Addition Of Soybean Meal Research Articles

Effects of increasing level of supplemental barley on forage intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in steers fed medium-quality grass hay1

Objectives of this research were to evaluate effects of increasing level of barley supplementation on forage intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in beef steers fed medium-quality forage. Four crossbred ruminally cannulated steers (average initial BW = 200 +/- 10 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Chopped (5 cm) grass hay (10% CP) was offered ad libitum with one of four supplements. Supplements included 0, 0.8, 1.6, or 2.4 kg of barley (DM basis) and were fed in two equal portions at 0700 and 1600. Supplements were fed at levels to provide for equal intake of supplemental protein with the addition of soybean meal. Forage intake (kg and g/kg BW) decreased linearly (P < 0.01), and total intake increased linearly (P < 0.03) with increasing level of barley supplementation. Digestible OM intake (g/kg BW) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing level of barley supplementation; however, the majority of this response was observed with 0.8 kg of barley supplementation. Treatments had only minor effects on ruminal pH, with decreases occurring at 15 h after feeding in steers receiving 2.4 kg of barley supplementation. Total-tract digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and CP were increased (P < 0.04) with barley supplementation; however, ADF digestibility was decreased by 1.6 and 2.4 kg of barley supplementation compared with controls. Ruminal ammonia concentrations decreased linearly (P < 0.01) at 1 through 15 h after feeding. Total ruminal VFA concentrations were not altered by dietary treatments. Ruminal proportions of acetate and butyrate decreased (P < 0.10) in response to supplementation. Rate, lag, and extent (72 h) of in situ forage degradability were unaffected by treatment. Generally, these data are interpreted to indicate that increasing levels of barley supplementation decrease forage intake, increase DM, OM, and NDF digestibility, and indicate alteration of the ruminal environment and fermentation patterns.

Effects of ammoniation of wheat straw and supplementation with soybean meal or broiler litter on feed intake and digestion in yearling Spanish goat wethers

Eight yearling Spanish wethers (29.6±1.10 kg initial BW) were used in an experiment with a 2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments and two simultaneous 4×4 Latin squares to determine effects on feed intake and digestion of supplementing wheat straw treated (ammoniated) with urea (T) or untreated (U) with soybean meal or broiler litter. Supplements were C (ground corn-based and fed at 0.64% BW, DM), S (C plus 0.25% BW of soybean meal) and LL and HL (C plus 0.5 or 1.0% BW of broiler litter). The N concentration was 0.4 and 2.3% and in vitro digestibility was 48 and 63% in U and T, respectively. There were no significant interactions between straw type and supplement treatment except for NDF digestion and digestible NDF intake. Ruminal fluid ammonia N concentration was greater for T than for U ( P<0.05) but was not influenced by supplement treatment (4.1, 7.9, 5.1, 3.8, 11.7, 12.4, 10.8 and 15.6 mg/dl; S.E.=1.53); plasma urea N concentration was greater for T vs. U ( P<0.05) and lowest among treatments ( P<0.05) for C (7.8, 17.1, 16.5, 18.9, 21.5, 25.1, 28.6 and 26.6 mg/dl for U-C, U-S, U-LL, U-HL, T-C, T-S, T-LL and T-HL, respectively; S.E.=1.71). Straw DM intake was not influenced by supplement treatment and tended to be greater ( P<0.13) for U vs. T (212, 261, 274, 277, 406, 404, 432 and 423 g per day for U-C, U-S, U-LL, U-HL, T-C, T-S, T-LL and T-HL, respectively; S.E.=24.6). Total OM intake ranked ( P<0.05) C<S<LL<HL (476, 566, 649 and 739 g per day); apparent total tract OM digestibility was greater ( P<0.10) for C and S vs. LL and HL (67.9, 68.3, 61.9 and 60.7% for C, S, LL and HL, respectively); digestible OM intake was lowest among treatments ( P<0.05) for C, similar between S and LL and greater for HL than for S ( P<0.05) and LL ( P<0.13; 249, 331, 342, 386, 380, 423, 450 and 495 g per day for U-C, U-S, U-LL, U-HL, T-C, T-S, T-LL and T-HL, respectively). In summary, apparently with considerable N recycling by yearling Spanish goat wethers, improvements in digestible OM intake by supplementation were achieved through the additional consumption of digestible OM in soybean meal and broiler litter, without substitution for wheat straw intake. Effects of ammoniation and N supplementation on digestible OM intake were additive, with greater magnitude of change via ammoniation than addition of soybean meal or broiler litter to a moderate level of a grain-based supplement.

Influência da adição de pectina e farelo de soja sobre a digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes, em eqüinos

O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da adição de pectina e farelo de soja sobre a digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes, em eqüinos. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo qautro níveis de pectina (0, 1, 2 e 3% da MS do feno de coastcross consumido) e a adição ou não de farelo de soja, totalizando oito tratamentos, com quatro repetições. As variáveis estudadas foram os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (CDAMS), proteína bruta (CDAPB), fibra em detergente neutro (CDAFDN), fibra em detergente ácido (CDAFDA), hemicelulose (CDAHEM), energia bruta (CDAEB) e a energia digestível (ED). A adição de pectina não afetou o CDAMS, CDAFDN, CDAFDA, CDAEB e nem a ED; porém melhorou o CDAPB, no nível de 1,25%, e o CDAHEM, em todos os níveis utilizados. Concluiu-se que a adição de 1,25% de pectina à dieta melhorou a digestibilidade aparente da PB e a adição de 3% de pectina proporcionou a melhor digestibilidade aparente da hemicelulose. A adição de farelo de soja à dieta, com o intuito de aumentar o aproveitamento da fibra bruta dos alimentos como fonte de energia, não é aconselhavel, uma vez que não houve melhora da digestibilidade aparente da FDN e da FDA.

Inulinase Synthesis from a Mesophilic Culture in Submerged Cultivation

A newly isolated mesophilic bacterial strain from dahlia rhizosphere, identified as Staphylococcus sp. and designated as RRL-M-5, was evaluated for inulinase synthesis in submerged cultivation using different carbon sources individually or in combination with inulin as substrate. Inulin appeared as the most favorable substrate at a 0.5–1.0% concentration. Media pH influenced the enzyme synthesis by the bacterial strain, which showed an optimum pH at 7.0–7.5. Supplementation of fermentation medium with external nitrogen (organic and inorganic) showed a mixed impact on bacterial activity of enzyme synthesis. The addition of soybean meal and corn steep solid resulted in about an 11% increase in enzyme titers. Among inorganic nitrogen sources, ammonium sulfate was found to be the most suitable. Maximum enzyme activities (446 U/L) were obtained when fermentation was carried out at 30°C for 24 h with a medium containing 0.5% inulin as a sole carbon source and 0.5% soybean meal as the nitrogen source. Bacterial inulinase could be a good source for the hydrolysis of inulin for the production of d-fructose.

Protein requirements of growing steers limit-fed corn-based diets.

In Exp. 1, six steers (254 kg) were used in a 6 x 4 incomplete Latin square to determine the effects of solvent-extracted soybean meal alone or in combination with rumen-protected methionine and lysine on N balance in steers limit-fed a high-corn diet to gain 1.1 kg/d. The basal diet contained (DM basis) 80% rolled corn, 15% alfalfa, and .9% urea (13.9% CP), and 2 or 4% soybean meal replaced corn to give CP concentrations of 14.8 and 15.6%, respectively. Each diet was fed with and without 5 g/d of Smartamine-ML (.75 and 2.0 g of rumen-protected methionine and lysine, respectively). Nitrogen retention increased linearly (P = .09) with level of soybean meal. Rumen-protected methionine and lysine had no effect on N balance. In Exp. 2, seven steers (233 kg) were used in a 7 x 4 incomplete Latin square experiment to investigate optimal levels and sources of CP for steers limit-fed to gain 1 kg/d. Treatments included a negative-control diet (urea; 11.7% CP) and six diets containing either 13.5, 15.4, or 17.2% CP with either solvent-extracted or expeller-processed soybean meal. Diets provided 75, 87.5, 100, or 112.5% of estimated CP requirement for a gain of 1 kg/d. The basal diet contained 83% rolled corn, 15% alfalfa, and .2% urea. Nitrogen retention increased linearly (P = .006) with soybean meal addition, and no differences were observed between CP sources. The CP system underpredicted the protein requirements of limit-fed steers under our conditions.

Effect of Diet on Growth and Plasma Ascorbic Acid in Chicks

Six experiments were conducted to study the effect of diet on growth and plasma ascorbic acid in chickens. D-Glucuronolactone failed to improve growth with either a crude yeast-fish meal diet or a purified diet based on casein and gelatin. With the purified diet, D-glucuronic acid and L-gulonolactone also failed to improve growth and did not influence plasma ascorbic acid levels. Dietary ascorbic acid improved growth of chicks with a purified diet in most cases, but not with a corn-soybean diet. Meat meal and fish meal caused slight increases in plasma ascorbic acid, whereas soybean meal, safflower meal, and cottonseed meal caused greater increases when used in a purified diet. Gulonolactone oxidase activity in the kidney was not different between chicks fed the purified or the corn-soybean diets, but was reduced by 0.1% dietary ascorbic acid. The mechanism for the increase in plasma ascorbic acid with the addition of soybean meal and other plant protein sources to the diet is not known.

The effect of monensin supplementation on ruminal ammonia accumulation in vivo and the numbers of amino acid-fermenting bacteria

When nonlactating Holstein cows (685 +/- 59 kg) were fed chopped timothy hay (9% CP, 7.0 kg/d) 12 times daily, the steady-state ruminal ammonia concentration was 2.6 mM, and the specific activity of ammonia production by mixed ruminal bacteria was 27.4 nmol/mg of protein-1.min-1. The addition of soybean meal (53% CP, 1 or 2 kg/d) to the basal diet caused a linear increase in ruminal ammonia (7.0 and 12.4 mM, respectively; P < .001), but there was only a small increase in the specific activity of ammonia production (30.7 and 33.8 nmol/mg of protein-1.min-1, respectively; P < .05). The addition of monensin (350 mg/d) to the diets caused more than a 30% decrease (P < .01) in ruminal ammonia at all levels of soybean supplementation, and there was a similar decrease (P < .001) in the specific activity of ammonia production. Before monensin addition, the most probable number of bacteria that could utilize peptides and amino acids, but not carbohydrates, as an energy source for growth was 5.8 to 7.0 x 10(6)/mL. When monensin was added to the diets, these bacteria decreased (P < .001) nearly 10-fold. Based on these results, it seemed that monensin inhibited highly active amino acid-fermenting ruminal bacteria, and this inhibition, in turn, decreased ruminal amino acid deamination and ammonia production. Because monensin did not increase soluble protein, peptides, or amino acids in ruminal fluid, it did not seem that the decrease in ammonia increased flow of dietary amino N to the lower gut.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of Defatted Soybean and Soybean Isolate Fortification on the Nutritional, Physical, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Wheat Flour Tortillas

ABSTRACTWheat flour fortified with 11.1% defatted soybean meal (SBM) or 5.6% soybean isolate (SBI) was processed into flour tortillas. Fortified tortillas contained 35% more protein and twice as much lysine as the 100% wheat flour tortilla. Addition of SBM or SBI decreased dough elasticity but increased dough water absorption and the force required to stretch the dough. The SBM fortified tortilla had better texture (P &lt; 0.05) than the 100% wheat flour tortilla and similar flavor and color (P &gt; 0.05). Rats fed fortified tortillas gained three times as much weight and doubled the protein efficiency ratio (PER) when compared to rats fed wheat flour tortillas. The apparent biological and net protein utilization values of the fortified tortillas were similar (P &gt; 0.05) and higher (P &lt; 0.05) than the wheat flour tortilla. The SBI fortified tortilla had a higher apparent protein digestibility (P &lt; 0.05) than the 100% wheat flour and SBM fortified tortillas.

RESPONSE OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS TO FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED SOYBEAN MEAL WHEN FED WITH CONTROL OR UREA-TREATED CORN SILAGE

In two experiments, lactating cows (26 in exp. 1; 32 in exp. 2) were fed an 11.3% crude protein (CP) diet, a 14.7% CP diet containing untreated soybean meal (SBM) or a 14.6% CP diet containing formaldehyde-treated SBM (FSBM), all three fed as a complete blended diet with control corn silage (CCS) (exp. 1); a 12% CP diet, a 13.4% CP diet containing SBM or a 13.3% CP diet containing FSBM, all fed as a complete blended diet with urea-treated corn silage (UCS) (exp. 2). In both experiments concentrates and CCS or UCS were mixed (50:50 dry matter) daily and fed ad lib for a 16-wk period. The increase of CP over the low CP negative control by addition of untreated SBM resulted in a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in milk production in both experiments. The addition of FSBM had no significant effect. When comparing solids-corrected milk (SCM), addition of SBM, whether treated or not, significantly increased SCM in both experiments. In neither experiment did FSBM improve milk production over untreated SBM. All animals fed CCS lost body weight but there was no difference between treatments. For animals fed UCS the low CP group lost significantly (P &lt; 0.05) more body weight than did the group fed FSBM. Dry matter (DM) intake was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower for the FSBM fed group than for the group fed untreated SBM in exp. 1 (CCS). DM intake was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased by either FSBM or SBM over the low CP control fed UCS. Milk protein was the only component significantly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased by FSBM in exp. 1. Isobutyric and isovaleric acids were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower in rumen fluid of animals on FSBM plus CCS. Rumen microbial protein content seemed to be more adversely affected by FSBM with CCS than UCS. Amino acid content of FSBM and SBM demonstrated that lysine and tyrosine were lost from SBM after treatment with formaldehyde. The lack of a response in milk production to FSBM is discussed in terms of a lysine and tyrosine deficiency for milk protein synthesis and the adverse effect that formaldehyde protection of SBM may have on the rumen microbial population. Key words: Lactation, dairy cows, urea, corn silage, soybean meal, formaldehyde treatment

EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND PLANT POPULATION ON THE VALUE OF CORN SILAGE FED TO BEEF STEERS

Corn was grown at 86 000 plants/ha and at 129 000 plants/ha and fertilized with nitrogen at rates of 150 and 200 kg/ha in order to determine the effect of population and N-fertilization on field production, silage preservation and animal performance. Silages from the four field treatments were offered ad libitum to Hereford steers during 112 days. Within each of the corn treatments, half of the animals were supplemented with 450 g of soybean meal (48% protein). Under field conditions characteristic of this trial, the higher plant populations and higher nitrogen levels failed to increase corn silage yields and resulted in lower ear production, later maturing plants and a higher plant moisture content at harvest. The trends were most noticeable in the high plant population treatments. The quality of the silage was not affected by the different treatments. No significant differences for total N, soluble N, NH3-N, lactic acid and acetic acid were noted among silages. Animal intake was increased with silages produced on high N-fertilization at 86 000 and 129 000 plants/ha. No significant differences in animal gain or feed efficiency were observed due to field treatments. The addition of soybean meal to the silages diluted the influence of field treatment on animal intake. However, within field treatments the supplement significantly improved dry matter intake, gain and feed efficiency. This study showed no advantage in increasing corn population over 86 000 plants/ha or N fertilization above 150 kg/ha. Key words: Corn silage, plant population, N-fertilization, steers

Fermented Ammoniated Condensed Whey as a Crude Protein Source for Feedlot Cattle

Four feeding trials were conducted to evaluate fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW) as a crude protein (CP) supplement for finishing cattle fed corn silage or corn-corn silage diets. In the first trial, when 40% corn:60% corn silage diets contained 0, 3.5, 7.0 and 14.0% FACW (dry matter basis), daily dry matter intakes by yearling Hereford steers (290 kg) were 7.16, 8.23, 8.90 and 8.52 kg/head (P>.10), respectively. In trial 2, the addition of soybean meal, FACW or urea as a CP supplements for corn silage or 40% corn:60% corn silage diets increased rates of gain (P<.01) by Charolais × Hereford calves (260 kg) over those obtained with similar diets not supplemented with a CP source. Feed efficiency was improved by an average of 34 and 12%, respectively, in comparison to that of unsupplemented steers, when corn silage and corn-corn silage diets were supplemented with CP. Trial 3 involved 96 yearling Hereford steers (338 kg) fed 60% corn: 40% corn silage diets. There were six protein supplement treatments (no supplement, 2.45% FACW, 4.85% FACW, 7.05% FACW, 1% urea and 6.58% soybean meal) and two sources of S (sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate). S source had no effect on feedlot performance or carcass traits. Pooled daily gains with the protein treatments were 1.17, 1.29, 1.33, 1.37, 1.29 and 1.42 kg/head (P<.01), respectively. Feed efficiencies tended to be greater for FACW and soybean meal-supplemented steers than for urea-supplemented or control steers. No differences in carcass traits were observed among steers fed different protein supplements. In trial 4, 48 yearling Hereford steers (299 kg) were fed three levels of FACW (0, 2.8 and 5.6% of dry matter) and two sources of corn (high wax or regular yellow dent) in 60% corn: 40% corn silage finishing diets. Source of corn did not influence feedlot performance or carcass traits. When data were pooled, the level of FACW did not affect (P>.05) daily gains, but carcass fat thickness and yield grade were greater (P<.05) for steers supplemented with FACW. The results of these trials suggest that FACW is comparable to soybean meal as a CP source for cattle fed corn silage or corn-corn silage finishing diets.

GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS IN GROWTH OF TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM

Growth as 14-day larval weight in two strains of Tribolium castaneum was studied in a factorial design involving two levels of humidity and three levels of nutritional ingredients: dried brewers' yeast, soybean meal, a vitamin premix, and corn oil. Significant differences between genotypes and levels of nutritional ingredients were observed. Larval weight increased considerably with the addition of dried brewers' yeast and decreased with the addition of corn oil. Genotypes interacted with levels of humidity and various ingredients and interactions were observed between most nutritional ingredients. Supplementation of the basal diet with 5% dried brewers' yeast apparently satisfied all deficiencies whereas the addition of soybean meal and (or) vitamins alleviated only part of the deficiencies of the diet.