Active Region Research Articles

Behaviors of nucleosomes with mutant histone H4s in euchromatic domains of living human cells.

Since Robert Feulgen first stained DNA in the cell, visualizing genome chromatin has been a central issue in cell biology to uncover how chromatin is organized and behaves in the cell. To approach this issue, we have developed single-molecule imaging of nucleosomes, a basic unit of chromatin, to unveil local nucleosome behavior in living cells. In this study, we investigated behaviors of nucleosomes with various histone H4 mutants in living HeLa cells to address the role of H4 tail acetylation, including H4K16Ac and others, which are generally associated with more transcriptionally active chromatin regions. We ectopically expressed wild-type (wt) or mutated H4s (H4K16 point; H4K5,8,12,16 quadruple; and H4 tail deletion) fused with HaloTag in HeLa cells. Cells that expressed wtH4-Halo, H4K16-Halo mutants, and multiple H4-Halo mutants had euchromatin-concentrated distribution. Consistently, the genomic regions of the wtH4-Halo nucleosomes corresponded to Hi-C contact domains (or topologically associating domains, TADs)with active chromatin marks (A-compartment). Utilizing single-nucleosome imaging, we found that none of the H4 deacetylation or acetylation mimicked H4 mutants altered the overall local nucleosome motion. This finding suggests that H4 mutant nucleosomes embedded in the condensed euchromatic domains with excess endogenous H4 nucleosomes cannot cause an observable change in the local motion. Interestingly, H4 with four lysine-to-arginine mutations displayed a substantial freely diffusing fraction in the nucleoplasm, whereas H4 with a truncated N-terminal tail was incorporated in heterochromatic regions as well as euchromatin. Our study indicates the power of single-nucleosome imaging to understand individual histone/nucleosome behavior reflecting chromatin environments in living cells.

Lacustrine mass movements in active tectonic settings: Lake tsunami sources in New Zealand's South Island

Lake tsunamis generated from subaerial and subaqueous mass movements can pose a significant hazard to lakeshore communities. However, current knowledge of lake tsunamis is derived from a limited number of studies, primarily in low-seismicity settings such as Switzerland and Norway. Underrepresented are studies from active tectonic settings, characterised by high relief, high sediment yields, and frequent seismic shaking that is likely to produce episodic subaerial and subaqueous mass movements with the potential to produce lake tsunamis. This study seeks to address this gap in our understanding through an examination of four lakes in the active tectonic region of New Zealand's South Island (Lake Rotoiti, Lake Rotoroa, Lake Brunner, and Lake Mapourika). High-resolution multibeam bathymetry and high-resolution seismic reflection data were used to identify and characterize the landforms and sediment associations of large and potentially tsunamigenic mass movements. A qualitative evaluation of the tsunamigenic capacity of the identified mass movements was undertaken using established empirical relationships between mass movement volumes and run-up heights. The bathymetric and seismic surveys have revealed 16 previously undocumented mass movements capable of generating lake tsunami. Fluvial deltas and bedrock slopes proximal to active faults were the most prevalent mass movement source areas, with the largest mass movements identified being a 49 Mm3 delta collapse and a 110 Mm3 subaerial mass movement in Lake Rotoroa. The findings suggest the origin and characteristics of the potentially tsunamigenic mass movements identified were strongly influenced by the high rates of delta progradation, frequent seismic activity, and the preconditioning and displacement by active faults, typical of active tectonic settings. Our results provide new insights into the heterogeneity of lacustrine mass movements and the drivers of lake tsunami hazards in underrepresented high-seismicity regions. The findings illustrate the importance of developing regionally specific insights into lake tsunami susceptibility and may inform the direction of more detailed lake tsunami hazard assessment in New Zealand.

Sun-as-a-star Observations of Obscuration Dimmings Caused by Filament Eruptions

Filament eruptions often lead to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) on the Sun and are one of the most energetic eruptive phenomena in the atmospheres of other late-type stars. However, the detection of filament eruptions and CMEs on stars beyond the solar system is challenging. Here, we present six filament eruption cases on the Sun and show that filament material obscuring part of the solar disk can cause detectable dimming signatures in Sun-as-a-star flux curves of He ii 304 Å. Those filament eruptions have similar morphological features, originating from small filaments inside active regions and subsequently strongly expanding to obscure large areas of the solar disk or the bright flare regions. We have tracked the detailed evolution of six obscuration dimmings and estimated the dimming properties, such as dimming depths, dimming areas, and duration. The largest dimming depth among the six events under study is 6.2% accompanied by the largest dimming area of 5.6% of the solar disk area. Other events have maximum dimming depths in a range of around 1%–3%, with maximum areas varying between about 3%–4% of the solar disk area. The duration of the dimming spans from around 0.4–7.0 hr for the six events under study. A positive correlation was found between the dimming depth and area, which may help to set constraints on the filament sizes in stellar observations.

Filament eruption by multiple reconnections

Context. Filament eruption is a common phenomenon in solar activity, but the triggering mechanism is not well understood. Aims. We focus our study on a filament eruption located in a complex nest of three active regions close to a coronal hole. Methods. The filament eruption is observed at multiple wavelengths: by the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG), the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO), the Solar Upper Transition Region Imager (SUTRI), and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). Thanks to high-temporal-resolution observations, we were able to analyze the evolution of the fine structure of the filament in detail. The filament changes direction during the eruption, which is followed by a halo coronal mass ejection detected by the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). A Type III radio burst was also registered at the time of the eruption. To investigate the process of the eruption, we analyzed the magnetic topology of the filament region adopting a nonlinear force-free-field (NLFFF) extrapolation method and the polytropic global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling. We modeled the filament by embedding a twisted flux rope with the regularized Biot-Savart Laws (RBSL) method in the ambient magnetic field. Results. The extrapolation results show that magnetic reconnection occurs in a fan-spine configuration resulting in a circular flare ribbon. The global modeling of the corona demonstrates that there was an interaction between the filament and open field lines, causing a deflection of the filament in the direction of the observed CME eruption and dimming area. Conclusions. The modeling supports the following scenario: magnetic reconnection not only occurs with the filament itself (the flux rope) but also with the background magnetic field lines and open field lines of the coronal hole located to the east of the flux rope. This multiwavelength analysis indicates that the filament undergoes multiple magnetic reconnections on small and large scales with a drifting of the flux rope.

Enhancing multi-channel electrode structures in ceramic fuel cells: Influence of channel geometry on mass transport and electrochemical performance

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a promising electrochemical power generation technology that contributes to the decarbonization of the energy field. The electrode-supported design enables the use of thinner electrolytes, but inevitably brings additional gas diffusion resistance, which in turn leads to higher anodic concentration polarization. Therefore, additional structural design of the electrodes is necessary to ensure efficient operation and mass transport resistance minimization. In this study, anode-supported micro-tubular SOFCs with different multi-channel geometries have been attempted, during which samples with 4 channels exhibit unique elliptical structure due to meticulous manipulation. In addition, the 4-channel samples have been compared to the single-channel and 7-channel counterparts, exploring the influential mechanism of the anode micro-structure on gas transfer and electrochemical performances. The study found that the 4-channel cell has the best geometric controllability, with its minimum gas diffusion path reduced to below 50 μm, such thin electrochemical active region (EAR) accounts for >50 % of the entire external surface. Efficient utilization of the geometric surface area considerably facilitates the fuel transport to reach anode/electrolyte interface. By enhancing the mass transport efficiency, the maximum power density of the 4-channel cell reached 1.40 W cm−2 (750 °C), which is 22.8 % and 102.9 % higher than that of the 7-channel and single-channel cells under the same conditions. The highly efficient anode design additionally exhibited exceptional structural integrity and mechanical robustness, thereby ensuring the steady operation of the cell.

Unveiling the Interplanetary Solar Radio Bursts of the 2024 Mother’s Day Solar Storm

We report on a comprehensive study of interplanetary type III radio bursts linked to X-class solar flares from NOAA active region 13664, which instigated the intense 2024 Mother’s Day solar storm, marked by a geomagnetic storm of −412 nT, the strongest in over two decades. Utilizing novel localization techniques with direction-finding data from STEREO-A, we identify an average eastward drift of 13.°42 ± 11.°63 in radio source locations relative to GOES observations. Our analysis reveals a significant correlation between solar flare intensity and longitude (Kendall’s tau = 0.535) and a strong correlation between radio flux at 1 MHz and GOES 1–8 Å soft X-ray flux (Kendall’s tau = 0.648). The timing analysis shows that peak soft X-ray fluxes typically follow electron beam liftoff by 3.24 ± 4.42 minutes. These insights into solar radio burst propagation and localization enhance our understanding of solar–terrestrial interactions and improve space weather forecasting capabilities.

Multi-wavelength Observations of Umbral Oscillations above a Sunspot

We investigate the umbral oscillation at multi-height solar atmospheres above a sunspot in the active region of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 12680 on 2017 September 15. In this study, the extreme ultraviolet images were measured by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), while the ultraviolet spectral lines and images were observed by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph. At the sunspot umbra, the AIA 1700 Å intensity curve shows the primary oscillation with a long period of ∼(4.2±0.8) minutes, while the intensity curves in AIA 1600 Å, 171 Å, and 193 Å exhibit an apparent oscillation with a short period of ∼(2.8±0.3) minutes. Meanwhile, a short period of ∼(3.1±0.5) minutes is found in the Mg II h & k lines and the slit-jaw image at 2796 Å, a short period of ∼(2.9±0.4) minutes is detected in the Si IV 1393.76 Å line. Our observations suggest that the oscillatory periods at the sunspot umbra decrease with the height of solar outer atmospheres. The short period is roughly equal to 3 minutes, which could be interpreted as the propagating slow magnetoacoustic wave above the sunspot umbra, and it might originate from the temperature minimum region and then propagate up to the corona. While the long period is close to 5 minutes oscillation in the photosphere, which might be regarded as the solar P-mode wave.

Seismic Assessment of Electrical Equipment in Power Substations: A Case Study for Circuit Breakers

Electric power is essential in post-earthquake periods for the continuous functionality of disaster management and emergency services. In addition, interruption of electric power can cause significant economic losses due to downtime of critical facilities. Therefore, it is very important to maintain seismic safety of electric power systems and components. There are existing seismic regulations and standards regarding electric power systems, especially in the United States of America (USA) and Europe. A similar regulation has been prepared recently in Türkiye, which is a country in a seismically active region. This study focuses on the current state of practice regarding the seismic assessment of electrical equipment in power stations and implementation of the regulations on seismic qualification of these systems. Among many electrical equipment, circuit breakers have been selected for case study. The seismic assessment of the selected high voltage equipment has been performed according to the new regulation under the seismic hazard specifically defined for Türkiye. The case study experiment presents the new methodology in evaluating and classifying the seismic response of high voltage electrical equipment and provides insight to the expected behaviour of circuit breakers under earthquake induced action.

Silicon‐Based 850 nm GaAs/GaAsP‐Strained Quantum Well Lasers with Active Region Dislocation Blocking Layers

Silicon‐Based 850 nm GaAs/GaAsP‐Strained Quantum Well Lasers with Active Region Dislocation Blocking Layers

Pseudo-dynamic viscoelastic stability analysis of anti-dip bedding rock slopes

Earthquakes contribute to the failure of anti-dip bedding rock slopes (ABRSs) in seismically active regions. The pseudo-static method is commonly employed to assess the ABRSs stability. However, simplifying seismic effects as static loads often underestimates rock slope stability. The development of a practical stability analysis approach for ABRSs, particularly in slope engineering design, is imperative. This study proposes a stability evaluation model for ABRSs, incorporating the viscoelastic properties of rock, to quantitatively assess the safety factor and failure surface under seismic conditions. The mathematical description of the pseudo-dynamic method, derived in this study, accounts for the viscoelastic properties of ABRSs and integrates the Hoek–Brown failure criterion with the Kelvin-Voigt stress-strain relationship of rocks. Furthermore, to address concurrent translation-rotation failure in ABRSs, upper bound limit analysis is utilized to quantify the safety factor. Through a comparison with existing literature, the proposed method considers the effect of harmonic vibration on the stability of ABRSs. The obtained safety factor is lower than that of the quasi-static method, with the resulting percentage change exceeding 5%. The critical failure surface demonstrates superior positional accuracy compared to the Aydan and Adhikary basal planes, with minimal error observed between the physical model test and the numerical simulation test. The parameter sensitivity analysis reveals that the inclination of ABRSs exhibits the highest sensitivity (Sk) value across the three levels of horizontal seismic coefficient (kh). The study aims to devise an expeditious calculation approach for assessing the stability of ABRSs during seismic events, intending to offer theoretical guidance for their stability analysis.

The Magnetic Power Spectra of Decaying Active Regions: New Evidence for the Large-Scale Magnetic Flux Bundle Submergence?

The Magnetic Power Spectra of Decaying Active Regions: New Evidence for the Large-Scale Magnetic Flux Bundle Submergence?

Theoretical Study for Spin Transport properties of FM-(G/C)10- FM

In the present study, we propose a physical model to study spin transport through DNA system and provide apparent physical mechanism for spin dependent phenomenon. The system considered in our work is DNA bases guanine-cytosine coupled to two ferromagnetic leads (FM-(G/C)10-FM) in parallel and anti-parallel configuration case, throughout magnetic quantum contacts. Our treatment is based on the tight binding model to derive obvious formula for the transmission spectrum which is employed to investigate the spin dependent current-bias voltage characteristics and the temperature - Conductance dependence. Our calculations of for strong, weak and without backbone regimes. Various factors are involved in our -study. These are the electrical contacts between DNA molecules and electrodes, the structure of DNA molecule and the environment around DNA molecule. The system spin dependent factors, that are investigated extensively in our study include the spin dependent coupling between subsystems, the quantum contacts between active region and electrodes, majority and minority electrons spin in the ferromagnetic leads as well as externally applied bias voltage. Variation of these factors can enhanced or suppressed spin transport through (G/C)10 molecule. The transmission spectrum calculations conform that the spin transport throughout (G/C)10 originates by a coherent tunneling process between neighboring bases through the overlapping of the LUMO orbitals of the bases. Our results showed that the spin-polarized transport that can be effectively regulated by the type of regime as well as the spin configuration in the leads which can exhibit efficient spin filtering and spin switching by employing the spin blockade phenomenon

Interpretasi Fase Awan dengan Metode CCO Dan RGB pada Data Satelit Himawari-9 di DKI Jakarta (Studi Kasus: 1 Januari 2023)

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world so it receives large amounts of energy from solar radiation which makes it the most active convective region in the world. In December and January, DKI Jakarta tends to experience the rainy season. On January 1 2023, BMKG gave an early warning that it would rain in Jakarta. Reporting from several news reports, in the new year 2023, Jakarta was hit by heavy rain. Cloud phase analysis is needed to determine the potential for rain. This research identifies cloud phases using Himawari-9 satellite image data which is then processed using the Cloud Convective Overlays (CCO) method and the Red Green Blue (RGB) method. The CCO method can identify the distribution of cumulonimbus clouds and the RGB method can determine the flow of air masses, the type of air mass (Airmass), identify cloud phase, and the presence of high clouds containing ice (Day Convective Storm, Day Natural Color, and Cloud Phase Distinction ). The data used are bands 3 (0.6 µm), 5 (1.6 µm), 7 (3.7 µm), 8 (6.2 µm), 10 (7.3 µm), 12 (9.6 µm), 13 (10 .4 µm), and 15 (12.4 µm) at 7.00, 8.00, 9.00, 10.00, 11.00, 12.00, 13.00, and 14.00 WIB (GMT+7). The data was processed and visualized using Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) and GMSLPD SATAID software.

ASSESSMENT OF PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND FUNGI FROM Talinium fruticosum RHIZOSPHERE

Talinium fruticosum, commonly known as water leaf is treasured for its medicinal properties and nutritional value. With the T. fruticosum rhizosphere reported to be an active region crowded with beneficial and plant-pathogenic bacteria and fungi, it will be necessary to ascertain if utilizing the microorganisms from T. fruticosum rhizosphere in enhancing plant growth could be a way of introducing plant pathogens to plants. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the diversity and pathogenic potential of bacterial and fungal communities in T. fruticosum rhizosphere. Using standard techniques, the soil samples collected from T. fruticosum rhizosphere and their corresponding bulk soils which serve as the control were analyzed for pathogenic bacterial and fungal communities in T. fruticosum rhizosphere and bulk soils. The expressed phenotypic pathogenicity of the isolates was evaluated using cellulolytic and pectinolytic tests. Results showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the number of pathogenic bacteria and fungi present in T. fruticosum rhizosphere soils when compared to bulk soils. Bacterial isolates (Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., and Alcaligenes) seen in T. fruticosum rhizosphere were also present in bulk soil samples. However, Bacillus sp., predominated the T. fruticosum rhizosphere samples while Alcaligenes predominated the bulk soil. Furthermore, fungal isolates show that Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Rhizopus were only seen in T. fruticosum rhizosphere soil samples and Aspergillus niger, Trichorderma, and Rhodoturula were only seen in bulk soil samples. Our findings highlight the presence of several potentially harmful microorganisms, including Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus sp., which could pose a threat to the health and productivity of plants. Although T. fruticosum rhizosphere soil is seen as a likely pool of useful microbiomes that are source of biofertilizers and biocontrol agents, understanding these microbial communities is vital for developing strategies to manage plant diseases and enhance crops.

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT ACROSS VARIOUS GEOMORPHIC UNITS IN MANGROVE FOREST: A CASE OF DUBLAR CHAR, SUNDARBANS

Lying at the tidally active region of the Bengal Delta, the Sundarbans act as a terrestrial carbon sink and play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. However, this forest is underrepresented in term of soil organic carbon research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Soil Organic Carbon dynamics across various geomorphic units within a small area of mangrove forest ecosystem of Dublar char of Sundarbans. Salinity and pH trends were also examined across geomorphic units to understand their interplay with soil organic carbon dynamics. Soil samples from 25 locations across various geomorphic units were collected and analyzed to determine soil organic carbon, salinity and pH levels. The Walkley-Black wet oxidation method was employed to determine the organic carbon content. Results indicate varying degree of organic carbon concentration across geomorphic units with Highland areas having high level of soil organic carbon concentrations with average concentration level of 2.05%, followed by Creeks with 1.55%. Salinity levels also varied across different geomorphic units with values ranging from 4.8 ppt to 12.7 ppt, with creek area having high level of salinity due to its close proximity to seawater. Fringe forest areas had the highest pH levels with average value of 7.4 and the lowest average pH value (6.86) was observed in Beach areas of the study area. The study holds immense significance in understanding the organic carbon dynamics of mangrove ecosystem in the Sundarbans, providing essential insights for long term climate resilient land management and biodiversity conservation efforts.

Hemispheric analysis of the magnetic flux in regular and irregular solar active regions

ABSTRACT Studying the hemispheric distribution of active regions (ARs) with different magnetic morphologies may clarify the features of the dynamo process that is hidden under the photospheric level. The magnetic flux data for 3047 ARs from the CrAO catalogue (https://sun.crao.ru/databases/catalog-mmc-ars), between May 1996 and December 2021 (cycles 23 and 24) were used to study ARs cyclic variations and perform correlation analysis. According to the magneto-morphological classification (MMC) of ARs proposed earlier, subsets of the regular (obeying empirical rules for sunspots) and irregular (violating these rules) ARs were considered separately. Our analysis shows the following: For ARs of each MMC type, in each of the hemispheres, time profiles demonstrate a multipeak structure. The double-peak structure of a cycle is formed by ARs of both MMC types in both hemispheres. For the irregular ARs, the pronounced peaks occur in the second maxima (close to the polar field reversal). Their significant hemispheric imbalance might be caused by a weakening of the toroidal field in one of the hemispheres due to the interaction between the dipolar and quadrupolar components of the global field, which facilitates the manifestation of the turbulent component of the dynamo. The similarity of the irregular ARs activity that was found in adjacent cycles in different hemispheres also hints at realization of the mix-parity dynamo solution. For the quadrupolar-like component of the flux (compiled in the simple axisymmetric approximation), signs of oscillations with a period of about 15 years are found, and they are pronounced specifically for the irregular groups. This MMC type ARs might also contribute in $\alpha$-quenching.

Nucleoporin Elys attaches peripheral chromatin to the nuclear pores in interphase nuclei

Transport of macromolecules through the nuclear envelope (NE) is mediated by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) consisting of nucleoporins (Nups). Elys/Mel-28 is the Nup that binds and connects the decondensing chromatin with the reassembled NPCs at the end of mitosis. Whether Elys links chromatin with the NE during interphase is unknown. Here, using DamID-seq, we identified Elys binding sites in Drosophila late embryos and divided them into those associated with nucleoplasmic or with NPC-linked Elys. These Elys binding sites are located within active or inactive chromatin, respectively. Strikingly, Elys knockdown in S2 cells results in peripheral chromatin displacement from the NE, in decondensation of NE-attached chromatin, and in derepression of genes within. It also leads to slightly more compact active chromatin regions. Our findings indicate that NPC-linked Elys, together with the nuclear lamina, anchors peripheral chromatin to the NE, whereas nucleoplasmic Elys decompacts active chromatin.

Dynamic Response and Swift Recovery of Filament Heater‐Integrated Low‐Power Transparent CNT Gas Sensor

AbstractDesigning a transparent carbon nanotube (CNT) gas sensor for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) detection at room temperature (RT), which is unaffected by humidity, is a critical challenge in various technologies. To solve this issue, a filament‐based memristor heater (MH) embedded low‐power CNT gas sensor is proposed to address humidity‐related issues, and dynamic response with a low power consumption of 6.15 µW and swift recovery of <1 ms/30.8 µW is successfully demonstrated, without any serious effects on humidity. This study reveals that the MH can effectively heat the surface of the active region due to the joule heating effect, which improves the absorption and desorption of the target gases and mitigates the influence on the humidity, which is in a response that is below 7.5%. As a result, it is believed that the proposed MH‐embedded transparent CNT gas sensors can address the humidity issues and slow response/recovery with ultralow‐power consumption and high‐accuracy gas sensing characteristics.

Source Region and Launch Characteristics of Magnetic-arch-blowout Solar Coronal Mass Ejections Driven by Homologous Compact-flare Blowout Jets

We study the formation of four coronal mass ejections (CMEs) originating from homologous blowout jets. All of the blowout jets originated from NOAA Active Region (AR) 11515 on 2012 July 2, within a time interval of ≈14 hr. All of the CMEs were wide (angular widths ≈ 95°–150°), and propagated with speeds ranging between ≈300 and 500 km s−1 in LASCO coronagraph images. Observations at various EUV wavelengths in Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly images reveal that in all the cases, the source region of the jets lies at the boundary of the leading part of AR 11515 that hosts a small filament before each event. Coronal magnetic field modeling based on nonlinear force-free extrapolations indicates that in each case, the filament is contained inside of a magnetic flux rope that remains constrained by overlying compact loops. The southern footpoint of each filament is rooted in the negative polarity region where the eruption onsets occur. This negative polarity region undergoes continuous flux changes, including emergence and cancellation with opposite polarity in the vicinity of the flux rope, and the EUV images reveal brightening episodes near the filament’s southeastern footpoint before each eruption. Therefore, these flux changes are likely the cause of the subsequent eruptions. These four homologous eruptions originate near adjacent feet of two large-scale loop systems connecting from that positive polarity part of the AR to two remote negative polarity regions, and result in large-scale consequences in the solar corona.

Evaluation of empirical and machine learning models for predicting shear wave velocity of granular soils based on laboratory element tests

Shear wave velocity (Vs) is crucial for designing geotechnical systems subjected to dynamic loads, especially in seismically active regions. The shear wave velocity of geomaterials can be determined using in situ and laboratory tests. However, due to time and cost limitations, the Vs is not easily available in most projects. Various empirical models have been developed by researchers for predicting the shear wave velocity of geomaterials. However, most of these models have been developed for specific soil types and loading characteristics. In this work, for predicting the shear wave velocity of granular soils using various combinations of input parameters, various empirical models were proposed. Furthermore, machine learning (ML) methods were utilized to predict the Vs. The suggested models consider the impact of grading characteristics such as fine content (FC), gravel content (GC), median particle size (D50), uniformity coefficient (Cu), and coefficient of curvature (Cc), as well as void ratio (e), mean effective confining pressure (σm′), consolidation stress ratio (KC), and specimen preparation techniques for reconstitution of specimens. To achieve this, a series of bender element tests were performed on various sand and gravel mixtures. Furthermore, data from previous studies were also used. So, the study utilized 513 data points from laboratory element experiments conducted on granular soils. For predicting the Vs of granular soils, four empirical models and three ML models, namely Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), were developed in this study. The findings showed that the ANN model outperforms the other comparative models in terms of accuracy and error. While the empirical models may serve as useful tools for initial Vs estimation in construction projects, the study primarily highlights the significance of using ML methods to enhance the prediction accuracy of Vs based on the available soil properties.