Activity Of Aqueous Methanolic Extract Research Articles

In vitro Anti-diabetic Activity of Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Ailanthus Altissima Bark

The intestinal digestive enzyme alpha-glucosidase plays a vital role in the carbohydrate digestion. One anti-diabetic therapeutic approach reduces the postprandial glucose level by the inhibition of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic activity of extract of Ailanthus altissima bark, in vitro. Three different plant extracts were formulated by using distilled water, methanol, and a mixture of methanol and water (70:30) to compare the best effect of the extract, while distilled water and metformin were used as negative and positive controls. Four different concentrations of plant extract in all solvents were used to find percentage inhibition of alpha-glucosidase. Maximum percentage inhibition was examined against 1.5 mL of all solvent extracts but aqueous methanolic plant extract showed maximum73% inhibition that was comparable to standard drug inhibition (80%). One-way ANOVA was followed for statistical analysis to find out the P-value based on which most significant and insignificant were declared. Aqueous methanolic plant extract showed the most significant results because the value of p<0.5 through the goodness of the model while aqueous plant extract showed insignificant results because the P- value is > 0.05. The assay results suggest that the presence of bioactive compounds are responsible for the versatile medicinal properties against diabetes, the aqueous methanolic extract exhibit a dose-dependent increase in inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase enzyme up to 73%. The current study proves aqueous methanolic extract of A. altissima bark has anti-diabetic activity in vitro and is a strong candidate for postprandial control of blood glucose level.

In vivo anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic activity and in vitro anti-proliferative activity of aqueous methanolic extract of Euphorbia granulata Forssk

BackgroundNaturally occurring substances of plant origin have long been used in folk medicine for curing various ailments including fever, pain, and inflammation etc. After careful evaluation on scientific bases, a large number of those substances provides cheaper alternative to currently used synthetic or semi-synthetic agents. Thus, with an aim of discovering alternative medicine for treatment of such ailments, current study was carried out. Euphorbia granulata Forssk. had long been used as a therapeutic agent against various morbid conditions, e.g., anthelmintic, snake bite, scorpion sting, purgative, and diuretic, and as blood purifying agent in folk medicine. The purpose of the current study was to determine the extended therapeutic use of Euphorbia granulata Forssk. based upon scientific evaluation, to explore the potential of its anti-proliferative, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities while using an aqueous methanol extract of the whole plant.ResultsIn vivo study was performed on female rats of specie Rattus norvegicus weighing (100–150 g). Anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract was calculated against using carrageenan induced paw edema. Analgesic potential both central and peripheral was assessed by using Eddy’s hot plate method and acetic acid-induced writhing model, respectively. The antipyretic potential was appraised using brewer’s yeast suspension, injected under the nape of the neck, and body temperature was measured using a digital thermometer. The plant extract strengths used for in vivo experiments were 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg/kg (diluted in normal saline) and were administered through intra-peritoneal route. MTT assay was performed to estimate in vitro anti-proliferative potential. For this assay, a serial dilution of the plant extract was used with 100 μg/ml as the highest concentration. In vivo results demonstrated that plant extract at dose strength of 200 mg/kg, showed significant (p* < 0.05) anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. In case of MTT assay, however, no significant anti-proliferative activity (p > 0.05) was observed up to 100 μg/ml dose strength.ConclusionIt can be concluded that aqueous methanol extract of Euphorbia granulata (whole plant) have shown significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-pyretic activity in animal model. Therefore it can be a potential candidate, as a therapeutic alternative against treatment of algesia, pyrexia, and inflammation of various pathological origin. However, the plant extract did not demonstrate any significant anti-proliferation activity at doses used in this study.

Pink Cedar (Acrocarpus fraxinifolius): its prophylactic role vs APAP–induced toxicity in rats and its antiviral activity vs HSV-1

APAP (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) overdose induced cellular damage has been linked to oxidative assault by free radicals. Otherwise, constant emergence of resistant virus strains worldwide calls for an urgent need to develop therapeutic agents to improve the treatment of virus infection especially vs Herpes Simplex Virus-type 1 (HSV-1) which is a widespread/ repeated virus with no medical cure. Acrocarpus is a genus in family Fabaceae which is considered as a large economical & medicinal family. Here, we investigated the antioxidant activity of aqueous methanol extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves (AMEAFL) in vitro & in vivo vs APAP-induced organ toxicity & their antiviral/virucidal activity vs HSV 1 in vitro. In vivo, AMEAFL reduced serum cellular toxicity & cellular lipid peroxidation. It enhanced cellular antioxidants in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro, its total phenolic reached 392.4 mg/100 g with 85.3% of its antioxidant activity. It gave strong radical scavenging abilities (DPPH, 90.72%; •NO: 68.16% & O2 •−, 79.84%). It was non-toxic to VERO cells & the inhibitory activity to HSV1 was dose dependent. Their MIC, EC50 & SI were 72.6, 51.9, & 2.09 µg/ml. Direct contact between the AMEAFL & virus resulted in varying levels of virucidal action relying on its polyphenolic content. AFL has a dual effect. It has a prophylactic effect on APAP toxicity by increasing the endogenous antioxidant, as well as anti-HSV-1 activity by limiting virus attachment & viral multiplication at the early stages.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and GC-MS Analysis of Crude Aqueous Methanolic Extract Produced from Leaves of Eucalyptus species

Objectives:To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the aqueous methanolic extract was given by the leaves of Eucalyptus sp.growing in Thi-Qar Province, south of Iraq. Additionally, to detect the compounds within the extract by using the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methodology: The healthy leaves of Eucalyptus sp. were collected, washed with tap water then by distilled water, dried, and pulverized through using a small mill to make the dried leaves as a powder. The leaves powder was extracted by absolute petroleum ether then aqueous methanol (80%) for obtaining a sticky crude extract of the aqueous methanol filtrate. The crude extract was tested against some microbial pathogens as well as analysis of the extract using the technique of GC-MS and phytochemical tests. Results:The current study showed the antimicrobial activity of the crude aqueous methanolic extract obtained from Leaves ofEucalyptus sp. by which 40000 µg∕ml of the extract exhibited inhibition zones around Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella sp. besides Candida albicans that the inhibition zones were measured to be 30, 27, 26, 30, and 38 mm respectively. The chemical tests appeared the crude extract containsalkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, andsaponin glycosides. GC-MS analysis detected constituents of the extract are dimethylsulfoxoniumformylmethylide, diethyl phthalate, benzene,1,1'-(1,2-cyclobutanediyl)bis-trans-,diisoctyladipate, and 2-methyl-7-phenylindole. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the leaves ofEucalyptussp. possess the bioactive products which are needed to be separatedas the pure compoundsby using techniques of chromatography in order to separately tested in vitro and in vivo, then application of spectrometry techniques for characterization of their chemical structure. Finally, these compounds can be used to treat diseasesas drugs in hospitals.

In vivo anticoccidial effects of Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) in broiler chickens

Recently, use of botanicals as an alternative to anticoccidial drugs has been appealing approach for controlling avian coccidiosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of aqueous methanolic extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of body weight) of Beta vulgaris (roots) in broiler chicks. A total of 315 day old broiler chicks were divided into seven equal groups (A, B, C, D, E, F and G). At 14th day of age, all groups except group G, which served as non infected non medicated control, were infected orally with 60,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species. At the same day, groups A, B and C were treated with graded oral doses of B. vulgaris aqueous methanolic extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of body weight, respectively). Group D was treated with Vitamin-E, group E served as infected medicated control group (Baycox® treated) and group F served as infected non medicated control group (PBS treated). Treatment with extract, reference drug Baycox®, Vitamin E and PBS was continued for three consecutive days (14–16 days of age). Though, not at par with reference drug (Baycox®), B. vulgaris demonstrated good anticoccidial activity adjudged based on considered criteria, i.e., feed conversion ratio, lesion score, oocyst score and oocysts per gram of feces. Results of serum profile of infected chicks revealed no adverse effects of aqueous methanolic extract of B. vulgaris on the experimental chicks.

Anti-arthritic activity of aqueous-methanolic extract and various fractions of Berberis orthobotrys Bien ex Aitch

BackgroundThe roots and stem bark of Berberis orthobotrys (Berberidaceae) have long been used traditionally to treat joint pain. Though, it has not been pharmacologically assessed for rheumatoid arthritis. The current study explores anti-arthritic activity and phytochemical analysis of aqueous-methanolic extract (30:70) and fractions (ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous) of Berberis orthobotrys roots.MethodsAnti-arthritic potential was evaluated in vitro using protein denaturation (bovine serum albumin and egg albumin) and membrane stabilization methods at 12.5–800 μg/ml concentration and in vivo via turpentine oil, formaldehyde and Complete Freund Adjuvant (CFA) models at 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg doses. Also, in vitro antioxidant ability was appraised by reducing power assay. Moreover, total flavonoid content, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and High performance liquid chromatography of n-butanol fraction were performed.ResultsThe results revealed concentration dependent inhibition of albumin denaturation and notable RBC membrane stabilization, with maximum results obtained at 800 μg/ml. Similarly, plant exhibited dose dependent anti-arthritic effect in turpentine oil and formaldehyde models, with maximum activity observed at 150 mg/kg. The results of CFA model depicted better protection against arthritic lesions and body weight alterations. Also, B.orthobotrys remarkably ameliorated altered hematological parameters, rheumatoid factor and positively modified radiographic and histopathological changes. Additionally, plant exhibited remarkable anti-oxidant activity. Moreover, phytochemical analysis revealed polyphenols and flavonoids.ConclusionTaken together, these results support traditional use of B.orthobotrys as potent anti-arthritic agent that may be proposed for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATION AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED HEPATIC INJURY IN ALBINO RATS: A TOXICITY SCREENING APPROACH

ABSTRACTObjective: To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous methanolic extract of polyherbal formulation and individual extracts of Calotropisprocera, Gymnema sylvestre, and Lawsonia inermis leaves.Methods: The hepatoprotective activity of the formulation and extracts were assessed on the basis of histopathological changes in liver of carbontetrachloride-induced hepatotoxic rats.Results: The result of present studies strongly indicates that the hepatoprotective property of polyherbal formulation as evidenced by less damagedhepatocytes cells.Conclusion: Polyherbal formulation revealed excellent hepatoprotective profile as compared to individual plants due to synergistic effect producedby different phytochemicals present in the formulation.Keywords: Calotropis procera, Gymnema sylvestre, Lawsonia inermis, Carbon tetrachloride.

Phytochemical screening and diuretic activity of &lt;i&gt;Euphorbia granulata&lt;/i&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The aim of this study was to evaluate diuretic activity of aqueous methanolic extract of &lt;em&gt;Euphorbia granulate&lt;/em&gt; in rats. Albino rats were divided into five groups. Group I served as reference, Group II as standard and Group III, IV and V served as test. The three doses of extract (30, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were given to rats (i.p) in acute diuretic model. Furosemide (10 mg/kg i.p) was used as standard drug. The extract induced diuretic effects and induced electrolytes excretion in a dose-dependent manner when compared with control. The extract (100 and 50 mg/kg) significantly (p&amp;lt;0.01) increased the volume of urine in comparison to control group. Similarly, the excretion of potassium and sodium were also significantly (p&amp;lt;0.05) increased following extract administration. However, there was no significant change in the pH of urine samples of the extract-treated group compared with control. The result of this study thus offers support to the traditional folker use of this plant as a diuretic agent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of &lt;i&gt;Malva parviflora&lt;/i&gt; against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Malva parviflora (cheeseweed) is traditionally used as hepatoprotective. The current study was conducted to determine its hepatoprotective activity of aqueous methanolic extract of whole plant. Two doses of plant (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) were administered in paracetamol intoxicated mice and results were compared with silymarin. Observational parameters were ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin. The results showed that the extract of M. parviflora produced significant (p&lt;0.001) reduction in liver enzymes and total bilirubin. Results were supported by histopathological investigation, phytochemical screening and detection of hepatoprotective constituents (kaempferol and apigenin) by HPLC. So, the current study showed that aqueous methanolic extract of M. parviflora possesses hepatoprotective activity.

Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous methanolic extract of Strychnos nux vomica leaves

Strychnos nux vomica is a non edible tree with a strong content of two poisonous alkaloids, strychnine and brucine. Qualitative phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of the aqueous methanolic extract of its leaves were studied. Alkaloids, triterpenes, oils & fats, phenol, tannins and flavonoids were present. Escherichia coli Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas showed susceptibility but Salmonella typhimurium survived the inhibition. Minimal inhibitory concentration of the extract for E. coliafter an overnight incubation was found to be 0.25 mg. In the present study the antibacterial activity of Strychnos nux vomica leaves showed inhibitory effects on selective bacteria which could be used to control these microbes.

Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous methanolic extract of &lt;i&gt;Viola odorata&lt;/i&gt; against paracetamol-induced liver injury in mice

Traditionally Viola odorata is used for liver protection. To provide scientific support to its traditional use, aqueous methanolic extract of V. odorata (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) was given to mice intoxicated with paracetamol. Obtained results demonstrated that the extract significantly (p&lt;0.01-0.001) reduced paracetamol induced increase levels of serum hepatic enzymes and total bilirubin. Histopathological studies showed that the plant attenuated the hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation. HPLC results showed the presence of hepatoprotective flavonoids (isorhamnetin and luteolin) in the extract. It was concluded from the present study that V. odorata has hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced liver injury in mice.

Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous methanolic extract of &lt;i&gt;Morus nigra&lt;/i&gt; against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Morus nigra (Family Moraceae) is traditionally used injaundice, diabetes, hypertension, cough, fever and cancer. The current study was conducted to determine hepatoprotective activity of aqueous methanolic extract of leaves of M. nigra . Two doses of 250 mg/kg p.o and 500 mg/kg p.o showed that extract of M. nigra produced significant (p<0.001) reduction in liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and total bilirubin induced by paracetamol and the results are comparable to silymarin (p<0.001). Results were supported by histopathologi-cal investigations, phytochemical screening and detection of active consti-tuents by HPLC. The current study showed that aqueous methanolic extract of M. nigra possess hepatoprotective activity that might be due to quercetin, luteolin and isorhamnetin. It was concluded from this study that M. nigra has hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced liver injury in mice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v9i1.17337 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2014; 9: 60-66

Phytochemical Analysis and Cardiac Depressant Activity of Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Morus nigra L. Fruit

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of aqueous methanolic extract of Morus nigra L. fruiton frog’s heart.Force of contraction and heart rate were measured by force displacement transducer attached to Power Lab data acquisition system. Lab chart Pro 5 software was used for the acquisition and analysis of data. The extract was also screened for various phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The results indicated that the extract produced a significant dose dependent decrease in heart rate without affecting the contractility of the heart. Phytochemical analysis also revealed that the extract contained flavonoids, cardiac glycosides,alkaloids, saponins and phenolic compounds.It is conceivable therefore; that the negative chronotropic effectsof aqueous methanolic extract of Morus nigra L. fruit may be attributed to the presence of certain pharmacologically active compounds.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia tomentosa Miller (Lamiaceae)

This study was designed to examine the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts (prepared by using solvents of varying polarity) of Salvia tomentosa (Miller). The essential oil was particularly found to possess strong antimicrobial activity while other non-polar extracts and subfractions showed moderate activities while polar extracts remained almost inactive. GC and GC/MS analyses of the oil resulted in the identification of 44 compounds, representing 97.7% of the oil; β-pinene (39.7%), α-pinene (10.9%) and camphor (9.7%) were the main components. The samples were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the first case, the free radical scavenging activity of aqueous methanol extract (MW) was superior to all other extracts (IC 50=18.7 μg/ml). Polar extracts exhibited stronger activities than non-polar extracts. In the case of the linoleic acid system, oxidation of the linoleic acid was effectively inhibited by the polar subfraction of the MW extract, while the oil was less effective. The MW extract showed 90.6% inhibition, that is close to the synthetic antioxidant BHT.