Active Role Research Articles

Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1-dependent Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 2 in the Cerebral Cortices Contributes to Cortical Spreading Depolarization

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) are serine/threonine-selective proteins and ERK1/2 can be phosphorylated in peripheral and central brain regions after cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) and calcitonin gene-related peptide; However, it remains unclear about whether and how ERK activity modulates CSD that correlates to migraine aura. Here, we determined the role of ERK in regulating CSD and explored the underlying mechanism involving transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a stress-sensing cation channel. CSD was recorded using intrinsic optical imaging in mouse brain slices, and electrophysiology in rats. Phosphorylated ERK (pERK1/2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) protein levels were detected using Western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. IL-1β mRNA level was detected using qPCR. The results showed that an ERK inhibitor, SCH77298, markedly prolonged CSD latency and reduced propagation rate in mouse brain slices. Corresponding to this, CSD induction increased levels of cytosolic pERK1/2 in ipsilateral cerebral cortices of rats, the elevation of which correlated to the level of IL-1β mRNA. Mechanistic analysis showed that pre-treatment of an anti-TRPA1 antibody reduced the cytosolic pERK2 level but not pERK1 following CSD in cerebral cortices of rats and this level of pERK2 correlated with that of cerebral cortical IL-1β protein. Furthermore, an ERK activator, AES16-2M, but not its scrambled control, reversed the prolonged CSD latency by a TRPA1 inhibitor, HC-030031, in mouse brain slices. These data revealed a crucial role of ERK activity in regulating CSD, and elevation of pERK and IL-1β production induced by CSD is predominantly TRPA1 channel-dependent, thereby contributing to migraine pathogenesis.

Role of tungsten disulfide quantum dots in specific protein-protein interactions at air-water interface.

The intriguing network of antibody-antigen (Ab-Ag) interactions is highly governed by environmental perturbations and the nature of biomolecular interaction. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have potential applications in developing protein-adsorption-based sensors and nano-scale materials. Therefore, characterizing PPIs in the presence of a nanomaterial at the molecular level becomes imperative. The present work involves the investigation of antiferritin-ferritin (Ab-Ag) protein interactions under the influence of tungsten disulfide quantum dots (WS2 QDs). Isothermal calorimetry and contact angle measurements validated the strong influence of WS2 QDs on Ab-Ag interactions. The interfacial signatures of nano-bio-interactions were evaluated using sum frequency generation vibration spectroscopy (SFG-VS) at the air-water interface. Our SFG results reveal a variation in the tilt angle of methyl groups by ∼12° ± 2° for the Ab-Ag system in the presence of WS2 QDs. The results illustrated an enhanced ordering of water molecules in the presence of QDs, which underpins the active role of interfacial water molecules during nano-bio-interactions. We have also witnessed a differential impact of QDs on Ab-Ag by raising the concentration of the Ab-Ag combination, which showcased an increased inter-molecular interaction among the Ab and Ag molecules and a minimal influence on the methyl tilt angle. These findings suggest the formation of stronger and ordered Ab-Ag complexes upon introducing WS2 QDs in the aqueous medium and signify the potentiality of WS2 QDs relevant to protein-based sensing assays.

Overview of Cyanide Poisoning in Cattle from Sorghum halepense and S. bicolor Cultivars in Northwest Italy.

Sorghum plants naturally produce dhurrin, a cyanogenic glycoside that may be hydrolysed to cyanide, resulting in often-lethal toxicoses. Ruminants are particularly sensitive to cyanogenic glycosides due to the active role of rumen microbiota in dhurrin hydrolysis. This work provides an overview of a poisoning outbreak that occurred in 5 farms in Northwest Italy in August 2022; a total of 66 cows died, and many others developed acute toxicosis after being fed on either cultivated (Sorghum bicolor) or wild Sorghum (Sorghum halepense). Clinical signs were recorded, and all cows received antidotal/supportive therapy. Dead animals were subjected to necropsy, and dhurrin content was determined in Sorghum specimens using an LC-MS/MS method. Rapid onset, severe respiratory distress, recumbency and convulsions were the main clinical features; bright red blood, a bitter almond smell and lung emphysema were consistently observed on necropsy. The combined i.v. and oral administration of sodium thiosulphate resulted in a rapid improvement of clinical signs. Dhurrin concentrations corresponding to cyanide levels higher than the tolerated threshold of 200 mg/kg were detected in sorghum specimens from 4 out of 5 involved farms; thereafter, such levels declined, reaching tolerable concentrations in September-October. Feeding cattle with wild or cultivated Sorghum as green fodder is a common practice in Northern Italy, especially in summer. However, care should be taken in case of adverse climatic conditions, such as severe drought and tropical temperatures (characterising summer 2022), which are reported to increase dhurrin synthesis and storage.

Assessment of muscle endocrine function and inflammatory signalling in male school children following a physical activity programme

Regular and planned physical activity can diminish the risk of numerous illnesses. However, school children and teenagers often exercise intermittently and for brief periods, restricting potential benefits. Furthermore, previous studies mainly focused on body composition, without providing molecular mechanisms elucidating the role of physical activity in muscle tissue and inflammatory signalling. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a vigorous physical activity intervention on endocrine muscle function and cytokine output in children. 103 boys were divided into two groups: control (n=51, did not perform additional physical activity) and exercise (n=52, performed vigorous physical activity). Body composition measurements, endocrine muscle function and inflammatory signalling biomarkers were assessed at enrolment and after 6 months of intervention. No statistical significance was found for fractalkine, oncostatin, EGF, TNF-α and eotaxin. However, LIF, FBAP3, IL-6, FGF21 and IL-15 increased in the exercise group at the end of the protocol, though myostatin got decreased. In contrast, IFN-γ was increased in the exercise group at the beginning and end of the exercise protocol, IL-10 was also increased in this group, IL-1α decreased in the exercise group before and after the exercise protocol, and IP-10 and MCP-1 also decreased in the exercise group. It can be affirmed that a physical activity programme for boys was shown to produce changes in body composition (decreased fat mass, increased lean mass) and in markers of endocrine muscle function and cytokine release. It is possible that these changes, if sustained, could reduce the risk of chronic disease.

Isomorphic Insertion of Ce(III)/Ce(IV) Centers into Layered Double Hydroxide as a Heterogeneous Multifunctional Catalyst for Efficient Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction.

The development of highly active acid-base catalysts for transfer hydrogenations of biomass derived carbonyl compounds is a pressing challenge. Solid frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) catalysis is possibly a solution, but the development of this concept is still at a very early stage. Herein, stable, phase-pure, crystalline hydrotalcite-like compounds were synthesized by incorporating cerium cations into layered double hydroxide (MgAlCe-LDH). Besides the insertion of well-isolated cerium centers surrounded by hydroxyl groups, the formation of hydroxyl vacancies near the aluminum centers, which were formed by the insertion of cerium centers into the layered double hydroxides (LDH) lattice, was also identified. Depending on the initial cerium concentration, LDHs with different Ce(III)/Ce(IV) ratios were produced, which had Lewis acidic and basic characters, respectively. However, the acid-base character of these LDHs was related to the actual Ce(III)/Ce(IV) molar ratios, resulting in significant differences in their catalytic performance. The as-prepared structures enabled varying degrees of transfer hydrogenation (Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley MPV reduction) of biomass-derived carbonyl compounds to the corresponding alcohols without the collapse of the original lamellar structure of the LDH. The catalytic markers through the test reactions were changed as a function of the amount of Ce(III) centers, indicating the active role of Ce(III)-OH units. However, the cooperative interplay between the active sites of Ce(III)-containing specimens and the hydroxyl vacancies was necessary to maximize catalytic efficiency, pointing out that Ce-containing LDH is a potentially commercial solid FLP catalysts. Furthermore, the crucial role of the surface hydroxyl groups in the MPV reactions and the negative impact of the interlamellar water molecules on the catalytic activity of MgAlCe-LDH were demonstrated. These solid FLP-like catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic performance (cyclohexanol yield of 45%; furfuryl alcohol yield of 51%), which is competitive to the benchmark Sn- and Zr-containing zeolite catalysts, under mild reaction conditions, especially at low temperature (T = 65 °C).

'It sort of broke me': A thematic analysis of the psychological experiences and coping strategies employed by Australian fire-affected farmers.

People exposed to bushfires are known to be at heightened risk of experiencing mental health challenges. When farms are impacted, farmers often risk losing not only their homes but also their businesses, containing their livestock, infrastructure and identities. To understand the psychological experiences of farmers who have been exposed to fires on their farms and identify the coping strategies they already employ to recover and prepare psychologically for future bushfires. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face or via Zoom. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data, using a descriptive, essentialist approach. Sixteen farmers and/or their spouses (50% female; median age of 50.8 years), who owned and/or played an active role in the operation of a farming or pastoral enterprise and had been affected by a farm fire within the last 20 years, participated. Participants resided in inner regional, outer regional and remote South Australia and New South Wales. Seven overarching themes and 22 subthemes resulted: (1) intense emotions in the aftermath, (2) long-term psychological challenges, (3) deliberate focus on organising, prioritising and completing recovery-focused tasks, (4) importance of seeking and/or accessing support to rebuild, (5) adopting a positive attitude and outlook, (6) (dis)engaging from/with community and social connection and (7) various strategies employed to self-regulate emotions. This study demonstrates the unique set of psychological challenges Australian farmers experience in the wake of a farm fire and the coping strategies they report using to help them manage. Findings will inform the development of contextually and culturally appropriate bushfire recovery and preparedness initiatives that are tailored to meet the unique needs of farmers and build upon their existing strengths.

Parent-child associations of sleep quality: is physical activity a confounder? The EPI-FAMILY health study

IntroductionThe incidence of sleep deprivation has increased in pediatric populations, however, the relationship with physical activity (PA) remains uncertain and lacks evidence. Although some studies have shown that parents' lifestyle habits can influence this process, one point that requires further clarification in the literature is whether parents' sleep quality is linked to that of their children and whether parents' physical activity could play an important role in these possible relationships. ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship of sleep quality between parents and children and verify the role of physical activity in this association. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study. Sleep quality was assessed using the Mini Sleep Questionnaire. The amount of sleep was estimated by the number of hours slept. PA domains (occupational activities, leisure, and active commuting) were assessed using the Baecke questionnaire, while moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was assessed with an accelerometer. Socioeconomic status was obtained through a questionnaire. The relationship of sleep quality between parents and children was carried out using hierarchical models with Binary Logistic Regression, where the factors were inserted one by one (1. unadjusted model; 2. sociodemographic variables; 3. children's PA; 4. parents’ PA). ResultsThe study sample consisted of 102 children and adolescents (6–17 years), 92 mothers, and 69 fathers. Poor sleep quality of mothers was associated with their children's sleep quality (OR = 3.95; 95%CI = 1.33–11.38; P = 0.013). After inserting mothers' PA intensity into the final model, the associations remained significant (OR = 8.05; 1.33–48.59; P = 0.023). No relationship was observed between poor sleep quality of fathers and their children's sleep quality. ConclusionThe relationship between poor sleep quality of mothers and that of their children remained significant, regardless of confounding variables.

5-6세기 고구려의 몽촌토성 점유 양상에 관한 연구

This paper aims to examine the processs of regeneration of Mongchontoseong by Goguryeo, following Baekje’s relocation of its capital to Ungjin. Drawing upon the artifacts from 1980s excavation and the recent fieldwork findings, this study explores the spatial and temporal reorganization in the Mongchontoseong after 5th century AD. The spatial distribution of the pottery from the southern part of the inner Mongchontoseong site was first explored. Goguryeo strategically reused places previously built by Baekje, including storage, ponds, and pits, and also altered the built environment. The features, iron weapons, farming tools, and pottery type also reveal the diverse aspects of the long-term occupation of Goguryeo, taking the roles of domestic housing, rituals, agricultural activities, and storage. The radiocarbon dating results from the pits and roadways show Goguryeo’s active engagement in infrastructure reconstruction from the late 5th century to the middle of the 6th century, predating the reoccupation by the allied forces of Baekje and Silla in 550 AD. The material evidence reveals Goguryeo’s prolonged regeneration of the site for the southward expansion, as sociopolitical strategies in the context of warfare in the Korean Peninsula during 5-6th century AD.

Preparation and Application of Apatite-TiO2 Composite Opacifier: Preventing Titanium Glaze Yellowing through Pre-Combination.

In order to enhance the degree of binding reaction of TiO2 in titanium-containing ceramic glazes and prevent the reaction of its transformation into rutile to eliminate the yellowing phenomenon of the glaze surface, an apatite-TiO2 composite opacifier (ATO) was prepared through the mechanical grinding of hydroxyapatite and anatase TiO2. The properties, opacification mechanism, and yellowing inhibition of the prepared ceramic glazes were studied. The results show that the ATO is characterized by a uniform coating of TiO2 on the surface of the apatite and the formation of close chemical bonding between the apatite and TiO2. The ceramic glaze surface when using an ATO has a white appearance and excellent opacification performance. When an ATO was used, the L*, a*, and b* values of the glaze were 89.99, -0.85, and 3.37, respectively, which were comparable to those of a ZrSiO4 glaze (L*, a*, and b* were 88.24, -0.02, and 2.29, respectively). The opacification of the glaze was slightly lower than that of the TiO2 glaze (L* value was 92.13), but the appearance changed from yellow to the white of the TiO2 glaze (b* value was 9.18). The ceramic glaze layer when using an ATO mainly consists of titanite, glass phase, and a small amount of quartz, and the opacification mechanism is the crystallization of the generated titanite. ATOs can play an active role in solving the critical problem that arises when TiO2 replaces ZrSiO4 as an opacifier.

Mitigation of attack detection via multi-stage cyber intelligence technique in smart grid

A smart grid is an electrical system that uses electronic communications to support two distinct data and electricity flows. This makes it possible for the system to recognize, react to, and resolve various problems. Power users of digital technology can take an active role and have the ability to cure themselves. Cybercrimes affecting the security of the smart grid include the compromise of vital client data by attackers, the spread of viruses, cybersecurity mistakes, and vulnerabilities in distributed systems. In order to identify the multi-stage cyberattacks that pose a threat to the smart grid, a novel Multi-Stage Cyber Intelligence (MSCI) technique has been developed in this work. A signal is generated by an intrusion detection system (IDS) sensor and passed through a Chebyshev filter for preprocessing in order to minimize its noise level. The risk will be identified by the security identification block, which also includes risk assessment, risk estimation, and risk identification. The Risk Identification Block finds the risk by gaining access to the Cyber Information Database. If the risk is not found, it is transmitted to the BI-LSTM Network, which verifies if it is an attack. A MATLAB simulator is used to implement the proposed approach. Evaluation criteria like Precision, F1 Score, Specificity, Accuracy, and Detective Rate have been used to assess the effectiveness of the Multi-Stage Cyber Intelligence (MSCI) technique approach that has been provided. The experimental results show that the suggested MSCI strategy has a 99% success rate, which is comparatively high when compared to the current approaches of 9.09%, 22.22%, and 47.47% for the CDS, AD-IOT, and SVM techniques, respectively.

Symptom characteristics, perceived causal attributions, and contextual factors influencing self-care behaviors: An ecological daily assessment study of adults with chronic illness

ObjectiveInsights into how symptoms influence self-care can guide patient education and improve symptom control. This study examined symptom characteristics, causal attributions, and contextual factors influencing self-care of adults with arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, or heart failure. MethodsAdults (n = 81) with a symptomatic chronic illness participated in a longitudinal observational study. Using Ecological Daily Assessment, participants described one symptom twice daily for two weeks, rating its frequency, severity, bothersomeness, duration, causes, and self-care. ResultsThe most frequent symptoms were fatigue and shortness of breath. Pain, fatigue, and joint stiffness were the most severe and bothersome. Most participants engaged in active self-care, but those with fatigue and pain engaged in passive self-care (i.e., rest or do nothing), especially when symptoms were infrequent, mild, somewhat bothersome, and fleeting. In people using passive self-care, thoughts, feelings, and the desire to conceal symptoms from others interfered with self-care. ConclusionMost adults with a chronic illness take an active role in managing their symptoms but some conceal or ignore symptoms until the frequency, severity, bothersomeness, or duration increases. Practice implicationsWhen patients report symptoms, asking about self-care behaviors may reveal inaction or ineffective approaches. A discussion of active self-care options may improve symptom control.

Stripe Extraction of Oceanic Internal Waves Using PCGAN with Small-Data Training

Playing a crucial role in ocean activities, internal solitary waves (ISWs) are of significant importance. Currently, the use of deep learning for detecting ISWs in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is gaining growing attention. However, these approaches often demand a considerable number of labeled images, which can be challenging to acquire in practice. In this study, we propose an innovative method employing a pyramidal conditional generative adversarial network (PCGAN). At each scale, it employs the framework of a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN), comprising a generator and a discriminator. The generator works to produce internal wave patterns as authentically as possible, while the discriminator is designed to differentiate between images generated by the generator and reference images. The architecture based on pyramids adeptly captures the encompassing as well as localized characteristics of internal waves. The incorporation of upsampling further bolsters the model’s ability to recognize fine-scale internal wave stripes. These attributes endow the PCGAN with the capacity to learn from a limited amount of internal wave observation data. Experimental results affirm that the PCGAN, trained with just four internal wave images, can accurately detect internal wave stripes in the test set. Through comparative experiments with other segmentation models, we demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of PCGAN.

The Role of Executive Function in an Integrated Writing Task

Integrated writing (i.e., writing from sources) being a complex process, requires various linguistic and cognitive skills interacting with each other in a dynamic way. While recent studies have increasingly documented that writing processes are driven by a suite of cognitive abilities named executive function (EF), their roles in a literacy activity as complex as integrated writing remain underexplored. To address this core issue, the present study aimed to examine the direct and indirect effects of EF skills on students’ performance of a Chinese listening-reading-writing task. A total of 135 Chinese undergraduates were involved, completing a battery of tests, including a computerized Chinese integrated writing task measuring their writing performance and five EF tasks measuring inhibition, cognitive flexibility, working memory (auditory-verbal and visual-spatial), and planning skills respectively. Students’ integration activities were also recorded using a writing webpage. The path model indicated that inhibition, visual-spatial working memory, and planning skills could significantly and directly predict students’ writing performance and the visual-spatial working memory could indirectly predict writing performance via the mediation of source-text switches while listening. This study offers new preliminary insights into the association between EF and integrated writing among Chinese undergraduates; pedagogical implications for the teaching of integrated writing are also discussed.

The Historical Developments of Musical Styles and their Functions in the Liturgy of the Methodist Church Ghana

Music has played a fundamental role in the liturgical activities of the Methodist Church Ghana since its establishment. Thus, this study aimed to gain insight into the integration and significance of various musical genres including hymns, danceable songs, and praises and worship songs within the church’s liturgical practices. The primary objective of this study was to document the historical development of these forms and clarify their functional significance in religious worship, taking into account the wider socio-cultural environment of the Ghanaian population. This study utilized a methodological approach that involved the use of direct observations and qualitative interviews. Primary data was collected from 28 participants sampled from chapels located in three regions of Ghana. The primary data was further enhanced by conducting a complete literature review, which included reputable sources relevant to the topic. The findings emphasized the customized musical choices influenced by profound philosophical principles that inform the selection of each musical style for certain liturgical occasions. The research concludes by suggesting that church leaders should take an active role in communicating the importance of these musical traditions to the congregation, assuring their comprehension and continued relevance in worship services. Keywords: Hymns, Praise and Worship songs, Danceable tunes, Choristers, Liturgy, Worship Service, the Methodist Church Ghana.

The Bioactivity and Phytochemicals of Muscari comosum (Leopoldia comosa), a Plant of Multiple Pharmacological Activities.

Leopoldia comosa (LC), popularly known as Muscari comosum, spontaneously grows in the Mediterranean region and its bulbs are used as a vegetable. Traditionally, they are also used to treat various diseases and conditions, which has inspired the study of the pharmacological activities of different parts of LC. These studies revealed the numerous biological properties of LC including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-Alzheimer's disease, antibacterial, and immune stimulant. High antioxidant activity compared to other non-cultivated plants, and the potential role of antioxidant activity in other reported activities make LC an excellent candidate to be developed as an antioxidant plant against important associated diseases. The presence of a diverse class of phytochemicals (n = 85), especially flavonoids and homoisoflavones, in LC, also imparts significance to the nutraceutical candidature of the plant. However, limited animal studies and the lack of a directional approach have limited the further design of effective clinical studies for the development of LC. The current study is the first attempt to comprehensively compile information regarding the phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of LC, emphasize the targets/markers targeted by LC, important in other activities, and also highlight the current gaps and propose possible bridges for the development of LC as a therapeutic and/or supplement against important diseases.

Eugenol derivatives containing 1,2,3-triazole-chalcone hybrids for shikimate kinase inhibition

Eugenol, a primary component of clove oil, is a compound of considerable interest in medicinal chemistry due to its demonstrated potential as an effective agent in various therapeutic applications. In this study, a series of eugenol derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the hybridization of eugenol with 1,2,3-triazole and chalcone moieties. Compound 5j and 5k were denoted as lead structures against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Shikimate Kinase (MtSK). Moreover, the docking studies indicated that both the eugenol and triazole fragments in compound 5j and 5k played a pivotal role in the inhibition activity of MtSK, owing to their binding interactions with Arg58, Pro118, and Arg136 residues. Furthermore, in silico drug-likeness prediction analysis suggested that the majority of the synthesized compounds exhibit good oral bioavailability based on their molecular properties and Lipinski’s Rule of Five predictions.

Menopause and the role of physical activity - The views and knowledge of women aged 40-65.

Menopause marks the end of female reproductive capacity. It is defined as the point after cessation of the menstrual cycle for 12months (Nursat et al., 2008). Awareness about menopause has increased over the last decade, yet studies have shown that women still lack knowledge regarding the subject. Likewise, awareness of women between the age of 40-65 on the potential role of physical activity prior to and during menopause in women is unclear. Women (n = 162) aged 40-65years completed a survey rating their knowledge, answered fact-based questions and reported their experiences of menopause. Their levels of, and beliefs on, the role physical activity on symptoms and menopause associated disease risk were also collected. Women reported their confidence in their current knowledge level at 67% reflecting 37% higher rating than an estimate of their knowledge 10years ago. Their factual knowledge score was 56%. Knowledge was primarily gained through friends and family and almost half (46%) had not spoken to a healthcare professional. Frustration was expressed with lack of knowledge and support of healthcare and others. Women using HRT (44%) had mixed attitudes towards its role. A high proportion were active and felt that physical activity can help manage symptoms and impact long-term health consequences of menopause. Menopause education strategies for women, healthcare professionals and others need to be improved. Lack of education may be causing women to struggle and feel negatively towards this life stage. Physical activity was viewed positively for the symptoms and a treatment during menopause and long-term health.

Placing community supported agriculture in local food systems

ABSTRACT Community supported agriculture (CSA) has grown in recent years as a marketing and distribution option for farmers. CSA involves ‘shareholders’ subscribing to a regular share of a farm’s harvest. The experiential structure of CSA provides opportunities for farmers to develop relationships with consumers and strengthen their local food systems (LFSs). By bringing consumer perspectives into view, LFS development personnel and other stakeholders may better understand where their residents place value within their unique systems. In this manuscript, we focus on the place of CSA in LFSs. Using survey responses from 13 communities in the Southeastern United States, we ask how different aspects of LFSs are perceptually linked to CSA by consumers. From these responses, residents seem to be more aware of CSA if they have knowledge about other direct markets – such as farmers markets or specialty retail stores – or are exposed to local food campaigns and branding efforts. Similarly, residents more positively evaluate CSA performance if they have similar evaluations of direct markets and experience with on-farm activities. These patterns differ depending on the location of the respondent. We see a role for place-based LFS promotion activities and consumer education programmes in most communities.

Implementation of Religious Character Values in Scout Activities at Junior High School South Lampung

In Indonesian education, the imperative challenge of cultivating robust character among the youth has surfaced prominently over the past decade, recognizing character's pivotal role in a nation's success trajectory. Innovative strategies, including the early integration of religious character values within educational settings like scout activities, become crucial responses to this challenge. Scout activities, renowned for their holistic approach to character development, serve as critical platforms in moulding religious character among students. This research aims to achieve three primary objectives: identifying embedded religious character values within Scout activities, exploring implementation methodologies, and investigating facilitating or hindering factors. The study navigates the intricate dynamics of religious character integration through a qualitative lens and employs semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, and documentation analysis. The findings underscore the significance of rituals, notably communal prayers, as fundamental avenues for instilling religious values alongside activities promoting environmental stewardship deeply rooted in Islamic teachings. By elucidating the multifaceted role of Scout activities in nurturing religious character, this study contributes to the discourse on character education, offering insights for educators and policymakers to strengthen the moral fabric of future generations.
 Keywords: Religious Character Values, Scout Activities, Religious Character Integration

Developmental trajectories of adolescent internalizing symptoms and parental responses to distress.

Parents' responses to their children's negative emotions are a central aspect of emotion socialization that have well-established associations with the development of psychopathology. Yet research is lacking on potential bidirectional associations between parental responses and youth symptoms that may unfold over time. Further, additional research is needed on sociocultural factors that may be related to the trajectories of these constructs. In this study, we examined associations between trajectories of parental responses to negative emotions and adolescent internalizing symptoms and the potential role of youth sex and racial identity. Adolescents and caregivers (N = 256) completed six assessments that spanned adolescent ages 13-18 years. Multivariate growth models revealed that adolescents with higher internalizing symptoms at baseline experienced increasingly non-supportive parental responses over time (punitive and distress responses). By contrast, parental responses did not predict initial levels of or changes in internalizing symptoms. Parents of Black youth reported higher minimization and emotion-focused responses and lower distress responses compared to parents of White youth. We found minimal evidence for sex differences in parental responses. Internalizing symptoms in early adolescence had enduring effects on parental responses to distress, suggesting that adolescents may play an active role in shaping their emotion socialization developmental context.