitigated when SDBS was added to the NaCl draw solution in OMBR operation. This mitigation led to stable sludge characteristics and biological treatment to sustain OMBR performance regarding water production (approximately 10 L/m2h) and contaminant removal (e.g. over 90% for pharmaceutically active compounds).

A study on optimum surfactant to multiwalled carbon nanotube ratio in alcoholic stable suspensions via UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and zeta potential analysis

Common ultrasonication and centrifugation techniques could be utilized for dispersion of carbon nanotubes in solvents. However, there are few studies investigating the effect of concentration of species on stability of surfactant modified suspensions focusing on specific dispersants. Therefore, in this study, UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, sedimentations tests, zeta (ζ) potential and dynamic light scattering analyses (DLS) were used as tools to estimate the optimal surfactant to multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) weight ratio in stable centrifuged suspensions. MWCNTs colloids were prepared via addition of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) with ultrasonication and centrifugation in isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Coupling information gathered from overlapped absorption spectra and weighed dried sediments enabled estimation of MWCNTs concentrations in centrifuged suspensions (supernatant). By utilizing sediments weight and zeta potential observations, optimum SDBS/MWCNTs weight ratios were calculated. The results have shown that the SDBS/MWCNTs ratio should be 9 or higher in supernatants in order to obtain stable suspensions. It was also observed that increasing SDBS/MWCNTs concentrations over 9 in supernatants gradually decreased the zeta potentials of studied suspensions. Higher SDBS/MWCNTs ratios, also decreased settling velocities that were attributed to increased viscosity of supernatants. In addition to overlapping spectra technique, which relies on utilization of spectra related to centrifuged and uncentrifuged suspensions only for quantitative analysis, differential UV–Vis spectra were also utilized for the assessment of SDBS/MWCNTs ratios in supernatants. Presence of SDBS in supernatants (prepared by removing contribution of MWCNTs by using COOH modified MWCNTs’ UV–Vis absorption spectrum) exhibited an unexpected hyperchromic shift in maximum wavelength in spectra leading to misleading estimations of surfactant concentrations.

An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Predict the Thermophysical Properties of MWCNT Nanofluids

Experimental data of thermal conductivity, thermal stability, specific heat capacity, viscosity, UV–vis (light transmittance) and FTIR (light absorption) of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed in glycols, alcohols and water with the addition of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant for 0.5 wt % concentration along a temperature range of 25 °C to 200 °C were verified using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In this research, an ANN approach was proposed using experimental datasets to predict the relative thermophysical properties of the tested nanofluids in the available literature. Throughout the designed network, 65% and 25% of data points were comprehended in the training and testing set while the other 10% was utilized as a validation set. The parameters such as temperature, concentration, size and time were considered as inputs while the thermophysical properties were considered as outputs to develop ANN models of further predictions with unseen datasets. The results found to be satisfactory as the (coefficient of determination) R2 values are close to 1.0. The predicted results of the nanofluids’ thermophysical properties were then validated with experimental dataset values. The validation plots of all individual samples for all properties were graphically generated. A comparison study was conducted for the robustness of the proposed approach. This work may help to reduce the experimental time and cost in the future.

Influence of sodium propargyl sulfonate on electrodeposition of Fe–Co alloy

Fe–Co alloy was successfully prepared in chloride-sulfate solutions containing sodium propargyl sulfonate using electrodeposition method. The phase composition, surface morphology and magnetic properties of Fe–Co alloy were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. Linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry was used to investigate the electrodeposition behavior. The iron content of Fe–Co alloy decreases and the surface of film becomes smoother with an increase of sodium propargyl sulfonate. The film structure shows no dependence on sodium propargyl sulfonate. The film exhibits a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure and shows no dependence on sodium propargyl sulfonate. With 0.6 g/L sodium propargyl sulfonate, the Fe–Co alloy has a saturation magnetization of 1.91 T and a coercivity of 5.02 Oe. The initial electrodeposition potential shows negative shift and the apparent activation energy increases from 39.57 kJ/mol to 112.47 kJ/mol. The nucleation mechanism of Fe–Co alloy is gradually changed from instantaneous to progressive with the addition of sodium propargyl sulfonate.

Chemoselective oxidative addition of vinyl sulfones mediated by palladium complexes bearing picolyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.

The manifold interactions of (E)- or (Z)-1,2-ditosylethene with a palladium(0) centre bearing picolyl-NHC carbene ligands have been studied thoroughly. (E)-1,2-Ditosylethene produces the expected and stable η2-olefin palladium complexes, whereas the coordination of the Z derivative alternatively promotes the isomerization of the olefin itself or an oxidative addition process depending on the steric bulkiness of carbene substituents and/or the adopted synthetic procedure. Remarkably, the oxidative addition pathway involves a selective S-vinyl (not S-aryl) breaking and produces selectively the S- rather than O-coordinated sulfinate. A mechanistic study has clarified the reasons of the chemoselectivity of the process, which was proved to be kinetically controlled. All the involved species have been isolated and exhaustively characterized. In particular, we report the first example of the X-ray crystal structure of a complex bearing one vinyl and one S-sulfinate fragment coordinated to palladium.