Activity Of Structures Research Articles

72 THE ECONOMY OF IMPRESSIONS IN DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to generalize the nature and content of the impression economy, which, in the conditions of digitalization of social and economic development, acquires the features of the resource nature of reproduction. It is emphasized that the economy of expectations and the economy of impressions in the digital age have a different content nature, an impression in the literal sense of this concept cannot be called a product or service, reviews and impressions are intangible. The provisions of the influence of impressions and reviews on the activities of business structures in the context of digital transformation are summarized. Specific features of managing the experience of digital interaction with business structures in ideal conditions are revealed, taking into account the assessment of impressions, the enlarged qualitative differences in the nature of impressions in the conditions of analog and digital economy are analyzed. Structuring is given and the features of impressions and reviews in the conditions of analog and digital economy are analyzed (speed of distribution, breadth and depth of coverage, involvement in the process, satisfaction). The content and specific socio-economic nature of reviews and impressions in the digital economy are considered. The importance of studying impressions and reviews of goods, works and services to ensure sustainable and cost-effective activities of enterprises is emphasized.

Effective system of ensuring competitive sustainable development of entrepreneurial structures

Purpose of the article consists in the development of theorical and methodological principles for the formation of effective management systems for the competitive development of entrepreneurial structures in the conditions of decentralization. Research methodology considered in the context of the requirements of a systematic approach in the organic unity of target installations of socio-ecological, economic and other tasks and the formation of effective management of competitive development of business structures of production and functional-ensuring direction, which is the basis for the development of socio-economic, synergistic model, substantiation of components according to the allocated by us 11 blocks and methods of assessing the potential of the formed opportunities. Research methodology consists in a methodological approach to the formation and evaluation of an effective management system for the development of socio- economic structures as systemic integrity. Conclusions. The proposed methodology for the formation of effective systems for ensuring the competitive development of enterprises is the basic basis for justifying the potential of formed competitive potentials and a tool for diagnostic and analytical tracking of the effectiveness of decisions and management of actions in the system of empirical activity of entrepreneurial structures. Keywords: system, development, potential, competitiveness of efficiency, sustainability.

Меры по защите детства в годы Великой Отечественной войны: из региональной истории.

The article is devoted to a topical scientific topic that has, first of all, social significance, which has not yet received special consideration in regional historiography - the topic of war childhood. Based on a large range of documentary materials and various sources, the support of children at the state level during the Great Patriotic War is considered on the example of one of the rear regions of the USSR - the Bashkir ASSR. Shows the adoption of legislative and regulatory acts on the protection of various categories of the child population and their implementation. Attention is drawn to the solution of the problem of child homelessness and neglect, aggravated in wartime conditions. The activity of power structures, public organizations of the republic to provide assistance to children and children's institutions, the existing difficulties and omissions are analyzed. A special place in the article is occupied by children's institutions that were evacuated in the republic from various regions of the Soviet country, including those with Spanish pupils. Introduction: The article examines the scientific topic of military childhood using a regional example. It should be noted that, in general, a lot has been done in the study of the history of the Great Patriotic War in Russian historiography: a large number of monographs, collections of articles, conference materials, documents and materials have been http://www.hist-edu.ru Историческая и социально-образовательная мысль. Toм 13 №3, 2021 Historical and Social-Educational Idea. Volume 13 #3, 2021 48 published. But this topic has not yet received special consideration. The same is typical for regional historiography. Methods: The content of the article is based on various research methods, first of all, on the method of historicism, a consistent presentation of the events of regional significance in close connection with all-Union events, which allows us to show the specific features of the development of these events in a given region. Methods of objectivity and scientificness were also applied, aimed at studying the main points of the topic in consistent dynamics, identifying objective information and facts. In the presentation of the article, the methods of comparative historical analysis, problem-chronological and logical ones were used. Results: The article is based on archival documents found in the National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the State Archives of the Russian Federation, as well as on various sources such as materials from periodicals, local museums and memories of war children. This made it possible to consider the provision of assistance to children in a specific region of the Soviet country during the war years, to identify difficulties and miscalculations. The documentary materials and various sources used in the article made it possible to draw the appropriate conclusion: the support of childhood at the state level was contradictory, which was associated with objective reasons.

Культурно-просветительские проекты Владикавказской железной дороги в конце XIX – начале XX века

The article considers the influence of the Vladikavkaz Railway on the formation of the socio-cultural image of the region. Scientific novelty of the article appears in studying the activities of the structures of the Vladi-kavkaz Railway in the implementation of educational and cultural projects. Special attention is attached to the development of the library system, the organizational work of library train cars, reading rooms, and the distribution systems of books and newspapers on the Vladikavkaz Railway. The importance of educational and cultural projects in educating of railway workers and employees together with the population of the North Caucasus is emphasized. The article concludes that the specified activity of the Vladikavkaz Railway structures is an integral aspect of the development of the North Caucasus in the late 19th - early 20th century.

Effect of the compound GIZH -290 and levetiracetam on epileptic activity in rat brain structures on EEG models of bemegrid-induced seizures

The effect of levetiracetam (a derivative of 4-phenylpyrrolidone) and its original analog, the compound GIZH-290, on primary generalized epileptic activity (EpA) in rat brain structures (sensorimotor cortex, dorsal hippocampus-CA3 field and lateral hypothalamus field) on EEG models of bemegridinduced seizures was studied. It was found that EpA, after the introduction of bemegrid, appears in 1–2 minutes in the form of prolonged generalized high-amplitude discharges and is registered within 3 hours. GIZH-290 (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, 15 minutes after bemegrid) causes a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the number of epileptic discharges in the cortex and at the level of the trend in the hippocampus, which is accompanied by a decrease in the amplitude of the Epi-discharges. Levetiracetam at a dose of 200 mg / kg does not significantly change the severity of paroxysmal activity (the number of convulsive discharges and their duration) caused by bemegrid.

IMPLEMENTATION OF PRINCIPLES OF NETWORK CENTRAL MANAGEMENT IN THE ACTIVITY OF MODERN BUSINESS STRUCTURES

The article examines the essence of network-centrism and network-centric management, as well as the features, capabilities, advantages and disadvantages of implementing the principles of network-centric management in the activities of modern business structures. The contribution of A. Sebrowski, J. Garstka, D. Alberts and F. Stein to the formation of the concept of network-centric management is considered. The origin of the concept of "network-centrism" and "network-centric management" is studied. The essence of the network-centric approach is investigated and the specifics of its use in the process of managing complex socio-economic systems are determined. It is proposed to improve the management of modern business structures by implementing the principles of network-centric management in their activities. The main levels at which business structures should be managed in accordance with the network-centric approach to management are identified. On the basis of the analysis of traditional principles of network-centrism, it is proposed to introduce into the management of business structures the principles of: formation of a single distributed information infrastructure, unimpeded information exchange; individual information management; interdependence and coherence of the elements of the management system, mandatory validation of information and intellectual integration of the elements of the management system of the business structure. The main advantages and disadvantages of implementing the principles of network-centric management in the activities of modern business structures are identified. The expediency of implementing the principles of network-centric management in the activities of modern business structures, in order to increase the effectiveness of their activities through effective management of information support based on the construction of an information network that allows interconnection of all elements of the management system using available information is substantiated.

Comprehensive image of state power as a tool of social management

Importance. The practice of recent years clearly demonstrates the tendency of the population to decline in confidence in the activities of the authorities. The further development of this process is unacceptable, since in such a case the work of all state structures becomes ineffective even if it is absolutely expedient and justified. The reasons for public distrust of the authorities can be divided into three groups: communicative, organizational and cultural-historical problems. Communicative problems arise due to violations or disregard for the requirements of communication theory. Organizational difficulties in the vast majority of cases are associated with the low qualification of specialists responsible for interacting with society (usually PR specialists or public relations specialists). Cultural and historical problems are due to the dominance in our society of an established model of behavior of citizens, which stably reproduces the situation of opposition to the authorities. In our opinion, the most significant group - communication problems - requires priority attention. Perpose. Communication problems arise from the misplaced positioning of power structures, that is, from the inability to clearly and arguably explain the significance and appropriateness of planned or already implemented measures. Accordingly, it is necessary to identify/develop, in a short time, technologies, methods and tools to eliminate communication barriers, and in some cases communication failures, public-governmental interactions. Research methodology. To achieve the goal, the author's approach was applied, which is based on the principles of systematics, flexibility, mobility and adequacy (they served as the basis for the need to develop an integrated image). The theoretical base is the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of public relations management [11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19]. Methods for the study of soft systems are used: theoretical typology, formal extrapolation, factographic methods based on information analysis (analogy method, content analysis), forsyth modeling (technology for working with images of the future. Results. In order to increase the rating of public confidence in the activities of state structures based on the study, systematization and analysis of the causes and consequences of communicative failures and barriers to effective interaction between these switches, an approach based on the principles proposed by the author (systematics, adequacy, flexibility, mobility) and the use of such a social management tool as image is proposed. An option of developing a comprehensive image of the state structure, including a corporate and personal image, has been proposed and justified. Its development technology is recommended, providing an integrated approach to solving the problem of effective interaction using modern public relations management tools.

Corporate Agreement in the Organization’s Risk Management System

The article examines the objectively existing need in modern market conditions to introduce and apply innovative approaches in the internal corporate management of commercial enterprises, including when building an effective risk management system. A brief assessment of the most widespread approach in Russia to the formation of local risk management systems is given. The article, using scientific methods of theoretical research, methods of scientific analysis and interdisciplinary synthesis (economics of law), methods of induction and deduction, generalization of the results obtained using a hypothetical-deductive method, substantiates the need for an effective local risk management system for Russian commercial enterprises. Arguments are given in favor of the use of innovative tools in the formation and filling of risk management systems. The article deals with the problems associated with the introduction of a corporate agreement as an effective tool in the system of minimizing commercial risks arising in the course of the activities of Russian business structures. The article presents the most relevant scientific publications on the topic of research and makes a generalized conclusion about the current state of research in the relevant field. The issue of the place of corporate agreements in local risk management systems is considered. The definitions are given and the main characteristics of risk management and its system, corporate agreement are given. The range of issues regulated by the provisions of the corporate agreement is outlined. The conclusion summarizes the arguments supporting the introduction of innovative tools into existing risk management systems. Arguments are given in favor of using a corporate agreement as an effective and low-budget tool to ensure the growth of the effectiveness of risk management systems in Russian business structures. The conclusion is substantiated that the use of a corporate agreement as an instrument of the risk management system is potentially capable of positively affecting the level of economic efficiency and competitiveness of commercial enterprises. Examples of corporate risks that can be minimized by applying certain provisions of the corporate agreement are given.

FEMALE ISLAMIC STATE RECRUITS: MIGRATION AND VALUES, NEEDS AND IMAGES

This paper presents the results of a study of the phenomenon of female migration from abroad to the IS and their return. This phenomenon emerges because the organization and female recruits had to satisfy each other’s needs. A theoretical model that allows to track the formation of values ​​and needs of female IS recruits has been developed. This model reflects the connections between various factors and their cumulative influence on the formation of values ​​and needs of female recruits. The feasibility of using value-oriented and systems approaches in the study is determined by the specifics of Islamic radical groups, including the IS, as self-regulating systems with significant potential for mobilization and mobility, as well as the division and restoration of functional structures. Also, the characteristic features of female migration to the IS were identified in conjunction with a system of binary oppositions that form the habitus of radical monotheism. The article contains the results of comprehensive content analysis of 189 texts presented on Russian-language online resources and devoted to the propaganda, recruitment and migration of female IS recruits. The geography of the study includes 25 states from 5 regions (Central Asia, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Europe and separately the Western Balkans). We have analyzed 167 articles related to the IS and similar groups (2013-2020), and 22 articles connected to terrorist groups (2003-2012). Out of these, 56 articles contain interview excerpts and complete interviews with IS volunteer recruits, both male and female, as well as with their family members and officials. The results of the study allowed to determine the relationship between the values ​​and needs of female recruits and the organization itself, as well as between military and political processes and the formation of images of a passionary and victimized woman in the IS. The periods of distribution of these images coincide with two differently directed waves of migration of female recruits: to the ranks of the organization (2013-2016) and back (2016-the present time). The first wave of migration satisfied the organization’s need to increase the number of highly motivated members, and the second one meets the need to preserve and relocate the IS contingent to other regions. This work highlights the previously unexplored aspects of the migration of female IS recruits. The results of the study can be applied in planning and improving the activities of state and civil structures aimed at re-ideologizing and rehabilitating the returning female IS recruits.

Exploratory study of\xa0the long-term footprint of deep brain stimulation on brain metabolism and neuroplasticity in an animal model of obesity

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a powerful neurostimulation therapy proposed for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, DBS mechanism of action remains unclear, being its effects on brain dynamics of particular interest. Specifically, DBS reversibility is a major point of debate. Preclinical studies in obesity showed that the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc), brain centers involved in satiety and reward circuits, are able to modulate the activity of brain structures impaired in this pathology. Nevertheless, the long-term persistence of this modulation after DBS withdrawal was unexplored. Here we examine the in vivo presence of such changes 1 month after LH- and NAcc-DBS, along with differences in synaptic plasticity, following an exploratory approach. Thus, both stimulated and non-stimulated animals with electrodes in the NAcc showed a common pattern of brain metabolism modulation, presumably derived from the electrodes’ presence. In contrast, animals stimulated in the LH showed a relative metabolic invariance, and a reduction of neuroplasticity molecules, evidencing long-lasting neural changes. Our findings suggest that the reversibility or persistence of DBS modulation in the long-term depends on the selected DBS target. Therefore, the DBS footprint would be influenced by the stability achieved in the neural network involved during the stimulation.

Localization of Sources Generating the EEG α Rhythm during Observation, Performance, and Imitation of Operant Movements in Subjects with Different Intelligence Levels

Use of the sLORETA method in 62 adult subjects with different intelligence levels located sources generating rhythms in the frequency band 8–12 Hz during observation, performance, and imitation of circular movements with a computer mouse by the experimenter. A relationship between the level of intelligence and differences in the spatial patterns of cerebral cortex activation during performance and imitation of movements was seen. More marked and localized activation of neocortical structures was seen in adult subjects with high levels of general intelligence. Differences in the activation of cortical areas in groups with different general intelligence levels were largely mediated by structures in the right hemisphere, which is involved in processes of visuomotor coordination and the discrimination of own from others’ actions. The greater involvement of the precentral, cingulate, and postcentral gyri of the left hemisphere in the process of imitating the experimenter’s movements in the group with high intelligence may point to a higher level of activation of the mirror system of the brain.

The dynamics of EEG correlates of activity of subcortical structures of the bird brain in conditions of chronic stress

In birds, acute stress (a three-day 12-hour inversion of the photomode) is associated with the dominant activity of the sympathetic hypothalamus and hippocampus, which suppress the tone of the parasympathetic section and the reticular formation of the midbrain. The effect of hyperglycemia on the background of a negative chronotropic effect indicates a mismatch of the functions of the autonomic sections of the hypothalamus on the 30th day. Chronic stress in birds (30-days crowding) causes persistent pathological stress of the functions of the anterior hypothalamus and reticular formation of the middle brain with the suppression of parasympathetic tone of the posterior hypothalamus and high functional activity of the hippocampus, determining the switching of the ventricles of the heart to a more economical mode of functioning by the 30th day. Using central cholinoblockers or tranquilizers, having a cholinoblocking component in the mechanism of its influence during neurogenic stress and in the post-stress period is excluded, but it is possible to use stressprotektors.

Выводится ли политическая субъектность науки из фактов?

Science as a political subject is a theme of philosophy of science. The political activity of scientific structures is poorly realized in the societies which are at the depressive level of political culture when participation of scientists in political life has sporadic and dependent character. But in an obligation mode the philosophy of science considers political subjectivity of science as the very realization of its potential. This consideration provokes the growth of political activity of science. The philosophy of science is “a system with a reflection”, in M.A. Rozov’s sense. The ideas of political reality and potential of political subjects that are formed by philosophy of science have an impact on formation of this reality and realization of the subject potential of science.

Institutional imperatives for sustainable socio-ecological and economic development

The sustainable growth of the modern economy is based on socio-ecological and economic development. One of the key development trends on a global scale is the formation of an innovative type of economy, and, as a consequence, in the process of economic development of most countries, including Russia, the need to create an institutional environment corresponding to a new type of economic growth comes to the fore. Accordingly, the need to create an adequate, adaptive to regional characteristics, assessment of the institutional environment of the region, to create mechanisms for its measurement, to establish indicators of efficiency increases. Firstly, indicators of the effectiveness of institutions will make it possible to visualize the process of development of the region and thereby increase its investment attractiveness. These indicators will stimulate the interest of business representatives and, first of all, those who are ready to invest their funds and are looking for territories that satisfy them according to all the criteria necessary for successful commercial activity and profit in the future. Secondly, measuring the effectiveness of regional institutions allows federal authorities, the public, and even various international financial organizations and aid funds that provide loans and multifaceted support, including admission to clubs in the developed world, to adequately assess the activities of local power structures, for which the growth of institutional indicators in the region is one of the key intentions contributing to the increase of their authority and the attractiveness of the territory as a whole. Thirdly, the assessment of the institutional environment allows specialists, on the basis of available indicators, to determine both the advantages and advantageous competitive positions of the economic system as a whole and its vulnerabilities, make sound economic forecasts for the near future and analyze the impact of such factors as the state politics, social structure, traditions, moral norms, history, geography, and natural resources on the state of the institutional environment.

Neuroprotective effects of Lepidium sativum L. on memory impairments in Wistar rat: Behavioral and neurochemical study

The present study investigated the effect of Lepidium sativum L. on Memory and on Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in different brain structures among cadmium-exposed rats. Animals were divided into three groups: Control group (T): received a distilled water orally, Cadmium group (Cd): received oral administration dose of Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) at 10 mg/kg, Protective group (Cd/LS): received CdCl2 (10mg/kg) and the aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum L. (20mg/kg) orally. The Novel Object Recognition Memory Test is used to evaluate the short and long term memory. The measure of AchE activity is realized by Ellman’s method. The results showed that subchronic Cadmium Chloride intoxication at a dose of 10 mg/kg caused a neurobehavioral impairments including: A significant decrease in the index of recognition of short-term (p<0.01) and long-term memory (p <0.05) compared to the control group. In addition, this index increase in the group (Cd/LS) compared to the group intoxicated by CdCl2. A highly significant increase in the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase in hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex (p<0.001) is registered. These results indicate that the aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum L. may modulate the toxic effect induced by cadmium and consequently improve cognition.

Factors affecting activities to prevent and suppress ethnic conflicts in the Russian Federation

The article analyses the activities to prevent and suppress ethnic conflicts, activities that form a major component of the national security system of the Russian Federation against extremist, including terrorist, threats. The article examines the features and the degree of influence of the main factors on the activities of state structures, religious organisations, public associations for the prevention and suppression of interethnic conflicts. The survey of twenty experts who are highly qualified specialists in the field of countering ethno-extremism conducted by the author using the methods of questionnaires and in-depth interviews, as well as the results of mass sociological studies and analysis of scientific works and media publications on the topic of the research allowed to determine the degree of influence of the main factors on the ethno-conflict sphere. It was revealed as a result of the research, that the Russian Orthodox Church, traditional Muslim organisations and public law enforcement organisations, primarily Cossack organisations and voluntary people's guards, have the most positive influence on activities to prevent and suppress ethnic conflicts. The factor of "spreading the ideology of the" Russian world "" in the context of aggravated relations with Western countries has practically no effect on anti-conflict activities in the ethno-national sphere. Attempts to support foreign followers of the Russian patriotic project evoke nothing more but Russophobic reaction from the political elites in a number of foreign states. Such factors as “deficiencies in educational and upbringing activities”, as well as “pandemic”, have a negative impact on the activities aimed at preventing and suppressing ethnic conflicts in Russia. The worst influence on the prevention and suppression of ethnic conflicts, according to the experts interviewed, have “activities of elites in national formations”, “migration policy”, as well as “development of Internet communications and social networks”. The author proves that taking into account the peculiarities and degree of influence of the main factors on activities to prevent and suppress ethnic conflicts will not only allow the authorities to ensure the protection of the Russian society from ethno-national threats but also to more effectively solve important tasks of strengthening the all-Russian self-awareness and spiritual community of the Russian nation, harmonising ethno-national relations and state-civil consolidation in the Russian Federation.

Modern vision of relationship between theta rhythm and the processes of attention

At present time conceptions of complex neurophysiological mechanisms underlying processes of attention are actively developing. In last few years, several researches revealed rhythmic character of processes of attention. Especially theta-rhythm is considered to be significant in organization of rhythmic interactions between brain zones, which take part in providing attention systems work. The aim of the work – to analyze and summarize modern date about role of theta-rhythm in providing basic processes of attention. The report presents modern data about role of theta-rhythm in processes of attention. Specific features of attention systems are discussed. Thrifold model of attention, developed by Steven E. Petersen and Michael I. Posner is reviewed in detail. Moreover, evidences of rhythmic character of processes of attention are summarized and leading part of theta-activity in providing these processes is demonstrated. We also discuss the investigations by Randolph F. Helfrich and Ian C. Fiebelkorn et al. which stated that the quantization of processes of attention with theta-frequency as a general principle of brain structures activity. Dependence of frequency characteristics of cortex zones of human brain from number of objects of attention is discussed. There is also an analysis of theta-band’s ability to modulate biopotentials of higher frequency. Special attention is paid to the researches focused on theta-gamma coupling. The influence of theta-rhythm phase on gamma-rhythm amplitude in phase-amplitude coupling of theta- and gamma-band is analyzed. Theta-rhythm is considered to be one of the rhythmic components that regulate complex mental functions such as attention, memory and consciousness. Obviously, there is a lack of an exact understanding of the role for every band in mental functions regulation; therefore, more investigations in this field are required. However, several data about the role of theta-band in mental functions was collected. A complex of systems with different physiological and neurochemical basis provides attention. It was demonstrated that attention - is a rhythmical process in which theta-band is a crucial part. Theta-rhythm provides synchronization and joint activity of distant brain structures. Moreover, theta-rhythm modulates high-frequent bands. Theta- gamma-band coupling is supposed to be important for attention. Such cooperation is considered to be an evidence of cortical and subcortical zones and provides coordination of analyzing systems of different level. It is suggested that different phases of theta-band may provide retention/switching of attention or determine information flow. As a summary of review of literary sources, there is a conclusion about high significance of this frequency range in different attention systems functioning.

Борис Павлович Мансуров и организация русского присутствия в Святых Местах (1857–1864)

We analyze the circumstances of the creation of Russian Palestine, a unique phenomenon of Russian history and culture. The role of one of the main ideologists of the Russian presence in the Holy Land, B.P. Mansurov is shown. The relevance of the work is determined by a comprehensive study of the activities of state structures in organizing Russian pilgrims in the Orthodox East, recreating the stages of work on the Jerusalem project. The lack of research of the first stage of the development of Russian Palestine, insufficient attention to the issue, give the work a histori-ographic novelty. It is shown that the concept of presence in the region appeared in the Naval Ministry under the leadership of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich. Attention is drawn to the contribution of B.P. Mansurov in justification and development of the program for the arrangement of Russian infrastructure in Jerusalem, the business of purchasing land and the construction of the Russian Compound. It is substantiated that the proposed by B.P. Mansurov, the project played the role of an important foreign policy program of Russia in the Orthodox East after the end of the Crimean War. It is revealed that the creation of the Russian pilgrimage and church infrastructure in the Holy Land opened a new stage in the development of the Russian presence in the region, strengthened the existing cultural and diplomatic ties between Russia and Palestine.

ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКИЕ КЛАСТЕРЫ В ИННОВАЦИОННОМ РАЗВИТИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАНА

In article questions of development of innovative economy of the Republic of Tajikistan and a role of business and clusters in this process are considered. Special attention is paid to state-private partnership, its forms of support to economic entities with innovative orientation of their activity. Current trends of social and economic development of the Republic of Tajikistan in the conditions of realization of the market reforms directed to formation of innovative economy are characterized by existence of a number of problems in development of activity of enterprise structures: resource restrictions, imperfection of the standard and legal and legislative base, high tax burden, etc. The listed above problems designated need of search of the new forms and methods of functioning providing sustainable development and competitiveness to economic entities. One of the directions of innovative development of economy of the republic is creation of clusters in various sectors of the economy. Enterprise clusters are designed to solve a number of social problems: creation of new jobs, increase in employment rate and employment of the population, the presented possibilities of self-realization to knowledge, skills of businessmen, increases in the standard of living of the population, etc. It is necessary to carry to economic tasks: formation of the competitive environment, saturation of the regional markets goods and services when ensuring support from the state and large business. Introduction of a cluster system of development of business in modern conditions will allow to overcome negative trends in economy, to make use of foreign experience in ensuring steady rates of economic development and increase in level and quality of life of the population of the republic. The offered forms of state-private partnership will promote consolidation of resources of economic subjects, development of infrastructure that will attract investments into development of the separate industries, creation of clusters. In the conclusion measures for development of the cluster focused economy in relation to conditions of regions of the Republic of Tajikistan are proposed.

Assessment of indicators of "business costs" of participating enterprises in foreign economic activity

The article is devoted to the study of the current direction of the customs service of the Russian Federation associated with the reduction of the administrative burden on business and the resulting costs of participants in foreign economic activity. Currently, there is a huge development of customs administration as part of the implementation of the "Strategy for the development of the customs service of the Russian Federation until 2030", due to the development of prospective customs procedures and technologies. At the same time, issues of further improvement of customs administration procedures and assessment of their impact on the activities of business structures and minimization of their costs related to customs formalities become very relevant. This makes it necessary to study theoretical issues of cost accounting and management and improve customs administration practices on this basis. The results of the analysis of the content and types of business costs in the sphere of foreign economic activity, based on which the concept of costs for the sphere of foreign economic activity is defined and the classification of these costs by the criterion of controllability is specified, are presented. Also the analysis of time and financial costs of participants in foreign economic activity was carried out, the methodology of their accounting in the sphere of foreign economic activity according to the methodology of the World Bank Doing Business was considered, recommendations for the use of indicators of "business costs" in the activities of the Federal Customs Service were developed.