Adaptive Regulation Strategies Research Articles

The relationship between affective flexibility, spontaneous emotion regulation and the response to induced stress

Effective emotion regulation contributes to adapting well to challenging situations. One of the proposed cognitive mechanisms underlying emotion regulation is cognitive flexibility in processing of affective material (i.e. affective flexibility). We investigated (n = 118) effects of affective flexibility on the response to a stressor and on spontaneous use of ‘adaptive’ and ‘maladaptive’ emotion regulation strategies. Additionally, we examined how emotion regulation influences stress reactivity and recovery. Affective flexibility was measured with a task-switching paradigm in which participants shift attention between affective and non-affective aspects of emotional material. We investigated changes in emotion and heart rate variability to a stress induction. Affective flexibility did not influence the response to stress, but less efficient shifting of attention towards affective aspects of negative information, and more efficient shifting of attention towards non-affective aspects of positive information were related to more use of maladaptive strategies. Emotion regulation strategy use had limited influence on the perceived and actual physiological response to a stress induction, but especially more use of adaptive regulation strategies reduced negative emotional reactivity. Our findings suggest that individual differences in affective flexibility have limited influence on the (acute) response to a stressful event and recovery afterwards, but do influence spontaneous use of emotion regulation strategies.

Measurement and analysis of regional agricultural water and soil resource composite system harmony with an improved random forest model based on a dragonfly algorithm

To expand the field of harmony theory research, new paths for sustainable development of agricultural regions are explored. The uncertainty problem is selected to determine the optimal parameters of the random forest (RF) model. This paper uses the Dragonfly algorithm (DA) to calibrate the RF model parameters, proposes an improved model (DA-RF), and applies it to measure the agricultural water and soil resources composite system harmony (AWSRCSH) of the Jiansanjiang Branch of the Heilongjiang Great Northern Wilderness Agribusiness Group Corporation. The results show that the DA-RF model can effectively improve the simulation ability and stability with a running time that is longer than that of an empirical method. The annual variation in the AWSRCSH of the Jiansanjiang Branch presents an “N-type” trend. From 1997 to 2005, the branch had not yet entered a peak period of resource and agricultural development, while the AWSRCSH had steadily improved during this period. From 2005 to 2008, due to predatory operations, the AWSRCSH decreased, and the speed of this decrease increased. From 2008 to 2016, since local water and soil resource development was strictly controlled and agricultural modernization increased, the AWSRCSH gradually increased. Due to the advantages of water resources and topography, the AWSRCSH in the farms adjacent to the river was greater than that in inland farms. To address the slow growth rate of the AWSRCSH, some adaptive regulation strategies were proposed according to key driving factors, and the effect of harmonious regulation was predicted.

The regulation of emotions: Gender differences

IntroductionEmotional regulation, understood as the emotional ability to repair emotional states, is a skill closely linked to adaptation during aging. People who are capable to manage their emotions have greater control over moods, applying adaptive regulation strategies that allow them to maintain positive moods and modify or regulate negative ones. It has been observed that gender can be a relevant variable related to emotional regulation. In this sense, it is considered that women may be more skillful than men to emotional regulation strategies, benefiting from more successful emotional management strategies.ObjectivesVerify if there are differences in the ability of emotional regulation between older men and women.MethodsThe sample consisted of 851 healthy older adults, of whom 299 were men and 554 women. The participants were recruited from elderly leisure centers in the city of Valencia (Spain). To assess emotional regulation, the regulation dimension of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale 24 (TMMS-24) was used.ResultsSignificant differences were obtained in the emotional regulation dimension based on gender (F1, 851 = 0.075, p = 0.010), finding higher levels in women than in men (3.64 vs. 3.49).ConclusionsThere is an apparent advantage of women in relation to emotional regulation, showing more skill than men in the management of emotional states. This is an important finding considering the impact of emotional regulation on adaptation during aging. This adaptative advantage has a greate importance in generation pleasant emotional states that contribute to healthy aging.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Adaptive super-twisting non-singular terminal sliding mode control for tracking of quadrotor with bounded disturbances

In this research, a novel adaptive non-singular terminal sliding mode control (ANTSMC) is proposed for finite-time attitude and altitude tracking of aircraft system considering the bounded disturbances. By utilizing this structure, the desired reference is tracked in finite-time. Afterward, a new adaptive super-twisting sliding mode control (ASTSMC) is presented to decrease the control signals' chattering effect. This approach combines with the ANTSMC to compose this study's proposed approach as adaptive super-twisting non-singular terminal sliding mode control (ASTNTSMC). Additionally, an adaptive-regulation strategy is designed for estimating the unknown bounds of the disturbances. Finally, for evaluating the proposed strategies' ability, some simulations are performed based on quadrotor real parameters and confirmed the presented controllers' appropriate performances compared to other techniques.

Expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal in veterans with PTSD: Results from the mind your heart study

ObjectiveThis study examined whether expressive suppression (ES), a maladaptive regulation strategy, was more strongly associated with PTSD diagnosis and symptom clusters in veterans than cognitive reappraisal (CR), an adaptive regulation strategy. MethodIn a cohort study, 746 participants recruited from VHA facilities completed Clinician Administered PTSD Scale-IV, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Participants were categorized into groups: Current, Remitted/Lifetime, and Never PTSD. ResultsOne-way ANOVA revealed significant differences between Current PTSD and both Remitted and Never PTSD for ES, but not CR. The Remitted and Never PTSD groups did not vary significantly from each other and were collapsed into one group for regressions. Adjusting for sex, race, employment, and comorbid depression, binary logistic regression showed ES, but not CR, was associated with increased likelihood of Current PTSD (p < .001, OR: 1.43). ES was also significantly associated with increased odds of meeting criteria for all symptom clusters (ps < 0.001). CR was not significantly associated with meeting criteria for Current PTSD or any symptom cluster. LimitationsCross-sectional design and use of self-report limit causality inferences that can be drawn. ConclusionsES is associated with increased odds of Current PTSD diagnosis and symptom clusters. Veterans in the Remitted and Never PTSD groups did not differ significantly. Greater suppression of emotional expression is more strongly linked with PTSD criteria in veterans than decreased cognitive reappraisal.

Adaptive Gain Regulation of Sensor Fusion Algorithms for Orientation Estimation with Magnetic and Inertial Measurement Units

Magnetic and inertial measurement units (MIMUs) proved to be an accurate alternative for optic, electromagnetic, or acoustic measurement technologies. While the orientation of the MIMU could be estimated using accelerometer, gyroscope, or magnetometer sensors alone, many studies proposed sensor fusion algorithms (SFAs) to overcome the drawbacks that appear when each sensor is used individually. However, the performance of such SFAs highly depends on their gains, and poor initialization or incorrect adjustment of the gains would degrade the SFAs’ performance. Therefore, this article proposes a general framework to find the optimal adaptive gain tuning scheme for Kalman filters and complementary filters to achieve accurate and robust orientation estimation with MIMUs. To this end, we proposed an innovative optimization framework to find the fixed optimal gain of an SFA or the optimal adaptive gain regulation scheme. Also, we demonstrated that the designed adaptive gain regulation scheme (a hard switch with two or three levels or a fuzzy inference system) is essential for orientation tracking with various SFAs. We measured the thigh, shank, and foot motion of nine participants while performing various activities using MIMUs and a camera motion-capture system to calculate the MIMUs’ error in 3-D angle estimations. Gain regulation by hard switch was significantly ( $p ) more accurate and robust than it was for innovation adaptive estimation. Also, for all tested SFAs, hard switching for shank and foot MIMUs was significantly more accurate or robust than that for fixed optimal gain. Our experimental results showed that the adaptive gain tuning of SFAs using optimized gains is crucial, regardless of the algorithm structure or complexity.

“Dissociation, posttraumatic stress symptoms, emotional dysregulation, and invalidating environments as correlates of NSSI in borderline personality disorder patients”

ABSTRACT Theoretical models have proposed that inadequate caregiving environments undermine the development of adaptive regulation strategies at early stages and can lead children to inadequate regulation skills for coping with distress, such as dissociation, posttraumatic stress, and NSSI. The main aim of this work was to examine NSSI types and functions and the relationship between the aforementioned variables and lifetime NSSI in 102 patients with BPD diagnoses or BPD subthreshold symptoms. In addition, we explored the moderator role of dissociation between invalidating environments and NSSI. Results showed that 83.7% of the sample self-injured more than 5 times during their lifetime; 62.7% swallowed dangerous substances; 58.8% hit themselves; and 46% cut themselves. Regression analyses revealed that the model including variables with significant correlations with NSSI explained 27% of the variance in NSSI, with dissociation and invalidating behaviors of the father best explaining the variance in NSSI. In addition, dissociation moderated the association between invalidating behaviors of the father and NSSI. These results highlight the important role of invalidating environments, dissociation, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in NSSI in patients with BPD, and the need to assess and treat dissociation and posttraumatic symptoms in this population.

A Highly Synthesizable 0.5-to-1.0-V Digital Low-Dropout Regulator With Adaptive Clocking and Incremental Regulation Scheme

This brief presents a highly synthesizable digital low-dropout regulator (DLDO) based on adaptive clocking and an incremental regulation scheme. With these features, the clock frequency of the shift registers is adaptively changed according to load voltage, and most of the voltage droop is stably recovered in one clock transition using voltage-unit-resolution pass gates. Moreover, the DLDO is fully synthesized using an auto place-and-route (P&R) process except pass gates and an on-chip metal-oxide-metal (MOM) output capacitor. Therefore, the synthesizable DLDO offers a scalable and portable architecture that has low design cost. The proposed DLDO is fabricated in the 28-nm CMOS technology with an active area of 0.0056 mm2. The ranges of input and output voltages are from 0.5 V to 1.0 V and from 0.45 V to 0.95 V, respectively. During recovery from a 2-mA load-current step with a 5-ns slew, the DLDO achieves 92-mV voltage droop and 83-ns settling time. The quiescent current is $7.87~\mu \text{A}$ , and the maximum load current and peak current efficiency are 4 mA and 99.8 %, respectively, with a 0.5-V supply.

A new multi-stable fractional-order four-dimensional system with self-excited and hidden chaotic attractors: Dynamic analysis and adaptive synchronization using a novel fuzzy adaptive sliding mode control method

Four-dimensional chaotic systems are a very interesting topic for researchers, given their special features. This paper presents a novel fractional-order four-dimensional chaotic system with self-excited and hidden attractors, which includes only one constant term. The proposed system presents the phenomenon of multi-stability, which means that two or more different dynamics are generated from different initial conditions. It is one of few published works in the last five years belonging to the aforementioned category. Using Lyapunov exponents, the chaotic behavior of the dynamical system is characterized, and the sensitivity of the system to initial conditions is determined. Also, systematic studies of the hidden chaotic behavior in the proposed system are performed using phase portraits and bifurcation transition diagrams. Moreover, a design technique of a new fuzzy adaptive sliding mode control (FASMC) for synchronization of the fractional-order systems has been offered. This control technique combines an adaptive regulation scheme and a fuzzy logic controller with conventional sliding mode control for the synchronization of fractional-order systems. Applying Lyapunov stability theorem, the proposed control technique ensures that the master and slave chaotic systems are synchronized in the presence of dynamic uncertainties and external disturbances. The proposed control technique not only provides high performance in the presence of the dynamic uncertainties and external disturbances, but also avoids the phenomenon of chattering. Simulation results have been presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented control scheme.

Robust Pinning Constrained Control and Adaptive Regulation of Coupled Chua’s Circuit Networks

This paper addresses the problems of pinning synchronization control and regulation and its circuit realization of a class of perturbed coupled Chua’s circuit networks. Robust constrained control strategies for pinned circuits and adaptive regulation schemes for couplings are developed to eliminate the impact of bounded time-varying perturbations and nonlinearities. Bounded synchronization results of the closed-loop Chua’s circuit networks are obtained based on Lyapunov stability theory. Furthermore, the control strategies and adaptive regulation schemes are implemented physically by circuits to construct the closed-loop Chua’s circuit networks reality. Comparison results based on MULTISIM and MATLAB softwares are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control and regulation circuits.

Cognitive reappraisal capacity mediates the relationship between prefrontal recruitment during reappraisal of anger-eliciting events and paranoia-proneness

Difficulties in emotion regulation, particularly in using adaptive regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal, are a commonly observed correlate of paranoia. While it has been suggested that poor implementation of cognitive reappraisal in dealing with aversive events precedes the onset of subclinical paranoid thinking, there is little empirical research on neural activation patterns during cognitive reappraisal efforts that might indicate vulnerability towards paranoid thinking. Prefrontal EEG alpha asymmetry changes were recorded while n = 57 participants were generating alternative appraisals of anger-eliciting events, and were linked to a behavioral measure of basic cognitive reappraisal capacity and self-reported paranoia proneness (assessed by personality facets of hostility and suspiciousness; Personality Inventory for DSM-5). Mediation analysis revealed that less left-lateralized activation at ventrolateral prefrontal sites during reappraisal efforts predicted a higher degree of paranoia proneness. This relationship was mediated through poorer cognitive reappraisal capacity. Matching previous evidence, findings suggest that inappropriate brain activation during reappraisal efforts impairs individuals’ capacity to come up with effective alternative interpretations for anger-evoking situations, which may accentuate personality features related to increased paranoid thinking. The findings add to our understanding of neurally underpinned impairments in the capacity to generate cognitive reappraisals and their link to maladaptive personality and behavior.

Sliding mode disturbance observer control based on adaptive synchronization in a class of fractional‐order chaotic systems

SummaryIn this paper, a fractional‐order Dadras‐Momeni chaotic system in a class of three‐dimensional autonomous differential equations has been considered. Later, a design technique of adaptive sliding mode disturbance‐observer for synchronization of a fractional‐order Dadras‐Momeni chaotic system with time‐varying disturbances is presented. Applying the Lyapunov stability theory, the suggested control technique fulfils that the states of the fractional‐order master and slave chaotic systems are synchronized hastily. While the upper bounds of disturbances are unknown, an adaptive regulation scheme is advised to estimate them. The recommended disturbance‐observer realizes the convergence of the disturbance approximation error to the origin. Finally, simulation results are presented in one example to demonstrate the efficiency of the offered scheme on the fractional‐order Dadras‐Momeni chaotic system in the existence of external disturbances.

Distributed optimal operation of hierarchically controlled microgrids

The hierarchical control structure is widely investigated for a microgrid. Conventionally, the tertiary control layer and the primary and secondary control layers are studied independently since they are separated in time scale. It is difficult for distributed generation (DG) units to directly track the optimal power references provided by the tertiary control because they are controlled to behave as voltage sources by the primary and secondary controls. Moreover, even if the DG unit can realise power tracking, improper coordination among the primary, secondary and tertiary controls may still lead to instability of the microgrid. To fill the gap among the three control layers, this study proposes a method for realising their distributed joint operation. With the proposed method, DG units can track the optimal power references in a distributed manner. Regarding the stability issues, this study also presents (i) a detailed stability analysis of the system based on the constructed small-signal dynamic model and (ii) an adaptive regulation strategy of control parameters for enhancing the system stability. Finally, numerical studies and time-domain simulation results are provided to validate the proposed method's ability to realise a distributed optimal and stable operation for a hierarchically controlled microgrid.

Global adaptive tracking for a class of nonlinear time-delay systems

This paper aims to extend the newly developed global adaptive regulation scheme to adaptive tracking for a general class of nonlinear systems with both parameter uncertainties and unknown time delay for all the system states. With a simple yet novel decomposition of some coupling functions derived from the introduction of a reference signal, a backstepping tracking control strategy is proposed which possesses the feature that for each design step, a dynamic gain is introduced to generate an additional term to counteract the system nonlinearities and parameter uncertainties. As a result, a memoryless adaptive state-feedback controller is obtained to achieve the global adaptive tracking.

Emotion regulation mediates the effects of temperament traits and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms on affect in motor vehicle accident survivors

ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to investigate the associations among temperament traits postulated by the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT), posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD symptoms), emotion regulation strategies, and affect in the 280 motor vehicle survivors (MVA). MethodsTemperament was measured with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour–Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI), the level of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms was assessed by the PTSD Clinical Inventory (PTSD-C), emotion regulation was tested with the Polish adaptation of the Inventory of Cognitive Affect Regulation Strategies (ICARUS), and affect was evaluated by the Polish version of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). ResultsGreater emotional reactivity was associated with grater negative affect (also by maladaptive regulation) and lower positive affect whereas greater activity was linked to grater positive affect (also via adaptive regulation). Furthermore, greater PTSD symptoms were related to greater negative affect (also through maladaptive regulation) and lower positive affect. However, PTSD symptoms were not linked to adaptive regulation strategies. ConclusionThe findings significantly extends our current knowledge on the associations among temperament traits, PTSD symptoms, emotion regulation strategies, and affect in the motor vehicle survivors.

Processing and regulation of negative emotions in anorexia nervosa: An fMRI study.

Theoretical models and recent advances in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) have increasingly focused on the role of alterations in the processing and regulation of emotions. To date, however, our understanding of these changes is still limited and reports of emotional dysregulation in AN have been based largely on self-report data, and there is a relative lack of objective experimental evidence or neurobiological data.The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the hemodynamic correlates of passive viewing and voluntary downregulation of negative emotions by means of the reappraisal strategy detachment in AN patients. Detachment is regarded as adaptive regulation strategy associated with a reduction in emotion-related amygdala activity and increased recruitment of prefrontal brain regions associated with cognitive control processes. Emotion regulation efficacy was assessed via behavioral arousal ratings and fMRI activation elicited by an established experimental paradigm including negative images. Participants were instructed to either simply view emotional pictures or detach themselves from feelings triggered by the stimuli.The sample consisted of 36 predominantly adolescent female AN patients and a pairwise age-matched healthy control group. Behavioral and neuroimaging data analyses indicated a reduction of arousal and amygdala activity during the regulation condition for both patients and controls. However, compared with controls, individuals with AN showed increased activation in the amygdala as well as in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during the passive viewing of aversive compared with neutral pictures.These results extend previous findings indicative of altered processing of salient emotional stimuli in AN, but do not point to a general deficit in the voluntary regulation of negative emotions. Increased dlPFC activation in AN during passive viewing of negative stimuli is in line with the hypothesis that the disorder may be characterized by excessive self-control. Taken together, the data seem to suggest that reappraisal via detachment may be an effective strategy to reduce negative arousal for individuals with AN.

Adaptive synchronization of fractional-order quadratic chaotic flows with nonhyperbolic equilibrium

This paper considers a fractional-order quadratic chaotic flow with nonhyperbolic equilibrium in a class of three-dimensional autonomous differential equations. Afterward, a design technique of adaptive sliding mode disturbance-observer for synchronization of fractional-order quadratic chaotic flows with nonhyperbolic equilibriums and time-varying disturbances is offered. Applying the Lyapunov stability concept, the recommended control method satisfies that the states of the fractional-order master and slave quadratic chaotic systems are synchronized quickly. Whereas the upper bounds of disturbances are unknown, an adaptive regulation scheme is advised to estimate them. In the following, the proposed disturbance-observer realizes disturbance approximation error. Finally, simulation results are presented in three different examples to exhibit the effectiveness of the offered method on the fractional-order quadratic chaotic systems in the presence of external disturbances.

Modified direct adaptive regulation scheme applied to a benchmark problem

A direct adaptive regulation scheme using an adaptive FIR Youla–Kučera Filter has been proposed for solving the EJC Benchmark on rejection of multiple unknown and time-varying narrow-band disturbances (Castellanos Silva et al., 2013 [4]). Despite excellent results, this approach requires a careful design of the central controller in terms of selection of some of the assigned closed-loop poles. A modified scheme is proposed in this paper which will incorporate a particular adaptive IIR Youla–Kučera Filter, called ρ-notch structure (the denominator is a projection inside the unit circle of the poles of the model of the disturbance which has roots on the unit circle). The adaptive scheme estimates separately the numerator and denominator parameters of the IIR Youla–Kučera Filter. Stability and convergence proofs are given along with simulation and real-time results. Comparison with results already obtained for the EJC Benchmark is provided. The use of this approach drastically simplifies the design of the central controller and provides even better results than (Castellanos Silva et al., 2013 [4]) with the advantage to use a single central controller independent of the number of narrow band disturbances.

Adaptive output regulation and circuit realization for a class of attenuated coupled networks

In this paper, an adaptive regulation method for couplings and its physical implementation are presented to deal with the problem of output synchronization of networks. The networks are supposed to suffer from a fault described by network attenuation. For the sake of eliminating the adverse impact of network attenuation, a self-regulating network is introduced by adjusting coupling strength based on adaptive technique. By using the Lyapunov stability theory for a synchronization error system, asymptotic output synchronization of the overall networks can be established for the attenuated couplings even without any control input. Moreover, based on the adaptive regulation strategy, an approach for application of knowledge of electricity is proposed to physically realize the self-regulating networks. Finally, numerical simulations on a Rössler oscillator network are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the derived results.

PTSD, emotion dysregulation, and dissociative symptoms in a highly traumatized sample

Exposure to multiple traumas has been shown to result in many negative mental health outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Dissociation, which involves disruptions in memory, identity, and perceptions, may be a component of PTSD, particularly among individuals who have experienced childhood trauma. Emotion regulation difficulties are also strongly associated with childhood trauma and emotion dysregulation may be a particularly important factor to consider in the development and maintenance of dissociative symptoms.The goal of the present study was to determine whether emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and dissociation in a sample of 154 (80% female, 97% African-American) adults recruited from a public, urban hospital. PTSD was measured using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, emotion dysregulation was measured using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and dissociation was measured using the Multiscale Dissociation Inventory. A linear regression analysis showed that both PTSD and emotion dysregulation were statistically significant predictors of dissociation even after controlling for trauma exposure. Alexithymia and an inability to use emotion regulation strategies in particular were predictive of dissociation above and beyond other predictor variables. Using bootstrapping techniques, we found that overall emotion dyregulation partially mediated the effect of PTSD symptoms on dissociative symptoms. Our results suggest that emotion dysregulation may be important in understanding the relation between PTSD and dissociative symptoms. Treatment approaches may consider a focus on training in emotional understanding and the development of adaptive regulation strategies as a way to address dissociative symptoms in PTSD patients.