Actual Charging Research Articles

Solar energy contribution to an electric vehicle needs on the basis of long-term measurements

The European Commission has set the rules towards a cleaner and more sustainable environment. Considering that the transportation sector is a great GHG emitter, not only have pollution limits been set, but also the directives for the necessary infrastructure have been introduced. Namely, renewable energy sources (RES)-based electromobility is strongly promoted by EU countries so as to encounter the polluting internal combustion engines on the one hand, and the fueling of electric vehicles (EVs) with electricity generated from fossil fuels on the other. In this context, the current study provides useful insight with regards to RES-based electromobility, using real measurements from the operation of the innovative, solar-based EV charging station of the Soft Energy Applications and Environmental Protection Laboratory of the University of West Attica. The particular installment can operate both autonomously and connected to the local grid and is used both for research and the actual charging of EVs, with similar installations believed to pave the way -together with other novel elements- for the creation of smart grids and future smart cities. The results of the specific study derive from the adoption of specific distance scenarios (km per annum) concerning average drivers and normal driving patterns. The available vehicle is discharged under real-world driving conditions and afterwards charged under the same charging speed in order to assess the contribution of solar energy (photovoltaics (PVs)). To this end, it is proved that a solar carport of 3kWp total capacity can support an EV covering more than 20000km within one year. The importance of the results lies in the fact that the energy consumption of a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) is estimated under real-world driving conditions, together with the respective PV or grid contribution necessary for charging the vehicle, while, in addition to that, sizing directions for a solar charging station used for the supply of a BEV’s annual energy needs are provided.

Modeling Na2s Based Glassy Electrolytes for High Performance Solid State Sodium Ion Batteries

Limited availability of lithium and safety concerns due to flammability of liquid electrolytes pose significant challenges to commercial lithium-ion batteries. To overcome these limitations, it is essential to explore technologies beyond conventional lithium ion batteries, particularly for electric power grid applications. Sodium ion batteries, particularly those employing solid electrolytes, are being explored as potential candidates. Solid state electrolytes are typically non – toxic and more environmental friendly, which provides them an edge over their liquid counterparts. However, obtaining relatively high ionic conductivity at room temperatures is challenging. In this work, we studied sodium sulfide (Na2S) based glasses as electrolytes for solid state sodium ion batteries. More specifically, sodium sulfide – silicon sulfide [0.5Na2S – 0.5SiS2] glass was explored. These glassy electrolytes were modeled using classical molecular dynamics (MD) approach. The interactions between various ions in the glass were defined using Buckingham type potential. All the glasses were formed using a typical melt – quench technique. Due to amorphous nature of the glass, a large number of initial glass structures were studied to obtain statistically reasonable model. The density of glass obtained through MD was observed to match quite well to the experimentally reported value. Further structural validation of the molecular model was performed by comparing the pair distribution function (PDF) for different pairs of ions for actual glass to those obtained from MD simulations. The ionic conductivity values for these glasses at room temperature have been observed to be in the range of ~ 10-5S/cm, which agreed well with the values obtained from the molecular simulations. Furthermore, the activation energy for ion hopping within the glass was obtained through MD and compared well with experimental data. A KMC site model was developed, based on inputs from MD, to evaluate the ionic conductivity of these glasses at a much larger length scale and the results agreed well with experimental measurements. Interactions at the anode – electrolyte interface play a key role in determining the performance of sodium ion batteries. Ab initio MD simulations of pure sodium metal and glassy electrolyte interface were performed. Structural configuration of the sodium anode – glass interface was estimated by calculating the density distribution and PDF’s for various ion pairs. Additionally, Na+ ion transport near the interface was studied carefully to determine specific metallic sites that accommodate Na+ ions. The distribution of these favorable sites along with their respective site energies were calculated and provided as inputs to KMC site model that simulated actual battery charging – discharging cycles based on the above inputs from ab initio MD.

Optimal charging scheduling for large-scale EV (electric vehicle) deployment based on the interaction of the smart-grid and intelligent-transport systems

The widespread use of electric vehicles (EVs) is becoming an imminent trend. Research has been done on the scheduling of EVs from the perspective of the charging characteristic, improvement in the safety and economy of the power grid, or the traffic jams in the transport system caused by a large number of EVs driven to charging stations. There is a lack of systematic studies considering EVs, the power grid, and the transport system all together. In this paper, a novel optimal charging scheduling strategy for different types of EVs is proposed based on not only transport system information, such as road length, vehicle velocity and waiting time, but also grid system information, such as load deviation and node voltage. In addition, a charging scheduling simulation platform suitable for large-scale EV deployment is developed based on actual charging scenarios. The simulation results show that the improvements in both the transport system efficiency and the grid system operation can be obtained by using the optimal strategy, such as the node voltage drop is decreased, the power loss is reduced, and the load curve is optimized.

Preliminary Study on the Measurement of the Electrostatic Charging State of PM2.5 Collected on Filter Media

This study focused on the measurement of the actual charging state of ambient aerosol particles, which is important for understanding the intricate process of adverse health effects caused by particulate matter (PM). The net electrostatic charging state of PM 2.5 collected on filter media was measured in this study. The Faraday cage method and surface potential measurements were used in this study. The results showed that the polarities of the net charging state measured using these two methods were in agreement for 42 out of 48 samples (87.5%), and 36 samples (75%) were negatively charged. The filters were not significantly charged by friction between the filters and air not containing PM. Charge addition to or leakage from the filters was not observed over a two-month storage period. Net charging state of PM 2.5 collected on the filters was concluded to be negative in most cases, based on data’s support of the assumption that aerosol charging state is not altered by the process of PM collection using filter.

30.2: UD Resolution 240Hz LCD TV Display System with High Speed Driving

AbstractThe Ultra high Definition (3840times2160) resolution, 70″ LCD TV with 240Hz frame rate has been developed. A cost effective single bank driving architecture with multi‐chip structure is realized by adopting a vertical quarter partitioned (VQP) and overlap data exchange (ODX) driving scheme. Even though half‐gate two‐data line design (hG‐2D) is adopted to overcome the charging time limitation, scan line overlapping driving scheme has also been implemented to enhance the actual pixel charging performance. The 240Hz frame rate driving technology makes 3‐dimensional display through temporal division such as 3D display of active shutter glass possible. Furthermore, a novel up‐scaling algorithm with inventive single‐frame super‐resolution methodologies has been invented to cope with input display data of FHD resolution.

Congestion charging and car use: A review of stated preference and opinion studies and market monitoring evidence

This paper reviews 20 published congestion pricing studies with a focus on the dimensions of the stated preference or opinion survey, especially the type of charging regime and the structure of the charge. The effectiveness and acceptability of different charging regimes, as well as behavioural responses such as changes in departure time, car use, mode, residential, and work location, are synthesised, and used to provide insights to enrich our understanding of the potential role that specific congestion pricing schemes might play in influencing behavioural change. Reviewed evidence from the monitoring of the behavioural responses associated with actual congestion charging schemes, such as reduction in car trips, shift in departure times and switch to public transport, shows that the evidence from stated preference studies aligns well with the real market evidence. We also provide recommendations on the design of future stated preference studies, emphasising the need to include a systematic treatment of all key themes identified in this paper.

Decentralized Adaptive Control of Coke Oven Batteries

In this paper, we deal with modeling and controller design of coke oven batteries. Mathematical models on heat balance of carbonization chambers and combustion chambers are introduced and their combination gives the thermal dynamics of the whole battery systems. A cycle of processes in carbonization chambers is an endothermic chemical reaction and a post-carbonization, which causes thermal oscillation, and we give a model on actual charging schedule of coal to carbonization chambers, called ``5 skip operation.'' In order to restrain the temperature oscillations in chambers under parameter uncertainties, we propose a decentralized adaptive controller and show that it attains convergence to ideal time responses.

Travel behaviour response to UK road user charging

Road user charging has generated a great deal of interest as a measure to alleviate the increasing congestion in the UK. Acceptability of such schemes has proved a stumbling block. In this paper, acceptability issues associated with the London scheme, the rejected proposals for Edinburgh and a possible national scheme are summarised and linked to political and media influences. Rather than concentrate on widely discussed acceptability, the paper then focuses on the behavioural response of individuals to road user charging schemes. The aim of this paper is to examine individual travel behaviour response towards actual and potential road user charging in the UK. The behavioural response is then linked to wider travel demand management schemes, and how groups of individuals, as population segments, respond. Insights are provided for the policy-sensitive segments of the socially excluded and the business community. Discussion includes possible future developments of UK road user charging.

Dynamic Induction Charging of Particles With Finite Conductivity

Despite the common belief that, in the process of induction charging, the actual charging time constant and the material-based relaxation time constant are equal, there is no proof that these parameters are related at all. The purpose of this paper is to determine the actual induction charging time constant for practical types of particles having both finite conductivity and permittivity. All investigations were based on numerical simulations done for idealized geometric models of the problem. The model was developed for the transient case and solved by using the COMSOL commercial software, which is based on the finite-element method. Spherical and rough particles with various contact areas with the ground electrode were considered. The surface conduction of the particle was neglected. The effect of the particle contact area, conductivity, and permittivity on the actual charging time constant was investigated, and the results were compared with that predicted by the classic relaxation time constant, as defined by the material properties. It was found that the actual time constant is not equal to the relaxation time constant but is directly affected by the value of the contact area between the particle and ground electrode.

Effect of surface conduction on the dynamics of induction charging of particles

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dynamics of induction charging for spherical particles assuming finite volume and surface conductivities. It is assumed that the thickness of the surface layer is a small percentage of the particle radius. All results were obtained using COMSOL commercial software. The results show that the rate of charge accumulation is affected by the conductivity, permittivity and the contact area with the ground electrode. It is shown that the actual charging time constant for a material with fixed bulk properties can differ considerably from the relaxation time.

Sulphur Emission Control in China: Domestic Policy and Regional Cooperative Strategy

This paper investigates the economic costs of pollution due to sulphur dioxide emissions in China and their impacts on human health and ecosystems in Northeast Asia, specifically China and Japan. We compare actual emission charging as practiced in China with the estimated domestic and regional “optimal” charges. The analysis demonstrates that, while the actual SO2 emission charge in China has been increased, it may be still less than the estimated domestic “optimal” charge incorporating damage costs only on human health by dry deposition in a gaseous form, excluding damage costs caused by acid rain in China. Nevertheless, it would be still beneficial for Japan to financially assist China with its SO2 reduction because the percent contribution by northeast China to deposition in Japan is increasing.

Sulphur Emission Control in China: Domestic Policy and Regional Cooperative Strategy

This paper investigates the economic costs of pollution due to sulphur dioxide emissions in China and their impacts on human health and ecosystems in Northeast Asia, specifically China and Japan. We compare actual emission charging as practiced in China with the estimated domestic and regional “optimal” charges. The analysis demonstrates that, while the actual SO2 emission charge in China has been increased, it may be still less than the estimated domestic “optimal” charge incorporating damage costs only on human health by dry deposition in a gaseous form, excluding damage costs caused by acid rain in China. Nevertheless, it would be still beneficial for Japan to financially assist China with its SO2 reduction because the percent contribution by northeast China to deposition in Japan is increasing.