Adaptive Reactions Research Articles

Endotoxin Inflammatory Action on Cells by Dysregulated-Immunological-Barrier-Linked ROS-Apoptosis Mechanisms in Gut-Liver Axis.

Our study highlighted the immune changes by pro-inflammatory biomarkers in the gut-liver-axis-linked ROS-cell death mechanisms in chronic and acute inflammations when gut cells are exposed to endotoxins in patients with hepatic cirrhosis or steatosis. In duodenal tissue samples, gut immune barrier dysfunction was analyzed by pro-inflammatory biomarker expressions, oxidative stress, and cell death by flow cytometry methods. A significant innate and adaptative immune system reaction was observed as result of persistent endotoxin action in gut cells in chronic inflammation tissue samples recovered from hepatic cirrhosis with the A-B child stage. Instead, in patients with C child stage of HC, the endotoxin tolerance was installed in cells, characterized by T lymphocyte silent activation and increased Th1 cytokines expression. Interesting mechanisms of ROS-cell death were observed in chronic and acute inflammation samples when gut cells were exposed to endotoxins and immune changes in the gut-liver axis. Late apoptosis represents the chronic response to injury induction by the gut immune barrier dysfunction, oxidative stress, and liver-dysregulated barrier. Meanwhile, necrosis represents an acute and severe reply to endotoxin action on gut cells when the immune system reacts to pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th2 cytokines releasing, offering protection against PAMPs/DAMPs by monocytes and T lymphocyte activation. Flow cytometric analysis of pro-inflammatory biomarkers linked to oxidative stress-cell death mechanisms shown in our study recommends laboratory techniques in diagnostic fields.

Structural Changes in Rat Hepatocyte Nucleolus under Nucleolar Stress Caused by Hypothermia.

Structural changes in rat hepatocyte nucleoli were studied during deep hypothermia simulated by immersion in water at 5°C for 40 min (ambient air temperature 7°C). In comparison with the control, phenomena of nucleolar stress occurred in rats during hypothermia: the number of fibrillar centers (FC) per nucleus (by 1.7 times) and per nucleolus (by 1.6 times), nucleolonemal nucleoli per nucleus (by 2.8 times), and the relative content of nucleolonemal nucleoli per nucleus (by 2.6 times) significantly decreased (p=0.0000001); the number of FC per nucleolonemal nucleolus also decreased by 1.4 times (p=0.01). In the hepatocyte nuclei, we observed an increase in the relative content of transitional type nucleoli per nucleus (by 1.3 times; p=0.01), the number of FC per transitional type nucleolus (by 1.4 times; p=0.003), the content of free FC per nucleus (by 3 times; p=0.00004), and the percentage of free FC per nucleus (by 3.5 times; p=0.00004). These changes can be considered as compensatory and adaptive reactions, and transitional type nucleoli can be attributed to the "reserve" nucleolar pool.

Adaptive Reactions of Ancient Fossil Organisms: Likely Evolutionary Causes of Sociality Emergence

Adaptive Reactions of Ancient Fossil Organisms: Likely Evolutionary Causes of Sociality Emergence

Roles of ubiquitin-specific proteases in inflammatory diseases.

Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), as one of the deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) families, regulate the fate of proteins and signaling pathway transduction by removing ubiquitin chains from the target proteins. USPs are essential for the modulation of a variety of physiological processes, such as DNA repair, cell metabolism and differentiation, epigenetic modulations as well as protein stability. Recently, extensive research has demonstrated that USPs exert a significant impact on innate and adaptive immune reactions, metabolic syndromes, inflammatory disorders, and infection via post-translational modification processes. This review summarizes the important roles of the USPs in the onset and progression of inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis, pneumonia, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, hepatitis, diabetes, and obesity. Moreover, we highlight a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of USPs in these inflammatory diseases as well as post-translational modifications in the inflammatory responses and pave the way for future prospect of targeted therapies in these inflammatory diseases.

Integral evaluation of thyroid lymphatic region in phytocorrection of hypothyroidism consequences

To date, the integrative involvement of thyroid lymphatic region structures in providing tissue homeostasis in hypothyroidism and during rehabilitation remains a poorly understood problem. The use of phytotherapy is attractive for reducing the effects of hypothyroidism. This issue requires scientific justification during the rehabilitation phase.Material and methods. The work was performed on 160 white Wistar rats using light and electron microscopy according, data of morphometry and statistical matrix analysis. An adequate model of hypothyroidism was created by mercazolil administration. After the mercazolil withdrawal, we investigated the reversibility of thyroid and regional lymph node changes during the rehabilitation period (on 7, 14, 21 days) on the background of bioactive phytocomposition intake and without it. Phytocomposition from laminaria and medicinal plants of Siberia was used at a dose of 0.2 g/kg for three weeks after the cancellation of mercazolil.Results and discussion. The study showed a unidirectional change in thyroid and lymph node structure with a preferential decrease in indicators in hypothyroidism. The value of the total normalized index for the lymphatic region (lymphothyroostat) is negative during the recovery period without phytocorrection. The index has a negative value initially and up to 14 days and becomes positive only by the end of 21 days of the study reflecting the inertia of the structural response of organs. Phytotherapy provides high rationed index rates for lymphothyrostat. The index becomes positive starting at day 14. There is an intensification of compensatory and adaptive reactions at all levels of lymphothyrostat organization, starting with ultrastructural. The lymph node contributes significantly to the provision of homeostasis of the lymph region of the thyroid gland.Conclusions. Reorganization of the lymph node and thyroid gland is interconnected in hypothyroidism. The active role of the lymph node in providing tissue homeostasis in the lymph region of the thyroid is apparent. Thyroid and lymph node function can be enhanced by phytotherapy. Phytocomposition reduces the effects of hypothyroidism. It is a kind of modifier of thyroid and lymph node structure and function

Peculiarities of the morphology of the placenta of women with premature birth

The objective: аnalysis of the features of the morphological structure of the placenta of a woman who had complications from the group of main obstetric syndromes, which clinically constantly occur with previous defects. Materials and methods. The research was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol of research was proved by the local ethical committee, mentioned in the institution’s work. An informed sonnet was collected to carry out the research. The study of the features of the morphological structure of the placenta of women was carried out - the main group (OG) of n=28 pregnant women with spontaneous preterm birth (PB) at a gestation period of 24-36 weeks and 6 days. The control group (CG) consisted of 20 placentas of practically healthy pregnant women with a healthy reproductive history and an uncomplicated course of this pregnancy. Statistical processing of research results was carried out using standard Microsoft Excel 5.0 and Statistica 6.0 programs. Results. The presence of inflammatory diseases of the lower parts of the reproductive system and urinary tract in pregnant women contributes to the development of membranitis (rs=0.42 and rs=0.31 respectively; p<0.05) and omphalovasculitis (rs=0.45 and rs=0,35 respectively; р<0.05). Fetal development delay syndrome is associated with the presence of involutive-dystrophic changes in the litter and dissociation of villi (rs=0.37 and rs=0.51 respectively; р<0.05). At the same time, there are no compensatory-adaptive reactions and pronounced involutional-dystrophic changes and signs of villous maturation disorder in the placentas. An increase in the duration of the waterless interval is associated with the development of membranitis, omphalovasculitis, and pneumonia in the newborn (rs=0.36, rs=0.41, rs=0.57 respectively; p<0.05). During the morphological examination of the placentas, inflammatory changes of varying severity were observed in all placentas. Omphalovasculitis was statistically significantly more frequent(p=0.04) in women with PB and in all cases was combined with the presence of membranes. The presence in the placenta of membraneous, omphalovasculitis and the presence of involutional dystrophic changes is associated with the development of clinical manifestations of chorioamnionitis and pneumonia in a newborn (rs=0.53, rs=0.52, and rs=0.40, respectively; p<0.05). In the placentas of women with PB, compensatory and adaptive reactions are statistically significantly less frequent (p=0.00001) and involutive-dystrophic changes (p=0.00001), blood circulation disorders (p=0.0009) and villi dissociation are statistically significantly more frequent; р=0.02). Conclusions. Feature of the morphological structure of the placenta in women with premature birth is the frequent detection of inflammatory changes, signs of villous maturation disorders and involutional-dystrophic changes, and the absence of compensatory and adaptive reactions.

Development of adaptive reactions when applying drinking mineral water and electromagnetic radiation against the background of a high-calorie diet on the model of experimental metabolic syndrome

To identify features of development of adaptive protective reactions when applying drinking sulfate mineral water (MW) and low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency (EMR EHF) against the background of a high-calorie diet and after its elimination at an early stage of development of experimental metabolic syndrome. Experiments were conducted on 40 non-linear male rats with 200-220 g. weight. The model of metabolic syndrome was reproduced for 60 days. All animals were divided into 5 groups: 2 study groups, 2 control groups and 1 intact one. Rats of the 1st study group were given sulfate MW in combination with EMR EHF against the background of a high-calorie diet, controlled by rats receiving only a high-energy diet. Rats of the 2nd study group also received sulfate MW in combination with EMR EHF but when the metabolic syndrome simulation was finished and the high-calorie diet was eliminated, control was done by rats that were given standard food after eliminating the high-energy diet. Liver, testes and blood were objects of the study. Light-optical, morphometric methods of examination and electron microscopy were used. The use of sulfate MW in combination with EMR EHF against the background of the high-calorie diet was the most cause of increased activity of the antioxidant system and the plastic processes were weaker; the activation of natural adaptive reactions was noted after the elimination of the diet that in combination with actions of MW and EMR EHF led to the further intensification of protein synthesis (RNA, DNA, total protein), intensification of cellular and intracellular regeneration processes. The identified adaptive shifts during the action of the studied factors were caused by their antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and detoxifying actions. The results of the study can be used to develop the problem of regulating adaptive reactions with the application of therapeutic physical factors and to create new highly effective methods of preventing and treating metabolic syndrome.

Варианты адаптационных реакций у детей с острыми респираторными инфекциями

The endocrine and immune systems play an important role in the child’s adaptation to acute respiratory infection (ARI). The course and outcome of the disease depend on the effectiveness of their work; hence the relevance of this topic. The purpose is to establish variants of adaptive reactions in children with ARI based on the study of clinical and laboratory parameters. Material and methods. 210 children from 1 to 16 years of age were examined in the acute period of ARI. In addition to the standard clinical laboratory and instrumental examination, patients were assessed for the level of thyroid hormones (T4 free, T3 free), TSH, cortisol, IFN-ɑ and IFN-ɣ in blood serum. Results. 4 adaptive reactions have been established in children with ARI. The training reaction, the markers of which are increased cortisol and IFN-ɣ, develops in children with a mild form of ARI. The reaction of quiet activation, the markers of which are elevated cortisol, IFN-ɣ and TSH, proceeds with the development of moderate -severe forms of ARI. The low activation reaction, the markers of which are low cortisol and IFN-ɑ, is characterized by a severe form with the development of obstructive syndrome. The reactivation reaction, the markers of which are represented by very high levels of cortisol, IFN-ɑ, TSH and low IFN-ɣ, develops in children with severe ARI complicated with pneumonia. Conclusion. During adaptive reactions of training, quiet activation and reactivation in children with ARI, the administration of interferons and glucocorticoids is not indicated. Therapy with recombinant interferons-α and glucocorticoids is recommended for children with a low activation reaction.

ОЦЕНКА КОРРЕЛЯЦИИ БИОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ СЫВОРОТКИ КРОВИ КУР-НЕСУШЕК ПРИ РАЗНЫХ УРОВНЯХ ПЛОТНОСТИ ПОСАДКИ

With the cellular technology of keeping laying hens, their mobility is limited. This can lead to various negative consequences due to the development of a protective and adaptive reaction in the body of an agricultural bird. One of the approaches to the early diagnosis of stress reactions in poultry is the study of biochemical parameters of blood serum. Biochemical indicators can provide information about the general condition of the bird, changes in its body and stress levels. In particular, the study of biochemical parameters of blood serum of laying hens at different levels of planting density can help to identify the relationship between the conditions of poultry keeping and its stress response. Mathematical calculations of the estimation of the correlation dependence of biochemical parameters of blood serum of laying hens depending on different levels of planting density with cellular content are important in the interpretation of the data obtained. Fischer's F-criterion (F-distribution) was used for mathematical processing of the research results. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the indicators of cholesterol and total protein in laying hens do not depend on the planting density. Alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, calcium, ACTH depend on the density of laying hens (the null hypothesis is refuted at 1% significance level). Blood glucose and cortisol levels are also dependent on planting density. Here, the null hypothesis is refuted at the 5% significance level. The results of the study of the levels of alkaline phosphatase, glucose, phosphorus, calcium, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol at different levels of planting density indicate the development of a stress reaction in laying hens and are important diagnostic markers when exposed to technological stresses.

General non-specific adaptation reactions and levels of organism reactivity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and associated with the human immunodeficiency virus at the stages of medication

The data of 165 patients were analyzed, of which 121 with pulmonary tuberculosis, new cases, who were treated according to the modified DOTS schemes with retrosternal instillation of the 10%-5ml isoniazid solution and 44 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis associated with human immunodeficiency virus, who received standard antituberculosis and antiretroviral treatment. The patients were assessed the reactions of general nonspecific adaptation, the reactivity levels of the organization and the sum of the score accumulated by the patient according to the method of L.H.Garcavi and coaut., 1979. It was found that in the quotas of patients from both groups up to treatment prevailed low levels of reactivity of the organism, which after the intensive phase DOTS (and corresponding – antiretroviral treatment) in patients only with pulmonary tuberculosis or more maintained at 50%, and in the group and with HIV Association low levels remained the same. Pathological adaptation reactions at that time in the first group persisted in every third patient, while in the other group they remained without changes. These data are useful in assessing the risk of activation of the process, the prognosis of further evolution of the disease and the correction of curative measures.

Looking forward or backward: A temporal lens to disentangle adaptive and maladaptive reactions to daily goal-performance discrepancy.

The fast-changing work environment has created growing hindrances to employee daily goal pursuits and rendered it not uncommon for employees to leave work with unachieved daily work goals. The significant ramifications of unachieved goals on employee well-being and performance thus call for more research efforts to understand how employees respond to unsatisfactory goal progress (e.g., goal-performance discrepancy [GPD]). Interestingly, two paradoxical theoretical perspectives exist on this matter, with the self-regulation perspective suggesting an adaptive feedback loop (i.e., GPD on a given day eventually reduces next-day GPD), whereas the self-focused cognition perspective suggesting a maladaptive feedback loop (i.e., GPD on a given day eventually exacerbates next-day GPD). Taking a temporal lens to integrate these two perspectives, we conducted a daily diary study to map out the self-regulatory cognition mechanisms (i.e., anticipatory thinking) and self-focused cognition mechanisms (i.e., rumination) underlying the feedback loops, and identify employee temporal focus (future and past focuses) as critical cross-level boundary conditions to explain why some react to daily GPD adaptively, whereas others maladaptively. Based on 485 daily reports from 100 work professionals, we revealed that daily GPD at work resulted in reduced next-day GPD via increased after-work anticipatory thinking. Meanwhile, daily GPD also resulted in aggravated next-day GPD via increased after-work rumination. Moreover, employee future focus mitigated the maladaptive cycle, whereas employee past focus hindered the adaptive cycle. Our study thus provides important theoretical and empirical insights into employee goal-pursuit process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) B infections remain a primary global health concern. The immunopathology of the infection, specifically the interactions between HBV and the host immune system, remains somewhat unknown. It has been discovered that innate immune reactions are vital in eliminating HBV. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential category of proteins that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). They begin pathways of intracellular signals to stimulate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus forming adaptive immune reactions. HBV TLRs include TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9. Each TLR has its particular molecule to recognize; various TLRs impact HBV and play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. TLR gene polymorphisms may have an advantageous or disadvantageous efficacy on HBV infection, and some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can influence the progression or prognosis of infection. Additionally, it has been discovered that similar SNPs in TLR genes might have varied effects on distinct populations due to stress, diet, and external physical variables. In addition, activation of TLR-interceded signaling pathways could suppress HBV replication and increase HBV-particular T-cell and B-cell reactions. By identifying these associated polymorphisms, we can efficiently advance the immune efficacy of vaccines. Additionally, this will enhance our capability to forecast the danger of HBV infection or the threat of dependent liver disease development via several TLR SNPs, thus playing a role in the inhibition, monitoring, and even treatment guidance for HBV infection. This review will show TLR polymorphisms, their influence on TLR signaling, and their associations with HBV diseases.

Psychomotor reaction in adolescents with different levels of physical development

The work is aimed at studing dynamics of the latent time of motor reaction in conditions of noise interference in adolescents. The result of research of latent time of impellent reaction and force of nervous processes (under the tepping-test) at teenagers of 13-15 years with a certain level of physical development demonstrated that children with a high physical development level have low functional reserves brain programming systems. The influence of the processes underlying acceleration in terms of adaptive reactions of teenagers is showed by this way. The study of the motor reaction to a light stimulus was carried out using the latent time of simple motor reaction computer program developed in the laboratory. It was clear that the processes of acceleration affected the morph functional organization of regulatory brain systems, reducing their level of adaptability and operational reliability. Low indicators of adolescents’ strength of nervous processes, which were obtained during tapping testing, are the general modern trend towards a decrease in the level of their health. The data obtained can be used in the development of medical and pedagogical methods for correcting the functional state of the body of adolescents at the prenosological stage.

Morphology of the colon wall at different stages of chronic constipation

Introduction. Chronic constipation affects 14–16% of the developed countries population, thus remaining an important problem of modern coloproctology. To substantiate an objective treatment, it is elevant to look at not only clinical, laboratory, and instrumental data, but also at morphogenesis of structural colon changes at different stages of chronic constipation. Materials and methods. We studied postoperative material of 30 patients with drug-resistant chronic constipation at subcompensated (SC) and decompensated (DC) stages. The comparison group (CG) included 30 cases of colon resection for non-recurrent colorectal cancer. Morphometry of mucous membrane structural elements and neuromuscular and lymphoid apparatus was carried out. Results. Quantitative analysis of structural colon elements at SC stage indicates reversible atrophic changes and thickening of submucosal and muscular membranes, mainly due to edema and hypertrophy. Simultaneously, atrophic changes at DC stage are irreversible, with sclerotic, dystrophic, and atrophic changes being observed in submucosal and muscular membranes. As chronic constipation progresses, the number of nerve cells in the neuromuscular apparatus of the colon decreases significantly. Morphogenesis of lymphoid formations is limited to the development of a compensatory adaptive reaction as protective hyperplasia at SC stage, without simultaneous increase in the specific proportion of secondary lymphoid follicles. Although at DS stage, the average number and specific proportion of lymphoid formations in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon increase; the average area of lymphoid formations decreases markedly; and no secondary lymphoid follicles are observed. Conclusion. The established patterns of the colon wall morphogenesis in chronic constipation provide us objective causes to confirm the irreversible progression of pathological processes in all its functionally significant structures. This, based on the morphometric criteria obtained, serves as a recommendation for finding the most optimal treatment option for such patients. Keywords: chronic constipation, morphometry

AGE DYNAMICS OF VEGETATIVE AND NEURODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AMONG CHILDREN AT THE AGE OF 5-7 DURING MENTAL LOADS

Purpose. To trace changing dynamics of vegetative and neurodynamic functions among children at the age of 5-7 during mental loads. The study usually starts for the senior pre-school and junior school age. Individual children’s features and work of organ systems ensure adaptive reactions (including those during intensive mental loads). Therefore, we should pay attention to age dynamics of statistical and spectral peculiarities of heart rhythm for pre- and post-load states of kids. Material and methods. 112 children at the age of 5-7 participated in the research. They come from senior pre-school and junior school institutions in Sumy, a Ukrainian city. The research determines functional activities and nervous power of children via the Diahnost-1M methodology. The Fazahraf methodology estimates values of the cardiovascular system and influence of the vegetative nervous system on the heart rhythm. The technique collected and analyzed electrical potentials of spectral peculiarities of regulatory functions and significant statistical values of the heart rhythm. Because of the stage-by-stage research approach and data heterogeneity, we conducted a multi-level mathematical assessment. Most data were not subject to normal distribution since there was a sharp asymmetry of low-stage discretization. Results. Children may have different features during and after mental loads. They can be defined via most spectral and statistical values of the varying heart rhythm. The heart rhythm reactions among children at the age of 5 are shifted to sympathicotonia. During mental loads, the dominance of sympathetic influence and instable control of regulatory systems was typical for the 6-year-old sample. Besides, we established a relation between nervous power and cardiovascular activities (r=0.42; р<0.05). In contrast to other age samples, the 7-year-old group showed a balanced cooperation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Simultaneously, there was an obvious resistance to external stimuli during mental loads (r=-0.36; р<0.05). Conclusions. Children at the age of 7 are more adapted to solve mental tasks with a certain speed. Therefore, we should pay a great attention to age functioning of physiological systems. In this way, we may apply the person-centered approach within the study process to raise adaptive abilities of the children’s nervous system

Особенности адаптационного периода и характеристика состояния поздних недоношенных новорожденных в раннем детстве

The purpose was to study the features of adaptation in the neonatal period and the health status in early childhood of late premature newborns. Material and methods. An analysis was carried out of 267 cases of premature babies born at 34–36 weeks of gestation and 211 outpatient records during their follow-up observation from 2021 to 2023 at Children’s Hospital No. 1 in Kazan. Results. The most common causes of adaptation disorders in late premature infants were respiratory disorders, hyperbilirubinemia, infections, and hypoxic-ischemic lesions of the central nervous system. In the first year of life, the incidence of acute lower respiratory tract infections was observed in 22% of patients, neurological abnormalities in 36%, and decreased physical development in 31% of late premature infants. Conclusion. Morpho-functional immaturity and disturbances in the adaptation period lead to a decrease in the protective and adaptive reactions of premature infants with a gestation period of 34–36 weeks in the early age.

Pre-sowing irradiation of annual ryegrass seeds as a way to accelerate plant growth and adaptation to adverse conditions

As a result of pre-sowing irradiation of annual ryegrass seeds of Rapid variety, the effect of radiobiological stimulation was obtained, which manifested in root growth and an increase in the mass of seedlings and was most observed at a dose of γ-irradiation of 4 Gy. A similar effect when germinating seeds after storage for 90 days was obtained at higher doses of seed irradiation – 10 and 15 Gy; a dose of 4 Gy increased the sprout length. In case of imitation of arid conditions for ryegrass plants, seedlings from non-irradiated seeds of the control variant, under stress, experienced depression and lagged in growth from seedlings with optimal hydration. At the same time, pre-sowing γ-irradiation of seeds in doses of 15-20 Gy partially compensated for the negative effect of lack of moisture, ensuring the same plant development as with optimal hydration, confirming that radiation hormesis can be an example of an adaptive reaction to changing environmental conditions.

Cytogenetic Analysis of the Crustacean Pontogammarus robustoides (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) at Increased Water Temperature under Conditions of Microcosm

Adaptive reactions of <i>Pontogammarus robustoides</i>, a representative of the family Gammaridae, were studied at the cellular level at the increase in water temperature to its critical values under conditions of a model ecosystem - a microcosm. A cytogenetic analysis of its embryo cells was carried out and the activity of nucleoli of somatic cells was investigated. It has been shown that normal development of <i>P. robustoides</i> embryo cells was observed within the temperature range from 25.0°C to 27.5°C. The increase in water temperature up to 30.0-30.5°C resulted in such structural and functional changes in its cells as the increase in chromosome aberrations and the increase in the number of micronuclei. At the prolonged exposure to the increased water temperature, these indices approached critical levels. The number of embryo cells with nuclear fragmentation increased, which is evidence of the development of the processes directed to apoptosis. The destruction of embryo cell structures was registered at 32.0°C. The total volume of nucleoli in the somatic cells increased, which can be indicative of the increased synthesis of proteins probably involved in the processes of adaptation. A decrease in water temperature to the initial level of 25.0°C favored recovery of the structural and functional indices of Gammaridae genome. However, a high contribution of cell division disorders was still observed, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of micronuclei.

Myocardial Remodeling Markers in Hypertensive and Overweight or Obese Patients

Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines can be used as markers of the severity of the arterial hypertension (AH) and the risk of its complications. The objective: to analyze the significance of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as markers of myocardial remodeling in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and overweight or obesity. Materials and methods. 103 patients with AH (60 women and 43 men) took part in the study. The average age of the participants was 53.21±8.5 years, the average duration of AH – 8.2±6.3 years. The patients were divided into two groups according to the level of IL-10. The first group included 80 (78%) patients with AH and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 who had a normal level of IL-10 (up to 32 pg/ml), the second group included 23 (22%) individuals with increased anti-inflammatory cytokine. Also, the patients were divided into two groups according to cytokine levels. The first group included 74 (72%) patients with AH and overweight or obesity (the level of IL-1β was up to 11 pg/ml), the second group included 29 (28%) patients with an elevated level of IL-1β. All subjects underwent an anthropometric measurement, clinical and laboratory examination, and determination of the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β by enzyme immunoassay method. Results. The results of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations (IL-1β and IL-10, respectively) were different. It was found that the level of IL-10 does not depend on the age of patients and the duration of AH, but there is a direct relationship between the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine and BMI (35.8±5.7 kg/m2 vs. 32.4±5.7 kg/m2; p<0.05) with fasting glycemia level (r=0.3; p<0.05). It is also indicated that patients AH and increased BMI have on average a significantly longer QT interval (0.40±0.07 s vs. 0.36±0.04 s; p<0.05). It was determined that 13% of patients with elevated anti-inflammatory cytokine levels had QT prolongation. In 39% of cases, an increase in the mass index of the myocardium of the left ventricle was found (twice more among women). A direct correlation between the level of homocysteine and pro-inflammatory (r=0.31; p<0.05) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (r=0.47; p<0.05) was determined. At the same time, patients with elevated levels of IL-1β had a direct correlation with left ventricular myocardial mass index (r=0.42; p<0.05) and average daily mean arterial pressure (r=0.85; p<0.005). Conclusions. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 has greater prognostic significance than the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. An increased level of IL-10 in patients with AH and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 may indicate an adaptive reaction of the organism’s immune response. A high level of IL-10 in this cohort of patients is associated with worse control of blood pressure levels and can be considered as a predictor of the development of cardiac arrhythmias.

Fluorescent reaction of wheat seedlings when infected by <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i>

Results of the studies of photosynthetic activity of seedlings of three varieties of spring soft wheat grown under controlled climatic conditions and their response to infection with the pathogen of common root rot of cereals Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem. by chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) parameters are presented. Chlorophyll fluorescence was recorded with a Dual-PAM-100/F fluorimeter in the mode of recording slow kinetics of dark induction curves with pulse saturation analysis (Slow Kinetics). The studies were conducted in 2021, 2022. The varietal specificity of formation of adaptive reactions of 10–16-day-old spring wheat seedlings under infection with B. sorokiniana (5000 conidia per grain) according to the daily dynamics of the ChlF parameters was established. The information content of the ChlF parameters Y(II), ETR, qP, Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, Y(NPQ), qN and Y(NО) as biomarkers for assessing pathogen resistance of the varieties at the level of photosynthetic apparatus was confirmed. The response of the more resistant wheat varieties Novosibirskaya 29 and Sibirskaya 21 to the pathogen introduction was less pronounced compared to the less resistant variety Novosibirskaya 41. The more resistant varieties exhibited the smallest changes in the ChlF parameters relative to the control. The greatest inter-variety differences in infection with B. sorokiniana (from 1.9 to 8.6 times) were manifested in 16-day-old seedlings. The level of the photosynthetic activity in the formation of adaptive reactions during the pathogenesis of B. sorokiniana can serve as a criterion of stress resistance, which will make it possible to conduct complex studies on modeling the system plant – host – pathogen, to assess the primary nonspecific reactions and adaptive components of stress resistance of spring wheat varieties.