Acne Infections Research Articles

Cutaneous manifestations of obesity in children: A prospective study

Background: Obesity is a chronic disorder with rising prevalence that affects several organs, including the skin. Although it is more common in adults, the prevalence in the pediatric population is growing rapidly. Obesity is associated with a large number of cutaneous manifestations which are directly related to the age of onset and duration of obesity. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study in which children aged 3 years or more with body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2 were included in the study. After informed consent from the parents/attendants, demographic details, height, and weight were documented. All the children were subjected to a detailed dermatological examination by an experienced dermatologist, and all the cutaneous changes were carefully recorded in a predesigned pro forma. Results: A total of 100 children (male: 61, female: 39) were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 11.3 ± 1.3 years and the mean BMI was 32.6 ± 1.36 kg/m2. Majority of the patients (71%) had Class I obesity (BMI 30.00–34.99) while 27% had Class II obesity (BMI 35.00–39.99). The most common cutaneous manifestations among the children were acanthosis nigricans (42%), striae (19%), fungal infections and intertrigo (16%), acrochordons (12%), acne (10%), hirsutism (8%), and viral and bacterial infections (5%). Other less common associations were psoriasis, xanthomas, corns, plantar hyperkeratosis, and miliaria. Conclusion: Likewise in adults, obesity is associated significantly with certain dermatoses in children also. As the prevalence of obesity is increasing each day, understanding of these dermatoses is necessary both for the pediatricians as well as for dermatologists for early diagnosis and management.

Differentiated treatment of patients with acne and concomitant candida infection

There are a lot of works, which are devoted to the study of acne, but these data are often contradictory on the issue of interrelationship and interdependence of clinical manifestations, course and some factors in the pathogenesis of acne and candida infection. Aim of the research was to study the effect of the recommended differentiated therapy on the pathogenetic disorders in patients with acne and concomitant Candida infection. Methods and results. 120 patients with acne were examined. In 100 of them concomitant skin malasseziosis was set in the form of pityriasis rosea , kerosis, comedones, folliculitis, seborrhea, multicolored zoster, with some features, as well as candidiasis. Methods of the research – bacterioscopic, bacteriological, study of skin oiliness and moisture, skin pH, the level of Ca ++ , parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. In patients with acne significant shifts in the composition of water-lipid mantle, increased oiliness and decreased moisture of skin, pH changes with a shift to the alkaline side were revealed, the most pronounced – in acne patients with Candida infection. The content of Ca ++ in the organism, as well as parathyroid hormone and calcitonin was increased and also the most indicative it was in patients with acne and concomitant Candida infection. After the comparative analysis on the basis of different levels of clinical and laboratory violations two clinical-therapeutic groups were distinguished, in accordance with that the differentiated therapy offered by us was conducted. Increased oiliness and Рh of skin, decline of moisture before the treatment, especially in patients with III and IV stages of acne, complicated by Candida infection, were normalized after treatment, unlike in patients treated traditionally. Conclusion. After treatment intensity of microbal colonization and also microbal associations of skin was diminished, the level of Ca ++ , parathyroid hormone and calcitonin went down.

Anti-Acne Activity of Italian Medicinal Plants Used for Skin Infection.

Propionibacterium acnes is implicated in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, which impacts >85% of teenagers. Novel therapies are in high demand and an ethnopharmacological approach to discovering new plant sources of anti-acne therapeutics could contribute to filling this void in effective therapies. The aims of our study were two-fold: (1) To determine if species identified in ethnopharmacological field studies as having traditional uses for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) exhibit significantly more activity against P. acnes than species with no such reported use; and (2) Chemically characterize active extracts and assess their suitability for future investigation. Extracts of Italian medicinal (for acne and other skin infection) and randomly collected plants and fungi were screened for growth-inhibitory and anti-biofilm activity in P. acnes using broth microdilution methods. Bioactive extracts were chemically characterized by HPLC and examined for cytotoxicity against human keratinocytes (HaCaTs). Following evaluation of 157 extracts from 10 fungi and 58 plants, we identified crude extracts from seven species exhibiting growth inhibitory activity (MICs 64–256 μg mL−1). All active extracts were examined for cytotoxicity against HaCaTs; extracts from one fungal and one plant species were toxic (IC50 256 μg mL−1). HPLC analysis with chemical standards revealed many of these extracts contained chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and tannic acid. In conclusion, species used in traditional medicine for the skin exhibited significantly greater (p < 0.05) growth inhibitory and biofilm eradication activity than random species, supporting the validity of an ethnobotanical approach to identifying new therapeutics. The anti-acne activity of three extracts is reported for the first time: Vitis vinifera leaves, Asphodelus microcarpus leaves, and Vicia sativa aerial parts.

Endothelial dysfunction may play a key role in keloid and hypertrophic scar pathogenesis – Keloids and hypertrophic scars may be vascular disorders

Keloids and hypertrophic scars are fibroproliferative disorders (FPDs) of the skin that result from abnormal healing of injured or irritated skin. They can be called pathological or inflammatory scars. Common causes are trauma, burn, surgery, vaccination, skin piercing, folliculitis, acne, and herpes zoster infection. The pathogenesis of these scars clearly involves local conditions such as delayed wound healing, wound depth, and the tension of the skin around the scars. Scar severity is also shaped by interactions between these local factors and genetic and systemic factors such as hypertension and sex hormones. Notably, to evaluate scar severity, the Japan Scar Workshop (JSW) has established the JSW Scar Scale.Our studies show that tension on the skin around the wound results in prolonged and/or repeated bouts of inflammation in the reticular layer of the dermis and that this inflammation generates abnormal numbers of blood vessels (as well as collagen and nerve fibers) in the dermal reticular layer. We hypothesize that local factors, such as the mechanobiology of the dermis and blood vessels, along with genetic and systemic factors promote pathological scar development by inducing endothelial dysfunction (i.e., vascular hyperpermeability) during the inflammatory stage of wound healing. The continued presence of these factors prolongs the influx of inflammatory cells and factors, thereby leading to fibroblast dysfunction.Evidence for this hypothesis includes the fact that all effective treatments of keloids, namely, radiotherapy, compression therapy, steroid administration, and long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser therapy, act, at least partly, by suppressing blood vessels.At present, keloids are classified as strongly inflammatory scars, while hypertrophic scars are considered to be mildly inflammatory scars. However, we propose that keloids and hypertrophic scars are simply manifestations of the same skin FPD and differ only in the degree of endothelial dysfunction and therefore inflammation. We therefore suggest that these pathological scars should be classified on the basis of the factor that causes the endothelial dysfunction. Thus, primary scars are caused by congenital endothelial dysfunction (e.g., a mutation prevents endothelial gaps from closing smoothly) while secondary scars are caused by endothelial dysfunction that results from aging, arterial sclerosis, and/or repeated/very strong local mechanical forces. We expect that primary keloids develop at younger ages and tend to become severe, while secondary keloids are seen in all ages and can vary in clinical severity.Thus, abnormal blood vessel regulation may underlie keloid and hypertrophic scar pathogenesis, which suggests that inhibiting abnormal angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability may be an important therapeutic approach.

Isolation and identification of microorganisms in acne patients

Background and objective: Acne is a follicular skin disease most frequently occurring during the adolescent or the teenage years of a person's life. It has been found that around 85% of teenagers suffer from this skin disorder worldwide. However, acne is not only restricted to teenagers but in many cases continues well into adulthood. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of acne in relation to age in Erbil City, and isolation and identification of microorganisms in acne patients. Methods: Specimens were collected from inflamed and discharging pus from 160 acne patients (74 male, 86 female) attending the Department of Dermatology in Rizgari Teaching Hospital in Erbil city. The cultures were examined using the Vitek-2 compact system. Results: Among 160 samples taken, 150 (99%) were culture positive. From there 70 (46.6%) were male and 80 (53.3%) were female. Only ten (6.25%) samples revealed no growth. The highest prevalence of acne was 32 (20.0%) at age group (15-17) years of both genders. The most frequent etiological agent isolated (aerobically) bacteria from acne patients was Staphylococcus epidermidis (27.08%), and the most common anaerobic pathogen bacteria species were Propionibacterium acnes, 25 (13.02%), while among fungi Candida albicans was the most common fungi representing nine (64.29%) isolates. Conclusion: Gram-positive bacteria were the most common microorganisms involved in acne infection. There are variations in the incidence of acne infection in relation to sex, age, and socioeconomic level.

A cross-sectional study to assess the incompatible dietary behavior of patients suffering from skin diseases: A pilot study

BackgroundAyurveda implies the importance of diet and dietary habits in various human diseases. Confirmatory evidence regarding role of diet and dietary practices in diseases of skin are lacking. ObjectivesTo assess incompatible dietary behavior in acne, psoriasis, fungal infections, and vitiligo patients using a questionnaire tool. Materials and methodsA questionnaire-based, cross-sectional case control study was conducted in the skin out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital. Patients were enrolled in each diseased group and their control groups. Perception of patients regarding the role of diet in skin diseases was evaluated. Study participants were subjected to 2 validated questionnaires to assess consumption of incompatible diet and incompatible dietary habits. ResultsDiet was perceived to be more important in patients of acne compared to their controls (P < 0.05). Mean composite score regarding the assessment of consumption of incompatible diet of acne (19.594 ± 4.613 vs. 16.719 ± 3.457, P = 0.006) and psoriasis (17.531 ± 2.688 vs. 16.281 ± 2.630, P = 0.0497) patients was higher than their controls. Mean composite score regarding assessment of incompatible dietary habits was higher in acne (19.031 ± 4.589 vs. 15.688 ± 4.645, P = 0.0054), psoriasis (18.875 ± 5.014 vs. 15 ± 3.069, P = 0.0009), and fungal infection (16.469 ± 3.538 vs. 14.5 ± 2.627, P = 0.0115) patients compared to controls. Mean composite scores of both the questionnaires in vitiligo patients were similar to controls. ConclusionScores for consumption of incompatible diet and dietary habits were found to be higher in acne and psoriasis patients compared to controls. Patients with fungal infections had higher scores for the presence of incompatible dietary habits but similar scores for the consumption of incompatible diet, whereas both scores in patients of vitiligo were similar to controls.

The Formulation of Bacteriophage in a Semi Solid Preparation for Control of Propionibacterium acnes Growth.

AimsTo isolate and characterise phage which could lyse P. acnes and to formulate the phage into a delivery form for potential application in topical treatment of acne infection.Methods and ResultsUsing standard phage isolation techniques, ten phage capable of lysing P. acnes were isolated from human skin microflora. Their genomes showed high homology to previously reported P. acnes phage. These phage were formulated into cetomacrogol cream aqueous at a concentration of 2.5x108 PFU per gram, and shown to lyse underlying P. acnes cells grown as lawn cultures. These phage formulations remained active for at least 90 days when stored at four degrees Celsius in a light protected container.ConclusionsP. acnes phage formulated into cetomacrogol cream aqueous will lyse surrounding and underlying P. acnes bacteria, and are effective for at least 90 days if stored appropriately.Significance and Impact of the StudyThere are few reports of phage formulation into semi solid preparations for application as phage therapy. The formulation method described here could potentially be applied topically to treat human acne infections. The potential exists for this model to be extended to other phage applied to treat other bacterial skin infections.

PRESCRIPTION PATTERN AND THE COST ANALYSIS OF TINEA AND ACNE PATIENTS IN THE DERMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL

Dermatophytes are fungi that invade and multiply within keratinized tissues causing infection called dermatophytosis or Tinea or ringworm. Acne is a disease of the pilosebaceous unit and affects more than 80% of the general population in their lifetime. This study was undertaken to monitor the current prescribing pattern of anti-acne and anti-tinea drugs in dermatology outpatient department in a tertiary care teaching hospital. It was undertaken for 30 days in the month of June 2009. The current study was designed as a unicentric observational study. All patient attending the dermatology OPD with acne and tinea infections with or without any concomitant disease were included in the study. The parameters included were demography, diagnosis, Average number of drugs per prescription, Specific trade preparations used, Dosage forms preferred and cost of prescription. Result - Total 1790 prescription were audited and only the prescription for acne and tinea infections were considered. A total of 55 (3.07%) patients were suffering from tinea and a total of 64 (3.57%) patients were suffering from acne. The average number of drugs per prescription prescribed for tinea infection was 3.17. The average number of drugs per prescription prescribed for acne infection was 3.04. This was a pilot study and the drugs commonly used in tinea and acne cases were studied along with the cost analysis. More studies with greater duration and greater sample size need to be carried out for a better understanding of economic influencers.

Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: A Review of Recent Evidences.

Context:Acne vulgaris affects about 85% of teenagers and may continue to adulthood. There are about two million visits to physicians per year for teenagers and the direct cost of acne treatment in the US exceeds $1 billion per year.Evidence Acquisition:A wide variety of treatment regimens exist for acne vulgaris including benzoil peroxide, retinoids, isotretinoids, keratolytic soaps, alpha hydroxy acids, azelaic acid, salicilic acid as well as hormonal, anti-androgen or antiseborrheic treatments. However, none of these methods is free of side effects and their exact role in therapy is not clear. In this paper apart from presenting the possible causes of acne vulgaris and its available drugs, recently published papers about medicinal plants used in the treatment of acne vulgaris were reviewed.Results:Consumption of alternative and complementary medicine, including medicinal plants, is increasing and is common amongst patients affected by acne and infectious skin diseases. Medicinal plants have a long history of use and have been shown to possess low side effects. These plants are a reliable source for preparation of new drugs.Conclusions:Many plants seem to have inhibitory effects on the growth of bacteria, fungi and viruses in vitro. However, there are a few clinical evidences about the effectiveness and safety of these plants in the treatment of acne and other skin infections.

Prepubertal acne

Prepubertal acne, a kind of childhood acne, usually occurs from 7 years of age to the emergence of puberty signs in children. Comedo-like lesions are the main presentation of prepubertal acne. Its pathogenesis is mainly associated with increased secretion of androgen caused by adrenarche in early puberty. Furthermore, Propionibacterium acne infection and hyperandrogenism also play important roles in the occurrence of acne. The severity of prepubertal acne can affect the development of acne, thus careful inquiry of medical history and family history is suggested for the diagnosis and treatment of acne. Also, relevant laboratory examinations are needed to exclude hyperandrogenism-associated acne caused by other diseases. Therapeutic strategies should be selected according to patients′ age and the number of skin lesions, and be as simple as possible. Key words: Acne vulgaris; Child development; Child; Endocrine system; Clinical protocols

A long-term, observational cohort study on the safety of low-dose glucocorticoids in ankylosing spondylitis: adverse events and effects on bone mineral density, blood lipid and glucose levels and body mass index

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the risk of adverse events and effects on bone mineral density (BMD), blood lipid and glucose levels and body mass index (BMI) of low-dose glucocorticoid...

Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Skin Bleaching in Secondary School in Bohicon, Benin

Skin bleaching is a public health problem in West Africa most studied in general population. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the prevalence of the phenomenon in secondary schools in central Benin. The prevalence of voluntary depigmentation (VD) was 36.6%. The sex ratio was 0.49. Gender was statistically associated with VD (p value < 0.000). Bleaching products used were often hydroquinone (42.2%), and corticosteroid (22.7%). The mean duration of the practice was 20 months. Products were applied over all body twice a day in most students. The main dermatological complications of the practice were discoloration (32.2%), stretch marks (20%), acne (18.5%), and fungal infections (13.1%). Parents funded and chose the bleaching products in most cases. This was the first survey conducted in secondary schools in West Africa targeted voluntary depigmentation. The high prevalence of the practice raises some questions, among them the core values of West African societies.

English

BACKGROUND: Tinea versicolor is a chronic, mild, usually asymptomatic infection of the stratum corneum. The lesions are discrete or confluent and appear as discolored or hypo pigmented areas of the skin. The affected areas are located principally on the chest, abdomen, upper extremities and back. The etiologic agent is the lipophilic yeast Pityrosporum orbiculare, part of the normal flora of the human skin. This study is undertaken to know “clinical, patterns of the disease with respect to morphology and distribution, associated conditions and epidemiological factors like age, sex distribution and seasonal variation of the disease”. METHODS: Two hundred patients of tinea versicolor were selected. Patients belonging to the age group of above 10 years and below 60 years belonging to both sexes were selected and included in the study group after taking consent. A detailed history was taken with particular reference to onset, duration, symptoms and treatment taken and were recorded. Factors like – seasonal variation, family history and presence of any associated illnesses was also noted. A thorough clinical examination was done with reference to the location, the color, the extent of the lesions, the margins, the type of lesions and the details were recorded. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination and Wood’s lamp examination were done in all the patients before therapy. RESULTS: Out of 200 patients, majority of them belong to 2nd and 3rd decade of life (72%). The Male: Female ratio was 1.5:1. There was a family history of 16%. The trunk was the most common site involved. Majority of the patients had exacerbation in summer. The most common associated dermatoses were acne vulgaris, immunosuppression and infections. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Tinea versicolor is a disease of worldwide distribution, although it is significantly more common in humid and tropical climates. The true incidence cannot be estimated precisely because the disease is not troublesome and often passes unnoticed and the patients are therefore less frequently seen by a dermatologist. The lesions are discrete or confluent and appear as discolored or hypopigmented areas of the skin Although Tinea versicolor is a chronic, mild, usually asymptomatic infection of the skin it poses considerable therapeutic challenge to dermatologists in tropical countries because of its varied clinical manifestations and frequent relapses after treatment.

Antibacterial Activity of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus

New compounds are needed to treat acne and superficial infections caused by Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus due to the reduced effectiveness of agents used at present. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are attracting attention as potential new topical treatments for Gram-positive infections due to their antimicrobial potency and anti-inflammatory properties. This present study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effects of six LC-PUFAs against P. acnes and S. aureus to evaluate their potential to treat infections caused by these pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined against P. acnes and S. aureus, and the LC-PUFAs were found to inhibit bacterial growth at 32–1024 mg/L. Generally, P. acnes was more susceptible to the growth inhibitory actions of LC-PUFAs, but these compounds were bactericidal only for S. aureus. This is the first report of antibacterial activity attributed to 15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (15-OHEPA) and 15-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (HETrE), while the anti-P. acnes effects of the six LC-PUFAs used herein are novel observations. During exposure to the LC-PUFAs, S. aureus cells were killed within 15–30 min. Checkerboard assays demonstrated that the LC-PUFAs did not antagonise the antimicrobial potency of clinical agents used presently against P. acnes and S. aureus. However, importantly, synergistic interactions against S. aureus were detected for combinations of benzoyl peroxide with 15-OHEPA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and HETrE; and neomycin with 15-OHEPA, DGLA, eicosapentaenoic acid, γ-linolenic acid and HETrE. In conclusion, LC-PUFAs warrant further evaluation as possible new agents to treat skin infections caused by P. acnes and S. aureus, especially in synergistic combinations with antimicrobial agents already used clinically.

Sociodemographic factors and their association to prevalence of skin diseases among adolescents

Introduction: The pattern of skin diseases in any community is influenced by genetic constitution, climate, socioeconomic status, occupation, education, hygienic standards, customs and quality of medical care. The burden of skin disease also has an impact on the Quality of Life of adolescents. This study aims to investigate the level of awareness and assess the prevalence of different types of skin diseases among adolescents in Mauritius. Material and Methods: 500 adolescents and young adults of both sexes and aged between 11-23 years were recruited. A questionnaire was used to elicit information and to assess the knowledge status of skin diseases and to determine possible risk factors. In addition, a validated questionnaire based on Quality of Life Index was used to determine the psychosocial effect of adolescents suffering from skin diseases. Data was analysed using IBM Statistics SPSS version 20 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: Incidence of skin diseases was 22.9% in males and 24.7% females respectively. Acne was the most common skin problems in both gender followed by fungal infection (2.9%) in males and eczema (2.4%) in females. Climatic conditions (e.g summer), consumption of oily and spicy foods, sports practice and familial history were correlated positively with prevalence of skin diseases. Conclusion: Acne, eczema and fungal infection were the most common skin diseases identified. The findings also indicate that more respondents between 15-19 years old were more prone to skin diseases.

In Vivo Treatment of Propionibacterium acnes Infection with Liposomal Lauric Acids

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a Gram-positive bacterium strongly associated with acne infection. While many antimicrobial agents have been used in clinic to treat acne infection by targeting P. acnes, these existing anti-acne agents usually produce considerable side effects. Herein, the development and evaluation of liposomal lauric acids (LipoLA) is reported as a new, effective and safe therapeutic agent for the treatment of acne infection. By incorporating lauric acids into the lipid bilayer of liposomes, it is observed that the resulting LipoLA readily fuse with bacterial membranes, causing effective killing of P. acnes by disrupting bacterial membrane structures. Using a mouse ear model, we demonstrated that the bactericidal property of LipoLA against P. acne is well preserved at physiological conditions. Topically applying LipoLA in a gel form onto the infectious sites leads to eradication of P. acnes bacteria in vivo. Further skin toxicity studies show that LipoLA does not induce acute toxicity to normal mouse skin, while benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid, the two most popular over-the-counter acne medications, generate moderate to severe skin irritation within 24 h. These results suggest that LipoLA hold a high therapeutic potential for the treatment of acne infection and other P. acnes related diseases.

Correlation between Phylogroups and Intracellular Proteomes ofPropionibacterium acnesand Differences in the Protein Expression Profiles between Anaerobically and Aerobically Grown Cells

Propionibacterium acnes is one of the dominant commensals on the human skin and also an opportunistic pathogen in relation to acne, sarcoidosis, prostate cancer, and various infections. Recent investigations using housekeeping and virulence genes have revealed that the species consists of three major evolutionary clades (types I, II, and III). In order to investigate protein expression differences between these phylogroups, proteomic profiles of 21 strains of P. acnes were investigated. The proteins extracted from cells cultured under anaerobic and aerobic conditions were analysed using a SELDI-TOF mass spectrometer, high-resolution capillary gel electrophoresis, and LC-MS/ MS. The SELDI spectral profiles were visualised as a heat map and a dendrogram, which resulted in four proteomic groups. Strains belonging to type I were represented in the proteome Group A, while Group B contained type III strains. Groups C and D contained mixtures of types I and II. Each of these groups was not influenced by differences in culture conditions. Under anoxic growth conditions, a type IB strain yielded high expressions of some proteins, such as methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase and the Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen (CAMP) factor. The present study revealed good congruence between genomic and proteomic data suggesting that the microenvironment of each subtype may influence protein expression.

Staphylococcinum - A multicenter clinical verification study

Introduction:Clinical verification is an ongoing research programme of the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, under which many Indian and rarely used drugs in Homoeopathy have been Clinically Verified. Staphylococcinum is a nosode, prepared from the bacterial endotoxins of staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. In India, the medicine is prepared as per the direction of preparation of nosodes of N-I group of Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India (HPI). The Council had under taken an observational study on Staphylococcinum from 2005-2010, to determine its therapeutic effects through Clinical Verification. Objectives:The study had two objectives. The primary objective was to clinically verify the symptomatology of Staphylococcinum as observed during its proving conducted by Council on this drug and the secondary objective was to ascertain the additional clinical symptoms, if any. Materials and Methods:In this multi-center study, a total of 411 patients from all age groups & both sexes were enrolled from the OPDs of the institutes and units of the Council adhering to the inclusion, exclusion criteria as per protocol. The informed written consent was obtained from each patient before the enrolment in the studies. The presenting signs and symptoms were recorded in a predefined case recording proforma. On repertorising the symptoms of each patient, if Staphylococcinum was found to be the simillimum or very closely similar to the symptoms of the patient, the patient was included in the study. The medicine was prescribed in different potencies, viz. 30C, 200C and 1M in ascending order, as per the need of the case, in accordance with homoeopathic principles. The progress was noted in a follow up sheet to determine the effects of the medicine. Result:It was observed that many of the symptoms of Staphylococcinum obtained during the proving of this drug, (conducted by the Council) were present in the patients, which were relieved after administration of Staphylococcinum in this study. Thus the study verifies the symptoms of Staphylococcinum obtained earlier during proving of this medicine. The study, in addition, reveals few additional clinical symptoms not obtained in the proving. Conclusion:Staphylococcinum can be considered as an important medicine for acidity, acne, aphthae, arthritis, dermatitis, fever, headache, toothache and urinary tract infection. In the study, 24 symptoms of Staphylococcinum were clinically verified and 13 clinical symptoms were evolved. All the verified symptoms confirm the scope of its therapeutic action.

Extraction of Active Components of Aloe Vera to Treat Acne/pimple in Population of Quetta City

Comprehensive study of local aloe vera and its effects on acne/pimple was performed. The work mainly describes the chemical investigation of aloe vera by traditional methods to check its efficacy in the treatment of acne. Local aloe specie was gown and solutions of different concentration were made. Samples of acne were collected from different acne sufferers to identify the microbe which is major cause of acne infection. Doses of different concentrations of aloe vera were tested on the acne causing microorganism. In the present work traditional methods of plant extraction were used to find the relationship between aloe vera and acne treatment.Doses of different concentrations were calculated and analyzed to treat acne.

Childhood Skin Rashes

While the most prevalent skin conditions in the paediatric age group include acne, dermatitis/eczema, bacterial and fungal infections, recent articles published in InnovAiT cover these topics in detail. This article aims to provide an overview of some of the conditions frequently encountered in the paediatric dermatology clinic, considering in particular birthmarks, vascular malformations, neonatal skin conditions, paediatric skin tumours, mucocutaneous syndromes and infections, including viral exanthems.