Acid Methyl Ester Research Articles

Re-assessment of monoclonal antibodies against diclofenac for their application in the analysis of environmental waters.

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac (DCF) is an important environmental contaminant occurring in surface waters all over the world, because, after excretion, it is not adequately removed from wastewater in sewage treatment plants. To be able to monitor this pollutant, highly efficient analytical methods are needed, including immunoassays. In a medical research project, monoclonal antibodies against diclofenac and its metabolites had been produced. Based on this monoclonal anti-DCF antibody, a new indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and applied for environmental samples. The introduction of a spacer between diclofenac and the carrier protein in the coating conjugate led to higher sensitivity. With a test midpoint of 3 μg L-1 and a measurement range of 1-30 μg L-1, the system is not sensitive enough for direct analysis of surface water. However, this assay is quite robust against matrix influences and can be used for wastewater. Without adjustment of the calibration, organic solvents up to 5%, natural organic matter (NOM) up to 10 mg L-1, humic acids up to 2.5 mg L-1, and salt concentrations up to 6 g L-1 NaCl and 75 mg L-1 CaCl2 are tolerated. The antibody is also stable in a pH range from 3 to 12. Cross-reactivity (CR) of 1% or less was determined for the metabolites 4'-hydroxydiclofenac (4'-OH-DCF), 5-hydroxydiclofenac (5-OH-DCF), DCF lactam, and other NSAIDs. Relevant cross-reactivity occurred only with an amide derivative of DCF, 6-aminohexanoic acid (DCF-Ahx), aceclofenac (ACF) and DCF methyl ester (DCF-Me) with 150%, 61% and 44%, respectively. These substances, however, have not been found in samples. Only DCF-acyl glucuronide with a cross-reactivity of 57% is of some relevance. For the first time, photodegradation products were tested for cross-reactivity. With the ELISA based on this antibody, water samples were analysed. In sewage treatment plant effluents, concentrations in the range of 1.9-5.2 μg L-1 were determined directly, with recoveries compared to HPLC-MS/MS averaging 136%. Concentrations in lakes ranged from 3 to 4.4 ng L-1 and were, after pre-concentration, determined with an average recovery of 100%.

Exploring the healing power of Pistacia lentiscus stems: insights into extraction methods, polyphenolic composition, and health-promoting activities

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different extraction solvents on the polyphenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Pistacia lentiscus stems. The results obtained show that the extraction yield depends strongly on the polarity of the solvent and the extraction method. The ethanolic extract had the highest yield in both extraction methods investigated, namely Soxhlet (R = 9.89%) and cold maceration (R = 9.20%). The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts showed that the ethanolic extract had the highest antioxidant activity in both extraction methods with an IC50 = 0.023 mg/mL (cold maceration) and an IC50 = 0.034 mg/ml (Soxhlet). The HPLC analysis of the extracts indicates that gallic acid and catechin are the major phenolic compounds. The FTIR results showed that the shift of the stretching is responsible for O-H and C-H bonding. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of stearic acid and palmitic acid methyl ester as main compounds. The bacterial analysis of the extracts showed that the aqueous extract represents the most active one against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; on the other hand, no antifungal activity was appreciated. Overall, the results indicate that the investigated extracts might be considered valuable sources of bioactive compounds.

Thin layer chromatography of methylated derivatives of sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates in water analysis by GC-MS

Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates or linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) are the most common synthetic anionic surfactants and water pollutants. They can cause both acute and chronic toxic effects on water organisms. Selective determination of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates as a separate class of anionic surfactants is possible using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the form of linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid methyl esters (LABSA ME). In order to purify the extracts and concentrate the analytes, we studied the behaviour of these compounds by ascending high-performance thin-layer chromatography using Kieselgel 60 F254 and Sorbfil plates. A mixture of n-hexane and methanol solvents in a ratio of 23:1 (by volume) was used as the mobile phase. Under these conditions, sodium alkylbenzenesulphonates remain on the start line, while their derivatives (ME ABSC), obtained by methylation with trimethyl orthoformate in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (with a yield of η=98%), form zones characterised by retention coefficient values of Rf = 0.62 and Rf = 0.71 on Kieselgel 60 F254 and Sorbfil plates, respectively. The repeatability of the Rf values was characterised by a standard deviation of 6.1 and 5.9 %, respectively (n=16). The completeness of extraction (95.0–100.0 %) of analytes from the plates by descending TLC with acetonitrile was noted. The applicability of the TLC method for the concentration of analytes and pretreatment of extracts on the example of real water samples was shown. Using GC-MS with electron impact ionisation, we determined the concentrations of sodium alkylbenzenesulphonates in water sampled in the southern basin of Lake Baikal from a depth of 400 m (0.24±0.02 µg/dm3) and in snowmelt water from the ice of the Krestovka River where it flows into Lake Baikal near the village of Listvyanka (31.1 ± 1.0 µg/dm3).

Characterization of phytosynthesized niobium oxide nanoparticle for efficient conversion of Grewia asiatica L. waste seed oil into sustainable fuel

The production of bioenergy and bioproducts from streams of biowaste has ignited interest in fostering a circular economy worldwide. This study investigates the potential of transforming Grewia asiatica L. waste seed oil into sustainable biodiesel using green-synthesized niobium oxide nanoparticle. Niobium oxide nanocatalyst was synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Fumaria indica L. Advanced characterization techniques were employed to confirm the pure and nano-scale nature of the synthesized niobium oxide nanocatalyst. The synthesized nanocatalyst exhibited an average particle size of 31 nm, resulting in efficient catalytic activity that persited through the fifth cycle of transesterification. An optimum biodiesel yield of 90% was achieved under reaction conditions of a methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, a reaction time of 180 min, a temperature of 60 °C and a catalyst load of 0.32 (wt. %). Results of Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of G. asiatica-derived biodiesel revealed 5, 8-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester as the primary fatty acid methyl ester, with the highest concentration. The fuel properties of G. asiatica-derived biodiesel complied with international standards. The minimal sulphur content of 0.0001% highlights the clean, environmentally benign and cost-effective nature of biodiesel synthesized from G. asiatica waste seed oil. This study contributes to the renewable alternative effort toward transitioning from a linear economy to a circular bioeconomy.

Fatty acid composition of meat snacks with the addition of bee products

Determining the fatty acid composition of meat snacks with the addition of bee products is necessary to assess their nutritional value, as the content of different fatty acids affects the nutritional quality of the final product, which is important for consumer health. Improving the product's quality by reducing saturated fatty acids and increasing unsaturated ones, especially omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids, makes meat snacks healthier for consumers and expands their use. A proper balance of fatty acids can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory processes. Products with a better fatty acid profile may also be more appealing to health-conscious consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the fatty acid composition of meat snacks with the addition of bee products according to various recipes. The determination was carried out using gas chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids on a Trace Ultra gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector, using a capillary column SP-2560 (Supelco). It was found that the addition of bee products to chicken meat snacks increased the omega-3 content by 2.6–3.3 times compared to the control and polyunsaturated fatty acids from 79.7% to 86%. The obtained results allow us to consider meat snacks with the addition of bee products as having a positive impact on health. The reduction in the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio from 10.2 in the control to 5.15–7.03 in the experimental samples proves the improvement in fatty acid balance, which may contribute to reducing inflammatory processes and improving overall health. A decrease in saturated fatty acids from 28.05% to 31.06% compared to the control has been proven, which is desirable for cardiovascular health. Slight positive changes in the content of monounsaturated fatty acids were observed. Overall, an improvement in the fatty acid composition of meat snacks with the addition of bee products (honey, water extract of propolis, bee pollen) was observed. The obtained research results will be useful when planning the production of meat snacks, considering the regulation of fatty acid composition, safety, and quality of the resulting products.

Selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived fatty acid methyl esters to fatty alcohols on RuSn–B/Al2O3 catalysts: analysis of the operating conditions and kinetics

Selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived fatty acid methyl esters to fatty alcohols on RuSn–B/Al2O3 catalysts: analysis of the operating conditions and kinetics

Cymbopogon proximus phytochemicals induce S-phase arrest in A549 lung cancer cell lines via CDK2/cyclin A2 inhibition: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and molecular docking analyses.

Cymbopogon proximus comprises several phytoconstituent classes that are reported to possess anticancer activity; however, studies on the anticancer potentials of theplant are lacking. C.proximus was extracted using solvents with increasing polarity. In-vitro cytotoxic activity of C.proximus extracts was examined against liver (HepG2), lung (A549), prostate (PC3), and bone (MG63) cell lines using MTT assay in comparison to doxorubicin. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle for identification of the phase of inhibition. Chemical composition of the most active fraction was examined using the GC/MS technique. Molecular docking was used to explore the mechanism of cytotoxicity against A549, and the results were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Petroleum ether fraction was the highly effective fraction against A549 with IC50=14.02±2.79. GC/MS analysis of Pet.Eth led to the identification of nine compounds in unsaponifiable matter and 27 components in the saponifiable fraction. Di-N-octyl phthalate, 3-β-hydroxylean-11.13(18)-dien-30-oic acid methyl ester, elemol hydrocarbons, linoelaidic acid and linoleic acid demonstrated the lowest docking binding scores and similar binding modes against CDK2 as compared to that attained by the native ligand R-Roscovitine "CDK2 ATP inhibitor". Western blot analysis demonstrated that CDK2/cyclinA2 protein expression has been suppressed in A549 cell lines by Pet.Eth fraction.

Формирование монослоев Ленгмюра из нативных фосфолипидов бактерий различных систематических групп

Phospholipids are the most important structural elements of the bacterial cell wall, participate in the adaptation of microorganisms to the environment and can act as biomarkers for environmental changes and one of the components of environmental monitoring. Native phospholipids are used to form models of cell membranes, the biophysical properties of which can be studied by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize the phospholipids of the cell membranes of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus and the formation of Langmuir monolayers based on them. The composition and ratio of fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters. Fatty acids, found in the extract of the bacteria S. aureus 209-P and B. cereus 8035, are: hexadecanoic, trans-9-octadecenoic, octadecanoic, tetradecanoic, 13-methyltetradecanoic, 14-methylpentadecanoic, 15-methylhexadecanoic, cis-9-octadecanoic. To form a monolayer, a working solution of native phospholipids in chloroform with a concentration of C = 10-3 М was used. The monolayer formed when a 50 μl solution of a phospholipid mixture is applied to the surface has a more perfect structure, which is manifested in the constancy of its mechanical properties. The analysis of the obtained data has not yet revealed a clear dependence of the monolayer parameters on temperature. The changes in the compression modulus and compressibility were very minor. With an increase in the salt concentration, both an increase and a decrease in the compression modulus, and, consequently, the rigidity of the monolayer, is observed.

Synthesis of ZIF-8/PVA microspheres with the assistance of a microfluidic device and their controlled drug release properties

ZIF-8/PVA microspheres with an even size were synthesized with the assistance of a simple microfluidic device. The ZIF-8/PVA microdroplets were first generated in a simple co-flow microfluidic device using a PVA aqueous solution dispersed with ZIF-8 nanoparticles as the dispersed phase and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as the continuous phase. Subsequently, the ZIF-8/PVA microdroplets were further extracted to form ZIF-8/PVA microspheres. The influence of the type of continuous phase on the sphericity of microspheres was investigated and the effect of ZIF-8 content was studied. Further studies showed that decreasing the extraction rate and using additives of NaCl in the dispersed phase could improve the sphericity of the ZIF-8/PVA microspheres. Finally, the synthesized ZIF-8/PVA microspheres were used to study the loading and release of tetracycline. The results showed that the loading of ZIF-8/PVA microspheres was more than 5 times higher than that of pure PVA microspheres. The drug release time of ZIF-8/PVA microspheres was much longer than that of the PVA microspheres and the release rate was significantly affected by the pH of the environment.

A Comparative Analysis Assessing Growth Dynamics of Locally Isolated Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella vulgaris for Biomass and Lipid Production with Biodiesel Potential

Prior research has emphasized the potential of microalgae in biodiesel production, driven by their ability to replace fossil fuels. However, the significant costs associated with microalgae cultivation present a major obstacle to scaling up production. This study aims to develop an eco-friendly microalgae cultivation system by integrating carbon dioxide from flue gas emissions with an affordable photobioreactor, providing a sustainable biomass production. The research evaluates the growth performance of Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella vulgaris across this integrated system for biomass and lipid production. Results indicate substantial biomass yields of 1.97 and 1.84 g/L, with lipid contents of 35 % and 41 % for C. sorokiniana and C. vulgaris, respectively. The macrobubble photobioreactor demonstrates high potential for microalgae biomass and lipid production, yielding quality fatty acid methyl esters such as palmitic, linoleic and stearic. This study presents an environmentally friendly system for efficient microalgae cultivation, generating lipid-rich biomass suitable for biodiesel production.

Enhancing efficiency of ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production catalyzed by Eversa® Transform 2.0 at low lipase concentration: Enzyme characterization and process optimization

This study focused on the ultrasound-assisted transesterification of simulated low-quality feedstocks using a low-cost liquid lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 (ET2). Enzyme characterization was also performed to investigate the effect of ultrasound parameters on enzyme structure. The optimal ultrasound parameters, 40 % amplitude, and 5 % duty cycle effectively enhanced the reaction rate compared to the conventional stirring method while retaining 95 % of the enzyme activity. Analysis of circular dichroism (CD) spectra revealed the preservation of the secondary structure of ET2 under the optimal ultrasound intensities, while fluorescence spectra indicated a slight change in its tertiary structure. The implementation of a two-stage methanol dosing strategy in the ultrasound-assisted reaction effectively mitigated lipase inhibition, yielding a remarkable fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of 92.2 % achieved within a 12-h reaction time. Notable, this high FAME content was achieved with only a 4:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and a 0.5 wt% enzyme concentration. Under these optimized conditions, the ultrasound-assisted reaction also demonstrated a 15 % improvement in the final FAME content compared to the conventional stirring method. These promising results hold significant potential for advancing the field of biodiesel production via ultrasound technology, contributing substantively to sustainable energy sources.

Photorefractivity and photocurrent dynamics of triphenylamine-based polymer composites

The photorefractive properties of triphenylamine polymer-based composites with various composition ratios were investigated via optical diffraction, response time, asymmetric energy transfer, and transient photocurrent. The composite consisted of a photoconductive polymer of poly((4-diphenylamino)benzyl acrylate), a photoconductive plasticizer of (4-diphenylamino)phenyl)methanol, a sensitizer of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, and a nonlinear optical dye of (4-(azepan-1-yl)-benzylidene)malononitrile. The photorefractive properties and related quantities were dependent on the composition, which was related to the glass transition temperature of the photorefractive polymers. The quantum efficiency (QE) of photocarrier generation was evaluated from the initial slope of the transient photocurrent. Transient photocurrents were measured and showed two unique peaks: one in the range of 10−4 to 10−3 s and the other in the range of 10−1 to 1 s. The transient photocurrents was well simulated (or reproduced) by the expanded two-trapping site model with two kinds of photocarrier generation and recombination processes and two different trapping sites. The obtained photorefractive quantity of trap density was significantly related to the photoconductive parameters of QE.

Evaluation of the potential of activated sludge biomass from Nigeria as a feedstock for biodiesel production

AbstractDepleting fossil fuel reserves and the effects of greenhouse gases on climate change have led to the investigation of alternative energy sources such as biofuel, including biodiesel and renewable diesel. Unfortunately, the cost of the feedstock exceeds 70% of the total production cost. The current work investigates the potential of utilizing a waste product (activated sludge biomass) from wastewater treatment, as an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. The activated sludge biomass was pretreated with subcritical water to enhance the lipid yield before extracting the lipid using solvent extraction. The result showed that lipid yield from the activated sludge was 4.73–8.58%. After subcritical water pretreatment with varying residence time, temperature, and biomass loading, the lipid yield increased by 158.04–400%. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from the transesterification of the lipid extract using calcined egg shell as a catalyst identified the following lipids: triglyceride, fatty acids, sphingolipid, phospholipid, glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, steroid, and cholesterol. The predominant lipid was triglyceride, and the high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (23.54%), eicosadienoic acid (8.37%), and oleic acid (6.23%) suggest that the lipid extract is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.

Epoxidation of Calophyllum inophyllum oil fatty acid methyl esters as a potential base-stock for green cutting fluid

Epoxidation of Calophyllum inophyllum oil fatty acid methyl esters as a potential base-stock for green cutting fluid

The Influence of Soy Isoflavones and Soy Isoflavones with Inulin on Kidney Morphology, Fatty Acids, and Associated Parameters in Rats with and without Induced Diabetes Type 2.

Diabetes mellitus resulting from hyperglycemia stands as the primary cause of diabetic kidney disease. Emerging evidence suggests that plasma concentrations of soy isoflavones, substances with well-established antidiabetic properties, rise following supplemental inulin administration. The investigation encompassed 36 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats segregated into two cohorts: non-diabetic and diabetic, induced with type 2 diabetes (high-fat diet + two intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections). Each cohort was further divided into three subgroups (n = 6): control, isoflavone-treated, and isoflavone plus inulin-treated rats. Tail blood glucose and ketone levels were gauged. Upon termination, blood samples were drawn directly from the heart for urea, creatinine, and HbA1c/HbF analyses. One kidney per rat underwent histological (H-E) and immunohistochemical assessments (anti-AQP1, anti-AQP2, anti-AVPR2, anti-SLC22A2, anti-ACC-alpha, anti-SREBP-1). The remaining kidney underwent fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Results unveiled notable alterations in water intake, body and kidney mass, kidney morphology, fatty acids, AQP2, AVPR2, AcetylCoA, SREBP-1, blood urea, creatinine, and glucose levels in control rats with induced type 2 diabetes. Isoflavone supplementation exhibited favorable effects on plasma urea, plasma urea/creatinine ratio, glycemia, water intake, and kidney mass, morphology, and function in type 2 diabetic rats. Additional inulin supplementation frequently modulated the action of soy isoflavones.

Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and identification of bioactive compound from the marine diatom, Odontella aurita extract

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress, with its damaging effect extending to the mitochondria and plasma membrane. Further, prolonged inflammation can result in chronic disease development. The marine microdiatom Odontella aurita is recognized for its potential in food and pharmaceutical development. Moreover, it contains antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, studies regarding the efficacy of their varying extract forms and their underlying mechanisms remain scarce. Therefore, this study aims to explore the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Odontella aurita extracts obtained using various extraction methods (hot water, 70% ethanol, and chloroform:methanol (CM)). Among the three Odontella aurita extracts, the CM extract demonstrated superior efficacy in protecting RAW 264.7 cells from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. It significantly lowered the levels of ROS and enhanced the expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, the CM extract outperformed other extracts in inhibiting LPS-induced nitric oxide production, reducing mRNA levels in nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase, and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα. Additionally, CM extract effectively suppressed the activation of NF-κB/IκBα and JAK2-STAT3 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. HPLC–UV analysis revealed a remarkable 33-fold higher fucoxanthin content in CM compared to the ethanol extract. GC–MS analysis identified elevated levels of cholest-5-en-3-ol, phytol, eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester, methyl palmitate, palmitoleic acid methyl ester, and neophytadiene in the CM extract. These findings suggest that Odontella aurita CM extract is a promising antioxidant candidate for preventing or treating inflammatory diseases, consequently emphasizing its potential for further development.Graphical

Impact of jasmonates, salicylic acid, and fungal elicitor on the health of <i>Hippeastrum hybridum</i> bulbs achieved by <i>in vitro</i> procedure

Production of high-quality vigorous plant materials obtained by micropropagation requires not only a good regeneration procedure but also efficient ways to enhance their post-transplanting ability to cope with external environmental factors. There is increasing interest in <i>Hippeastrum hybridum</i> on the horticultural market. However, the traditional method of cultivation using seeds and bulbs does not meet the growing demand and requirements of available priming procedures, thus leading to a search for more effective methods of reproduction. The aim of the study was to assess the morphogenetic abilities of bulb and flower explants for regeneration and investigate whether the enrichment of the multiplication process by exposure to elicitors will improve the health of the obtained plants through faster synthesis of phytoalexin. The study revealed that high regeneration efficiency can be obtained by using twin-scales, peduncles, and receptacles. Over 76% of explants were capable of bulblet induction and the micropropagation rates were 2.3, 2.7, and 5.0, respectively. At the rooting stage, the use of regulator-free medium was required, yielding a high percentage of rooted shoots of over 90% (shoots obtained on twin-scales and peduncles). The materials obtained <i>in vitro</i> did not differ morphologically from the initial materials. However, it was noted that, after exposure to the <i>Phoma narcissi</i> fungal elicitor or to jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonic acid methyl ester (MeJA), the <i>in vitro</i>-derived bulbs were able to synthesize phytoalexin with higher efficiency than the untreated ones. Therefore, the described methods can be useful for <i>H. hybridum</i> multiplication. Moreover, the enrichment of the multiplication process with the stage of exposure to elicitors ensures initial immunity of <i>H. hybridum</i> to the pathogen <i>Phoma narcissi</i>, which can be used as a priming procedure.

Shelf‐life of biodiesel by isothermal oxidation induction period at variable temperatures

AbstractBiodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters [FAME]) is a renewable biomass‐based diesel (BBD) fuel made from plant oils, animal fats and waste greases. One of the main disadvantages of biodiesel is its poor oxidative stability, which is caused by the presence of high concentrations of unsaturated FAME. When stored in fuel terminals, vehicle tanks and fuel systems, biodiesel can react with oxygen in ambient air, causing it to degrade, which can adversely affect its viscosity and ignition quality. The shelf‐life (SL) of biodiesel is an important property that defines how long it can be stored at low temperatures. The objective of this work is to develop reliable mathematical models to estimate the SL of biodiesel at T = 25°C (298.15 K). This was done by measuring oxidation induction period with a Rancimat instrument (IPR) at variable temperatures. The data were analyzed by linear regression to determine ln(IPR) as a function of T (Model A) and T−1 (Model B) for canola, palm and soybean oil FAME (CaME, PME and SME), methyl oleate (MeC18:1) and methyl linoleate (MeC18:2). Statistical analysis of the Model A and Model B type equations showed that all inferred equations were good fits of the experimental data (adjusted coefficients of determination, R2 ≥ 0.985). The most dependable results were obtained from extrapolation of Model B type equations to predict the SLB values. For CaME, PME, SME and MeC18:1, SLB = 559.0, 1135, 378.3 and 4515 d were inferred. However, the reliability of SLA (extrapolated from its Model A type equation) and SLB values calculated for MeC18:2 (3.1 and 4.8 d) were questionable as estimates of its SL at 298.15 K.

Fuel property evaluation of unique fatty acid methyl esters containing β-hydroxy esters from engineered microorganisms

Unique fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) containing β‑hydroxy esters were produced using an engineered microorganism by glucose fermentation. This study investigated the properties of the unique FAME mixture both neat and in blends with conventional diesel, as well as properties of β‑hydroxy esters. The unique FAME blend contained relatively shorter-chain FAME (average fatty acid chain carbon number 14.6) with 58 % monounsaturated fatty acids and 9 % saturated and monounsaturated β‑hydroxy acid chains. The unique FAME had significantly lower distillation T90 (321 °C versus 352 °C) and higher cetane number (56.7 versus 52) compared to soy biodiesel. Cloud points were within method repeatability. Unexpectedly (because of the lack of methylene-interrupted double bonds), the unique FAME had low oxidation stability (1.5 h) as determined by Rancimat induction period. Stability could be improved through addition of commonly used antioxidants. We speculate that monounsaturated β‑hydroxy FAME may be the source of this instability. Blends with conventional diesel up to 50 vol% showed similar kinematic viscosity (within method repeatability) as blends of conventional FAME. The unique FAME had no effect on distillation T90 even at the 80 % blend level. A 30 vol% blend into conventional diesel had a Rancimat induction period of only 2 h, very nearly the same as the neat unique FAME sample. The addition of antioxidants produced blends of acceptable stability. Based on an assessment of the properties of individual β‑hydroxy FAME molecules, they have higher boiling point, higher cloud point, lower cetane number, and potentially lower storage stability than analogous FAME not having the β‑hydroxy group. Removing them from the fuel product in the production process may result in a biodiesel product with superior properties to what is on the market today.

Optimization, Production, and characterization of cottonseed methyl ester based on Box-Behnken in response surface design and gas Chromatography-Mass spectrum analysis

Renewable energy sources have a significant approach to eco-friendly systems with economically cost-effective and efficient use of biodiesel. The creation of innovative catalysts is attracting the attention and concern of the chemical and manufacturing sectors to be used in the production of biodiesel. The main objective of this work is to produce the optimum biodiesel yield using BBD design and the base-catalyzed method. The production of biodiesel was achieved through experimental investigation (alkali-catalyzed transesterification) and optimized using the BBD design method.The most important parameters such as methanol to oil ratios, KOH as catalysts, and reaction times were provided with variable conditions. The variation of methanol to oil ratios has significant relationships and is highly correlated in findings. The physicochemical properties of cottonseed biodiesel were carried out according to ASTM and EN standards. The maximum yield was achieved at 96.708 at a molar ratio of 6:1, reaction time of 60 min, and catalyst concentration of 1 wt%. The strong correlation between actual and predicted values of COSME was analyzed using ANOVA variances. The F-value and P-value validated the outcomes of produced biodiesel having a model value of 43.68 and 0.00, respectively. The coefficient of determinations and adjusted R2 of CSOME were achieved at 98.7% and 98.6%, respectively. The gas chromatogram mass spectrum analysis was also obtained to identify the acid profile present in COSME. The major percentage of ester available in COSME has been determined using GC–MS analysis and presented by its weight percentages. The main esters have been including myristic acid methyl ester (1.7%), palmitic acid methyl ester (26.65%), methyl 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate(44.05%), ethyl 9. Cis.11.trans octadecadienoate(9.67%), methyl 20-methyl-heneicosanoate(6.83%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester(1.93%), and Pentacosanoic acid, methyl ester(7.14%).