Acidic Polysaccharide Content Research Articles

Effects of Rosa roxburghii Tratt Must on the Growth, Nutrient Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Pleurotus ostreatus Mycelia.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt, a Rosaceae plant endemic to China, produces fruit with high nutritional and medicinal value. The effects of R. roxburghii must on the growth, nutrient composition, and antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia was investigated. We measured the mycelial growth rate, proximate composition, amino acid and crude polysaccharide content, and the antioxidant activity of the crude polysaccharides of P. ostreatus mycelia cultivated under different concentrations of R. roxburghii must (2%, 4%, and 8%, v/v). Low concentrations of R. roxburghii must (2% and 4%) promoted mycelial growth, while a high concentration (8%) inhibited mycelial growth. Low concentrations of R. roxburghii must had no significant effects on the soluble substances, fat, ash, and crude fiber in P. ostreatus mycelia, but significantly increased the crude protein and total amino acid contents (p < 0.05). The addition of R. roxburghii must at low concentrations significantly increased the crude polysaccharide content in mycelia (p < 0.05) but had no impact on the scavenging of hydroxyl radicals and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Therefore, R. roxburghii must at low concentration can be used as a substrate for P. ostreatus cultivation to increase the protein and polysaccharide contents in mycelia.

The Increase of Bioactive Ingredients by Solid State Fermentation of Inonotus obliquus with Spent Substrate

In Taiwan, an estimated 200 thousand tons of spent mushroom substrates were produced annually for growing mushrooms. With the aim of identifying the best production conditions of the fruiting body with the spent substrates. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of production of Inonotus obliquus by solid state fermentation (SSF), using spent mushroom substrate with controlled atmosphere and adding corn and rice grain and birch and mulberry powder. The results of this study revealed two major trends. First, the SSF process in a controlled atmosphere with corn grain and mulberry powder added can substantially increase the bioactive ingredient content of the fruiting body even with spent substrate. Second, the contents of heavy metals were plunged to average 6.4% than the ones of fresh sawdust substrate after two round of fermentation with I. obliquus. Overall, the best results were achieved when spent substrate with corn grain and 10% mulberry powder, and the process was carried out in a controlled atmosphere, with the betulinic acid content, polysaccharide content, and DPPH radical scavenging potential being 1.03 mg/g, 29.3 mg/g, and 94.3%, respectively. These findings demonstrated the bioactive ingredient content of the fruiting body obtained via SSF with spent substrate and controlled atmosphere treatment can be increased. This innovation ventilation fermentation model with spent substrate was more economic by conservation of the usage of timber. The dramatically decreased trends of heavy metal of substrates and fruit bodies was lead to safety of ingestion of mushrooms. The innovation ventilation fermentation model with spent substrate of Inonotus obliquus

산양삼의 년근별 진세노사이드 함량 및 항산화 활성

The morphological, nutritional, and functional characteristics of cultivated mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, CMG) with different ages (3, 5, 7, and 9 years old) were investigated. Three-year-old CMG (3-CMG) was significantly smaller, shorter, and lighter than 5-CMG while there is no significant difference in length, thickness, and weight among 5-, 7-, and 9-CMGs. On the other hand, functional properties of CMG highly varied with the cultivation age. Moisture content of CMGs with different ages decreased with age except for 9-CMG whereas crude fat and protein contents increased with age. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were highest in 9-CMG (82.4 μg GAE/g and 723.6 μg AAE/g, respectively) while reducing poser was highest in 3-CMG (411.7 GAE/g). Xanthine oxidase inhibition activity of 9-CMG (17.24 μg AAE/g) was 1.5 times higher than that of 3-CMG. Acidic polysaccharide content was highest in 7-CMG (3,298 mg GAAE/g) but lowest in 3-CMG. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were highest in 5- and 7-CMG, respectively, and decreased with the cultivation period. Total ginsenoside content of CMG increased with the cultivation period. Rb1 and Re were predominant ginsenosides for all CMGs, accounting for about 50% of total ginsenoside content. Rb1 of 9-CMG was about four times higher than that of 3-CMG. Compound K was found in all CMGs, but it took less than 0.1% of total ginsenoside content.

Rheological properties and effects of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on functional components and antioxidant activities of cooked yam flour.

There is dearth of documented information on rheological behavior, bioaccessibility and antioxidant potential of cooked yam flour (CY). This study was carried out to evaluate rheological properties and effects of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID) on functional compositions and antioxidant activities of CY. CY displayed enhanced pseudoplastic and ''gel-like" characteristics with incremental concentration (4.5-9.0%). After GID, contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, sugar (TS), acidic polysaccharides (AP) and free amino acids (FAAs) significantly increased with maximal increment of 3.51-fold for TS followed by AP (3.05-fold), and DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and FIC assays pointed to a significant increase in antioxidant activity. Sixteen FAAs including 7 essential amino acids were detected with highest content of 9.81mg/g for arginine. Large block remnants with a micro-porous structure were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that CY with favourableswallowing performance can serve as a reliable source ofbioaccessible and bioactive compounds with antioxidation.

Influence of Rhizoglomus irregulare on nutraceutical quality and regeneration of Lycium barbarum leaves under salt stress.

Whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi augment the nutraceutical quality of crops under salt stress is critical as a potential agronomic practice in salinized farmland. To evaluate the effect of Rhizoglomus irregulare on the nutraceutical quality of Lycium barbarum leaves under salt stress, we analyzed growth parameters and the rutin, polysaccharide, acidic polysaccharide, and amino acids contents of 2 harvests. Inoculation of R. irregulare significantly increased the regenerated bud number (partial eta squared (PES) = 0.577, P < 0.0001) and rutin concentration (PES = 0.544, P < 0.001) of L. barbarum leaves, with and without salt stress. The biomass of the 2nd harvest (PES = 0.355, P = 0.0091) and acidic polysaccharide (PES = 0.518, P = 0.001) of L. barbarum leaves were notably enhanced by R. irregulare under 200 mmol/L salt level. Rhizoglomus irregulare had insignificant effect on polysaccharide (PES = 0.092, P = 0.221) and amino acids levels (PES = 0.263, P = 0.130) in the leaves of L. barbarum. However, inoculation by R. irregulare decreased proline level (PES = 0.761, P = 0.001) in the leaves of L. barbarum when subjected to salt stress. Taken together, these results indicate that R. irregulare significantly improved the nutraceutical quality and facilitated the sustainable production of L. barbarum leaves exposed to salt stress.

Identification of Efficient Strain Applied to Mining Rehabilitation and Its Rock Corrosion Mechanism:Based on Boosted Regression Tree Analysis

The soil and water loss problem in rock mining areas is an extremely serious problem,and microbes play significant roles in ecological restoration of those areas.In this study,directive screening was used to explore the efficiency of microbe-mediated habitat restoration and the underlying mechanisms.A bacterial strain NLX-4,which was then identified as Pseudomonas protegens according to its 16S rRNA gene sequence,was screened out as an efficient silicate dissolution bacterium with the ability to secrete siderophore and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).Moreover,pH value,element (K,Al,Si) release,organic acid content,amino acid concentration,polysaccharide content,and rock particle diameter variation in culture medium were analyzed to explore the ability of P.protegens NLX-4 to promote dolomite dissolution under controlled experimental conditions.These results showed that P.protegens NLX-4 could play a positive role in dolomite dissolution by producing tartaric acid (>777 mg·L-1) and polysaccharides (>8.21g·L-1).Therefore,P.protegens NLX-4 is an efficient microbial resource that can be used in rehabilitation of abandoned mines and has great application potential.

Protein and Carbohydrate Exopolymer Particles in the Sea Surface Microlayer (SML)

Exchanges of matter and energy between ocean and atmosphere occur through the sea surface microlayer (SML). The SML is the thin surface layer of the ocean at the ocean-atmosphere interface that has distinctive physical, chemical and biological properties compared with the underlying water. We measured the concentration of two types of exopolymer particles in the SML and underlying water in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Oregon (United States) during July 2011. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) are defined by their acidic polysaccharide content, whereas Coomassie staining particles (CSP) are composed of protein. TEP and CSP were ubiquitous in the SML. TEP were not significantly enriched in the SML compared with the underlying water. CSP were significantly enriched in the SML, with an enrichment factor (EF) of 1.4 to 2.4. The distribution of exopolymer particles in the water and microscopic imaging indicated that TEP and CSP are distinct populations of particles rather than different chemical components of the same particles. Dissolved polysaccharides were not enriched in the SML, whereas monosaccharides had an EF of 1.2 to 1.8. Sampling occurred during the collapse of a diatom bloom, and diatoms were found both in the water column and SML. While there were living diatoms in the samples, most of the diatoms were dead and there were abundant empty frustules covered in layer of TEP. The collapsing diatom bloom was probably the source of exopolymer particles to both the SML and underlying water. Exopolymer particles are a component of the SML that may play a significant role in the marine carbon and nitrogen cycles, and the exchange of material between ocean and atmosphere.

기호성 개선 인삼농축액 제조를 위한 추출 조건 설정

This study was designed to develop a manufacturing process for ginseng concentrate with reduced unpleasant aroma and bitter taste. Two types of ginseng, white and red, were extracted under six different conditions (the 1st to the 6th step) of temperature (65~95℃) and ethanol concentration (0~70%). Six extracts of each ginseng were evaluated by a sensory test, and assayed for crude saponin, ginsenosides, and acidic polysaccharides. The content of crude saponin in the extracts decreased with extraction time. There was no significant difference in the crude saponin content between white and red ginseng extracts. The yield of red ginseng extract was higher (45%) than that of white ginseng. No significant difference was observed in the acidic polysaccharide content between red and white ginseng extracts. Rg3, a specific ginsenoside in red ginseng, was detected in the 1st to 6th extracts of red ginseng. Bitterness, astringency, and sourness of ginseng extracts decreased as the extraction steps proceeded. The composite of the 1st, 2nd, and 6th step extracts decreased bitterness and astringency, and the highest overall acceptance. Compared with commercial beverages, the composition of the three extracts is the desirable method to decrease the bitter and astringent tastes, and the overall unpleasant flavor of ginseng.

Analysis of Ginsenosides and Non-Saponin Components of Red Ginseng from Landraces and New Varieties

We quantitatively analyzed eight varieties of 6-year-old red ginseng, including four local landraces from the Inje, Geumsan, Jinan, and Punggi regions and four new varieties, Chunpoong, Yunpoong, Guempoong, and K-1, for 10 ginsenosides, acidic polysaccharide, crude polyacetylene, and total polyphenol content to find out which varieties are most suitable for producing red ginseng. Most of the new varieties contained more ginsenosides than the local landraces. While the acidic polysaccharide content of Geumsan red ginseng was lower than that of the others, its crude polyacetylene content was the highest, with a mean of 33.99%. The Inje, Geumsan, and Jinan red ginseng had a significantly higher total polyphenol content than the others.

Antioxidant and antimitotic activities of sulfated polysaccharide from marine brown algae Padina tetrastromatica

&lt;p class="Default"&gt;Antioxidants play a central role in the prevention of carcinogenesis. The most natural compounds exhibit their protective effects by eliciting antioxidant potential. Sulfated polysaccharide was isolated from the brown algae &lt;em&gt;Padina tetrastromatica&lt;/em&gt;, then purified and evaluated for its composition and &lt;em&gt;in vitro &lt;/em&gt;antioxidant and antimitotic activities. Both ethanolic sulfated polysaccharide (ESPS) and ethanolic sulfated polysaccharide-column purified (ESPS-CP) exhibited considerable amount of carbohydrates (11.2% and 17.6%), sulfate (11.4% and 7.4%), fucose (5.5% and 15.7%), uronic acid (4.7% and 11.8%), xylose (0.5% and 0.03%) and sulfated polysaccharide (2.4% and 12.7%) content. The FTIR analysis and phytochemical screening also confirmed the presence of sulfated polysaccharides. In the &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; antioxidant activity determination using DPPH (1-1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity and reducing power, ESPS showed more activity than ESPS-CP. In the case of nitric oxide radical scavenging, ESPS-CP was found to be more effective. At a concentration of 2mg/ml, both samples were potent antioxidants with significant IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values. The antimitotic studies such as mitotic index in onion root tips and sprouting assay in green gram seeds also proved that both the extracts are able to prevent mitosis. The extrapolation of these results can find opportunities in therapeutic regiments of cancer.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Chemical composition characteristics of Korean straight ginseng products

BackgroundThe present study was conducted to provide basic data for standard quality characteristics by grade, and for the establishment of new grading criteria for Korean straight ginseng (SG). MethodsThe major constituents (moisture, total sugar, acidic polysaccharide, phenolic compound, crude saponin, and ginsenosides) in SG with skin products were analyzed to examine the standard quality characteristics. ResultsFive-year-old first-grade 15- and 25-piece grade SG products were collected over a period of 5 years and analyzed. The total water-soluble sugar content was 35.2% and 35.4% for the 15- and 25-piece grades, respectively, and the acidic polysaccharide content was 4.1% for the 15-piece grade and 4.6% for the 25-piece grade. Both the 15- and 25-piece grade products had 0.5% total phenolic compounds. The amount of crude saponin was 3.2–5.5% in all samples. The amounts of the major ginsenosides Rb1, Rf, and Rg1 were 4.7, 1.1, and 3.6 mg/g, respectively, in the 15-piece grade and 3.6, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/g, respectively, in the 25-piece grade. ConclusionOverall, the coefficient of variation was over 15% for the major constituent contents, indicating that it was difficult to standardize the constituent contents using the mean value.

Anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of high hydrostatic pressure extracts of ginseng in high-fat diet induced obese rats

Obesity is associated with a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation. High hydrostatic pressure, a non-thermal food processing technique, increases extraction efficiency without destroying heat-sensitive bioactive constituents. This study investigated effects of high hydrostatic pressure extract of ginseng (PEG) and hot water extract of ginseng (WEG) on obesity and inflammation in rats fed a high-fat diet. The contents of total phenolics, saponins and acidic polysaccharides of PEG were higher than those of WEG. PEG reduced the body weight and white adipose tissue mass. PEG increased faecal triacylglycerol, whereas WEG did not. PEG reduced mRNA levels of adipogenic genes such as PPARγ and aP2. The mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory genes such as TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 were down-regulated by the PEG, whereas WEG did not. These results suggest PEG may have more beneficial effects on obesity and inflammation than WEG, partially mediated by increase of faecal triacylglycerol and regulation of gene expression.

사출구 온도와 반복 압출성형이 백삼압출성형물의 화학적 조성 및 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향

본 실험은 사출구 온도와 반복 압출성형이 백삼압출성형물의 화학적 조성 및 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 압출성형 조건은 수분함량과 스크루 회전속도를 고정시키고 사출구의 온도를 100°C, 120°C, 140°C로 1회, 2회 반복 압출성형 실험을 하였다. 압출성형백삼의 일반성분은 백삼과 비교하여 크게 변화하지 않았지만 조지방은 감소하였다. 환원당과 총당은 백삼이 각각 64.76±0.06 mg/g, 187.12±2.02 mg/g으로 측정되었으며 백삼압출성형물의 환원당은 백삼보다 감소하고 총당은 백삼보다 증가하였다. 총 페놀성 화합물은 압출성형공정에서 모두 증가하였는데 사출구 온도 140°C에서 1회, 2회 그리고 사출구 온도 120°C에서 2회 백삼압출성형물은 각각 5.70±0.03 mg/g, 8.55±0.03 mg/g, 4.91±0.08 mg/g으로 홍삼보다 많이 추출되었다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능도 사출구 온도 140°C에서 1회, 2회 그리고 사출구 온도 120°C에서 2회 압출성형물이 홍삼보다 높게 측정되었다. 환원력 또한 압출성형백삼이 백삼보다 높게 측정되었고, 사출구 온도 140°C에서 1회, 2회 그리고 사출구 온도 120°C, 2회 압출성형물은 각각 0.58±0.002, 0.59±0.003, 0.80±0.004로 홍삼보다 높게 측정되었다. 조사포닌은 백삼이 38.84±0.35 mg/g으로 나타났고, 사출구 온도 140°C에서 2회 압출성형물이 50.07±1.00 mg/g으로 가장 높게 측정되었으며 다른 백삼압출성형물도 백삼보다 모두 증가하였다. UPLC로 측정한 진세노사이드의 조성은 압출성형과 반복 압출성형을 통하여 증가하였고, 백삼에서 추출되지 않았던 Rh1은 압출성형공정 후 추출되었다. 또한 140°C에서 2회 압출성형물은 Rg3s, Rg3r이 추출되어 홍삼의 특유성분도 확인할 수 있었다.

Effects of extrusion cooking on physicochemical properties of white and red ginseng (powder)

A systematic comparison of the physicochemical properties of white ginseng (WG), extruded white ginseng (EWG), red ginseng (RG), and extruded red ginseng (ERG) was performed. The aim of the present study was to identify the effects of the physicochemical properties of ginseng by extrusion cooking. The highest value of the water absorption index (WAI) was 3.64 g/g obtained from EWG, and the highest value of the water solubility index (WSI) was 45.27% obtained from ERG. The ERG had a better dispersibility compared with other samples. Extrusion cooking led to a significant increase in acidic polysaccharide and total sugar content but resulted in a decrease in crude fat and reducing sugar contents. Enzyme treatment led to a sharp increase in acidic polysaccharide content, especially the cellulose enzyme. Extrusion cooking led to a significant increase in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power, and the increases in WG and RG were 13.56% (0.038) and 3.56% (0.026), respectively. The data of this study provide valuable information about the effects of extrusion on quality changes of EWG and ERG.

Characteristic study on the chemical components of Korean curved ginseng products

Dried ginseng (DG) is in fact the representing ginseng product in the worldwide market. Although it is made in various packages depending on the processing method, size and age of DG, basic scientific data reporting the chemical components are limited. In this study, 4-year-old curved ginseng (CG), one of the domestic DG products, was selected for further investigation. Eighty-six samples of 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, which are the most widely distributed in the market, were collected for 5 yr. Their major components, such as moisture, total sugar, acidic polysaccharides, total phenolic compounds, and saponins, were analyzed to figure out the standard quality characteristics. The moisture content of all CG samples was less than 15%. The total water-soluble sugar contents were 22.9% to 47.8% and 23.2% to 49.5% in the 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, respectively. The acidic polysaccharide contents were 3.6% to 6.7% and 2.9% to 6.9% in the 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, respectively. The total phenolic compound content was 0.4% to 0.5% in CG, regardless of the piece-grade. The crude saponin content, which represents the active component of ginseng, was over 2% in all samples. In 30 piece-grade CG samples, the contents of major ginsenosides, Rb1, Rf, and Rg1, were 2.2 to 4.7 mg/g, 0.4 to 1.3 mg/g, and 1.6 to 4.0 mg/g, respectively. The ginsenoside contents in 50 piece-grade CG samples were 2.1 to 3.9 mg/g (Rb1), 0.5 to 1.2 mg/g (Rf), and 1.3 to 3.4 mg/g (Rg1). Overall, since there were relatively high standard deviation and coefficient of variation in all the chemical component contents that were assessed, we found some difficulties in showing the CG standard chemical component characteristics by average, standard deviation, and other statistical analysis factors.

품종 별 인삼 씨의 이화학적 성분 비교

본 실험에서는 인삼 씨의 식품 유용자원으로서의 가능성을 알아보기 위해, 각국 인삼 씨의 무게, 일반성분, 무기질, 지방산 조성, 총 당, 산성다당체 함량을 비교해보았다. 먼저 인삼 씨의 백립중은 AGS가 <TEX>$4.21{\pm}0.31g$</TEX>으로 가장 무거웠다. 일반성분의 경우 조단백질 함량은 AGS가 <TEX>$17.00{\pm}1.04%$</TEX>로 가장 높았고, 조회분 함량은 KGS3가 <TEX>$8.65{\pm}0.31%$</TEX>로 매우 높은 값을 나타내 무기질이 풍부한 식품임을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 저연근의 인삼일수록 무기성분이 많았던 연구결과와 일치했다. 조지방 함량은 AGS가 <TEX>$24.06{\pm}0.57%$</TEX>로 가장 높은 값을 나타냈고 조섬유소 함량은 43.21-47.49%로 전체 씨의 절반 정도가 섬유소로 이루어진 섬유질이 매우 풍부한 식품 자원임을 확인할 수 있었다. 무기질은 칼륨과 인이 가장 많이 함유된 것으로 나타났다. 지방산 조성은 96% 이상이 불포화 지방산으로, oleic acid (C18:1, n9c)가 79.93-87.09%로 가장 높게 나타났고, linoleic acid (C18:2, n6c)가 8.94-15.82%로 다음으로 많은 함량을 보였다. 품종이 다른 AGS는 유의적으로 oleic acid와 linoleic acid 조성에 차이가 났고, linolenic acid가 전혀 검출되지 않아 품종에 따른 지방산 조성의 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 총 당 함량은 15.00-26.17 mg glucose/g으로 인삼에 비해서는 적었지만, 다른 씨와 비교했을 때 매우 높은 수치로 비교적 당을 많이 함유하고 있는 씨라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 인삼 산성다당체는 0.56-0.80 mg <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-D-galacturonic acid/g을 함유해 소량이지만 최근 유효성분으로 알려진 인삼 산성다당체를 함유하고 있음을 확인하였다. The aim of our study was to investigate the chemical composition of the Asian ginseng seed (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and the American ginseng seed (Panax quinquifolium L.) grown in Korea (3 years, KGS3; 4 years, KGS4), China (4 years, CGS4), and USA (4 years, AGS4). AGS had the heaviest 100-seed weight (<TEX>$4.21{\pm}0.31g$</TEX>). The approximate compositions of the ginseng seeds were 13.66-17.00% crude protein, 2.21-8.65% crude ash, 19.06-24.06% crude lipid, and 43.21-47.49% crude fiber. The mineral contents of the ginseng seeds were greater in order of K>P>Ca>Mg>Fe>Na>Zn >Cu. The unsaturated fatty acid content was 96.71-96.94%, and the major fatty acids oleic acid and linoleic acid were present. Total sugar content was 15.00-26.17 mg glucose/g. The acidic polysaccharide content was 0.56-0.80 mg <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-Dgalacturonic acid/g. These results showed the differences in the physicochemical characteristics of ginseng seeds with respect to cultivation location, cultivation year, and species.

Influence of different processing methods on Angelica sinensis polysaccharides from same origin

To study the influences of different processing methods on the content of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides (APS) from the same origin. The contents of neutral polysaccharides and acidic polysaccharides in various samples of A. sinensis were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid and carbazole-sulfuric acid method, respectively. The proliferation ability of lymphocyte was detected by MTT method after the cells were cultured with different concentrations of APS from two samples processed by different methods. The different processing methods had different effects on the contents of polysaccharide. The maximum content of APS (26.03%) was found in the sample processed by microwave drying medium-fired, but the minimum content of APS (2.25%) was found in the sample processed by vacuum drying at 50 TC. Furthermore, the APS (high concentration group, P < 0.01) processed by microwave drying medium-fired could both accelerate proliferation of spleen lymphocytes directly and increase proliferation of T cells of mice induced by Con A. However, the APS processed by far-infrared drying did not show conspicuous immune enhancement activity. Different processing methods have different effects on the contents of APS and the proliferation ability of lymphocytes.

Sugar compositions, α-glucosidase inhibitory and amylase inhibitory activities of polysaccharides from leaves and flowers of Camellia sinensis obtained by different extraction methods

The sugar compositions, α-glucosidase inhibitory and α-amylase inhibitory activities of polysaccharides from leaves and flowers of green tea (Camellia sinensis) obtained by hot water extraction (HWE), boiled water extraction (BWE) and enzymatic extraction (EE) were investigated. The yields, sugar contents and monosaccharide compositions of tea leaves polysaccharides (TLPS) and tea flower polysaccharides (TFPS) were all significantly affected by extraction methods. The contents of acidic polysaccharides (APS) extracted by BWE and EE were both much more than those by HWE. The yields of TLPS and TFPS were determined as EE>BWE>HWE. Enzyme and higher temperature could improve the contents of APS and yields of TLPS and TFPS. TLPS and TFPS were all mainly composed of Rha, Ara, Gal, Glu and GalA, very little molar contents of GluA, Xyl and Man. It seemed that enzyme extraction could be more conducive to increase the content of Ara, Gal and GaLA. The molecular weights of TFPS were larger than those of TLPS. The molecular weights of polysaccharides obtained by EE decreased. Proteins in tea leaves and tea flowers might be decomposed by EE by observing UV peaks and IR absorption. peaks. The α-glucosidase inhibitory and amylase inhibitory activities of TLPS and TFPS obtained by EE were lower than those by water extracted method. The inhibitory percentages of TLPS and TFPS against α-amylase were all lower than α-glucosidase for different extractions.

Monitoring of Chemical Changes in Explosively Puffed Ginsengvand the Optimization of Puffing Conditions

Response surface methodology was used to predict the optimum conditions of explosive puffing process for ginseng. A central composite design was used to monitor the effect of moisture content and puffing pressure on dependent variables such as functional compounds (extract yield, crude saponin, acidic polysaccharide, and total phenolic content) and sensory properties. Correlation coefficients <TEX>$(R^2)$</TEX> of models for crude saponin, acidic polysaccharide, and total phenolic content were 0.9176 (p<0.05), 0.9494 (p<0.05), and 0.9878 (p<0.001), respectively. Functional compounds increased with decreasing moisture content and increasing puffing pressure. Overall palatability was high at 15-20% moisture content and 98-294 kPa of puffing pressure. On the basis of superimposed contour maps for functional compounds and overall palatability of puffed ginseng, the optimum ranges of puffing conditions were 10-17% moisture content and 294-392 kPa puffing pressure.

Quality Characteristics of Ginseng Coffee Treated by Coating of White Ginseng Extract

본 논문은 백삼 추출물의 코팅 처리에 의한 인삼 커피의 품질 특성에 대한 것으로 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 백삼 추출물 (WGC-2)의 농도에 따라 커피의 품질 속성을 실험하였다. 대조군과 <TEX>$5^{\circ}$</TEX> Brix (WGC-1)와 <TEX>$20^{\circ}$</TEX> Brix의 사포닌 농도는 8.29%, 8.74%와 8.93% 였고, WGC-1과 WGC-2의 총 진세노사이드 농도는 0.3 mg/g과 0.6 mg/g 였다. 특히 주요 진세노사이드 <TEX>$Rg_1,\;Rg_2,\;Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rg_2,\;Rh_1$</TEX>와 <TEX>$Rg_3$</TEX> 함량은 백삼 추출물의 농도에 따라 증가하였다. 커피 맛은 WGC-2가 상업적 커피콩보다 유의하게 낮았고, 소비자 관능 평가에서는 별 차이가 없다는 내용이다. The quality attributes of coffee treated with different concentrations of white ginseng extract were examined. Increased concentration of white ginseng extract was associated with higher color values (Hunter L. a, b scale). The crude saponin contents of untreated roasted coffee beans (control) and those coated with <TEX>$5^{\circ}$</TEX> Brix (WGC-1) and <TEX>$20^{\circ}$</TEX> Brix white ginseng extract (WGC-2) were 8.29%, 8.74%, and 8.93%, respectively. The total ginsenoside contents of WGC-1 and WGC-2 were 0.3 mg/g and 0.6 mg/g, respectively. In the case of major ginsenosides, the contents of ginsenosides <TEX>$Rg_1,\;Rg_2,\;Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rg_2,\;Rh_1$</TEX>, and <TEX>$Rg_3$</TEX> increased directly with the concentration of white ginseng extract. Total sugar and acidic polysaccharide contents also increased directly with the concentration of white ginseng extract. The coffee beans coated with ginseng extract scored significantly higher ginseng taste scores than the control (p<0.005) in sensory evaluation. In terms of coffee taste, WGC-2 had significantly lower scores than the commercial coffee bean. In the consumer sensory evaluation, overall preference did not differ significantly among the treatments.