Acid Content Research Articles

Compositions based on enrichment of cotton and sunflower oil with pomegranate seed oil

Oil was extracted from the seeds of pomegranate “Qayyum” variety in a Soxhlet extractor with extraction gasoline. By enriching the separated oil with sunflower and cottonseed oils, 6 different oil compositions were prepared in the proportions of 85:15, 90:10 and 95:5. The fatty acid composition of the prepared oil compositions was studied by the GC method. GC analysis of the composition of the prepared oil compositions showed that only punicic acid was detected in the conjugated α-linolenic acids. As the amount of pomegranate oil increases, the content of punicic acid in oil compositions increases. The amount of linoleic acid is the highest in the 95:5 composition of the oil, and decreases as the amount of pomegranate oil increases. Conjugated α-linolenic acids are not detected in cottonseed oil, and punicic acid is detected in compositions prepared with the addition of pomegranate oil, and its amount increases as the amount of pomegranate oil increases. Prepared oil compositions can be used in the preparation of various medicinal products and biologically active food additives depending on the acid content.

Non-destructive quantification of key quality characteristics in individual grapevine berries using near-infrared spectroscopy.

It is crucial for winegrowers to make informed decisions about the optimum time to harvest the grapes to ensure the production of premium wines. Global warming contributes to decreasing acidity and increasing sugar levels in grapes, resulting in bland wines with high contents of alcohol. Predicting quality in viticulture is thus pivotal. To assess the average ripeness, typically a sample of one hundred berries representative for the entire vineyard is collected. However, this process, along with the subsequent detailed must analysis, is time consuming and expensive. This study focusses on predicting essential quality parameters like sugar and acid content in Vitis vinifera (L.) varieties 'Chardonnay', 'Riesling', 'Dornfelder', and 'Pinot Noir'. A small near-infrared spectrometer was used measuring non-destructively in the wavelength range from 1 100 nm to 1 350 nm while the reference contents were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Chemometric models were developed employing partial least squares regression and using spectra of all four grapevine varieties, spectra gained from berries of the same colour, or from the individual varieties. The models exhibited high accuracy in predicting main quality-determining parameters in independent test sets. On average, the model regression coefficients exceeded 93% for the sugars fructose and glucose, 86% for malic acid, and 73% for tartaric acid. Using these models, prediction accuracies revealed the ability to forecast individual sugar contents within an range of ± 6.97 g/L to ± 10.08 g/L, and malic acid within ± 2.01 g/L to ± 3.69 g/L. This approach indicates the potential to develop robust models by incorporating spectra from diverse grape varieties and berries of different colours. Such insight is crucial for the potential widespread adoption of a handheld near-infrared sensor, possibly integrated into devices used in everyday life, like smartphones. A server-side and cloud-based solution for pre-processing and modelling could thus avoid pitfalls of using near-infrared sensors on unknown varieties and in diverse wine-producing regions.

Veterinary sanitary assessment of mutton after application of antihelminth feed additive with albendazole.

This study assessed the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole effect on the main indicators of the quality of sheep meat obtained from infected and deworming animals. A total of 20 heads of Akzhaik meat and wool sheep (i.e. 2 years of age, of different sex) were used in a 20-day experiment and 2 groups of 10 heads were formed (n = 4). The sheep were fed with the basic diet (i.e. control, group CON), without adding anything, and the second group was fed the basic diet orally with the addition of a dose of 1.2 g / head (an experimental group). At the end of the experiment, a control slaughter was carried out from each group in order to study the biochemical composition of meat and its quality. The anthelmintic feed additive albendazole did not have a significant effect on the indicators (organoleptic and physicochemical) of meat quality (P> 0.04). However, the ratio of fat and ash in the meat of the control group has differences in indicators and is reduced by 24.81% and 0.03%, respectively. The drug had a significant effect on the biological value of meat in the experimental group, where there is a higher content of essential amino acids (P = 0.06), nonessential (P = 0.05) concentrations in comparison with the CON groups. The results obtained show that the meat of the experimental groups of sheep, when using the anthelminthic feed additive albendazole, did not have a significant effect on organoleptic parameters, but significantly positively influenced the metabolism, live weight gain and biological value of meat.

Efficacy of bio-based extracts on shelf life and quality of orange (citrus sinensis) fruits during storage in Makurdi, Nigeria

Experiment was conducted at the Biological Sciences Laboratory of Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria to determine the efficacy of bio-based extracts (Aloe vera and Gum arabic) on shelf-life and quality of sweet orange. Healthy orange fruits of two varieties (Valencia and Washington) used in the trial were picked at harvest maturity. The experimental design was a 2 x 4 factorial combination, fitted in a completely randomized design and replicated three times. The treatments consisted of two varieties of sweet orange and four extracts regimes (Aloe vera, Gum arabic, Aloe vera+Gum arabic and Control). The orange fruits were treated by dipping in extracts the various treatments until they were completely coated while the control fruits were not treated. The treated fruits and control were stored at ambient conditions of light and temperature for four weeks. Percentage weight loss, total soluble solids, fruit firmness, Vitamin C/Ascorbic acid content, pH, titratable acidity, decay percentage (DP %), marketability and shelf life of the fruits were recorded. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using GENSTAT statistical package, and mean separation was done using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (F-LSD) at 5% level of probability. Percent weight loss, fruit firmness, % decay and fruit marketability were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in Valencia compared with Washington. Fruits treated with Gum Arabic had significantly lower % weight loss and % decay compared with the control (P≤0.05). Fruit firmness was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in fruits treated with Gum Arabic + Aloe Vera while marketability was significantly higher in Aloe Vera treated fruits. All the treated fruits had significantly higher (P≤0.05) shelf life compared with the control. With respect to nutritional values, TSS was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in Valencia compared with Washington while Vitamin C and pH were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in Washington compared with Valencia. The TSS was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in Aloe Vera and Aloe Vera + Gum Arabic treated fruits compared with the control. The Vitamin C content of fruits treated with Gum Arabic was significantly (P≤0.05) higher followed by Aloe Vera + Gum Arabic compared with the control. All the treated fruits had significantly higher pH while TA was significantly lower (P≤0.05) compared with the control. Percent weight loss was positively and significantly correlated with % decay while marketability, shelf life, TSS, and TA were negatively and significantly correlated. The botanicals tested are environmentally friendly, cost-effective, easy to produce and also safe for consumers. The bio-based extracts of Aloe vera and Gum Arabic are recommended in the storage of flesh sweet orange fruits.

Sensory Attributes and Instrumental Chemical Parameters of Commercial Spanish Cured Ewes' Milk Cheeses: Insights into Cheese Quality Figures.

The external appearance of some of the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) cured cheeses is similar to other cheese samples made in Spain: 1 kg and 2.5-3 kg formats, cylindrical, and with or without a pleita mark on the surface. In this work, commercial cured ewe's milk cheese samples with a similar external appearance were analyzed, including five PDO and five non-PDO samples. The parameters analyzed were color, texture, pH, humidity, water activity, and the volatile profile. Additionally, a descriptive and consumer-sensory analysis of the cheese samples was carried out. Statistical analysis of the results showed that luminosity, color coordinates a* and b*, percentage of deformation, humidity, water activity, and acid contents were significantly higher in non-PDO cheese samples. The breaking force, maximum force, and the content of esters were significantly higher in those cheese samples with PDO. In addition, PDO cheese samples showed higher scores for all attributes evaluated by consumers, except for color. These results suggest that PDO cheeses are placed on the market with a higher degree of ripening than non-PDO ones and that consequently they are more positively valued by consumers.

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics for Increased Grape Juice Metabolite Coverage.

The composition of the juice from grape berries is at the basis of the definition of technological ripeness before harvest, historically evaluated from global sugar and acid contents. If many studies have contributed to the identification of other primary and secondary metabolites in whole berries, deepening knowledge about the chemical composition of the sole flesh of grape berries (i.e., without considering skins and seeds) at harvest is of primary interest when studying the enological potential of widespread grape varieties producing high-added-value wines. Here, we used non-targeted DI-FT-ICR-MS and RP-UHPLC-Q-ToF-MS analyses to explore the extent of metabolite coverage of up to 290 grape juices from four Vitis vinifera grape varieties, namely Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Meunier, and Aligoté, sampled at harvest from 91 vineyards in Europe and Argentina, over three successive vintages. SPE pretreatment of samples led to the identification of more than 4500 detected C,H,O,N,S-containing elemental compositions, likely associated with tens of thousands of distinct metabolites. We further revealed that a major part of this chemical diversity appears to be common to the different juices, as exemplified by Pinot noir and Chardonnay samples. However, it was possible to build significant models for the discrimination of Chardonnay from Pinot noir grape juices, and of Chardonnay from Aligoté grape juices, regardless of the geographical origin or the vintage. Therefore, this metabolomic approach opens access to a remarkable holistic molecular description of the instantaneous composition of such a biological matrix, which is the result of complex interplays among environmental, biochemical, and vine growing practices.

Effects of combined application of nitrogen and potassium on oil concentration and fatty acid component of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

ContextNutrient inputs significantly affect the quality of rapeseed, yet comprehensive research on combined nutrient applications is lacking. ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of combined application of N and K on rapeseed traits, including N, K, oil, and protein concentrations, fatty acid component, seed yield and oil yield. MethodsA 2-year field experiment was conducted in the Yangtze River Basin involving the rapeseed cultivars H9 (low oil) and Z11 (high oil). Sixteen N and K fertilizer combinations encompassed four N rates (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha−1) and four K fertilizer rates (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg K2O ha−1). ResultsThe results revealed that the combined application of N and K significantly affected rapeseed oil and protein concentrations by modulating the nutrient concentrations. Specifically, applying N reduced the oil concentration while applying K increased the oil concentration. Each 1.0% rise in seed K concentration corresponded to a 14.9% average increase in oil concentration, counterbalancing a 2.8% increase in N concentration. Additionally, the higher oil concentration of Z11was closely linked to its seed K concentration. In contrast, protein concentration increased with the N application and decreased with the K application. Furthermore, applying N reduced palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acid content and increased oleic (C18:1) acid content, which further increased with K. Combining the K application with the N treatment resulted in higher seed yield and oil yield compared to a single N application, which particularly benefited the high oil cultivar Z11. ConclusionUtilizing an N180K120 combination significantly improved rapeseed oil concentration, fatty acid composition, seed yield, and oil yield. ImplicationsThis study details the effects of applying K at various N fertilizer rates on enhancing rapeseed quality and yield, emphasizing the importance of the N and K ration in oilseed rape production.

Development of high free fatty acid crude palm oil as a biodegradable electrical liquid insulator as an alternative to mineral oil-based insulators

Mineral-based oil is now often used for transformer oil. Unfortunately, this kind of oil is harmful and unfriendly to the environment, necessitating the use of vegetable-based products that are both ecologically benign and biodegradable. With its properties, crude palm oil (CPO) might be a possibility for a vegetable-based insulator. Concerning it, the goal of this study was to create a method for converting CPO into an insulator that fulfilled IEC 62770 requirements. The researchers created a CPO-based insulator using degumming, filtration, distillation, and a vacuum drying technique in their work. At vacuum pressures ranging from 15% to 65% vacuum and temperatures ranging from 150 °C to 200 °C, 0.05% phosphoric acid, 5% bleaching earth, and 10% zeolite were used in the degumming process. The best measurement results showed that the values of breakdown voltage and kinematic viscosity of 60 kV and 12.7 cSt, respectively, met the requirements. The moisture content was higher than the required value, while the acid content was still relatively high, namely 1.4 mg KOH/g, thus requiring further treatment. After treatment using 2% KOH, the acidity became 0.01 mg KOH/g, and the moisture content was 176 ppm thus meeting the requirement. The color of the insulator produced was light yellow, bright, and clear. The best treatment parameter combination found was a pressure of 51.9% vacuum with a temperature of 168.7 °C. This research showed that the vacuum pressure had a significant effect on moisture, kinematic viscosity, and acidity, while temperature had a significant effect on breakdown voltage and acidity.

Maize Dek407 Encodes the Nitrate Transporter 1.5 and Is Required for Kernel Development.

The kernel serves as the storage organ and harvestable component of maize, and it plays a crucial role in determining crop yield and quality. Understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of kernel development is of considerable importance for maize production. In this study, we obtained a mutant, which we designated defective kernel 407 (dek407), through ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. The dek407 mutant exhibited reduced kernel size and kernel weight, as well as delayed grain filling compared with those of the wild type. Positional cloning and an allelism test revealed that Dek407 encodes a nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) protein and is the allele of miniature 2 (mn2) that was responsible for a poorly filled defective kernel phenotype. A transcriptome analysis of the developing kernels showed that the mutation of Dek407 altered the expression of phytohormone-related genes, especially those genes associated with indole-3-acetic acid synthesis and signaling. Phytohormone measurements and analysis indicated that the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid content was significantly reduced by 66% in the dek407 kernels, which may be the primary cause of the defective phenotype. We further demonstrated that natural variation in Dek407 is associated with kernel weight and kernel size. Therefore, Dek407 is a potential target gene for improvement of maize yield.

Ultrasound intensification of two‐stage biodiesel production: optimization for palm empty fruit bunch oil as a palm oil industry by‐product

AbstractPalm empty fruit bunch oil (palm EFB oil) is a waste product that can be used to produce biodiesel at a low cost. However, high free fatty acid (FFA) content is the primary obstacle to biodiesel production. Before the transesterification process can begin, the oil must be esterified to reduce its acid content. This study seeks to employ dual‐frequency ultrasound at frequencies of 28 kHz (200 W) and 40 kHz (200 W) to aid in the esterification and transesterification of ZSM‐5‐38 and CaO catalysts, respectively. Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to determine the optimal conditions for the three primary parameters of methanol to oil (M:O molar ratio), catalyst loading and reaction time. A 12:1 M:O molar ratio, 11.36 wt% catalyst loading (ZSM‐5‐38) and 60 min of reaction duration were the optimal conditions for esterification to achieve a FFA conversion of 91.51%. The reusability of ZSM‐5‐38 revealed a decrease in FFA conversions of 87.36, 75.11, 67.13 and 58.68% with each reused cycle. The optimal transesterification conditions were a 3.28:1 M:O molar ratio, 4.62 wt% catalyst loading (CaO) and 64 min of reaction time, yielding 83.58% biodiesel. The viscosity value (D 445), the flash point (D 93) and the heating value (ASTM D240) of biodiesel produced under optimal conditions were evaluated. The biodiesel properties were determined to be 4.7931 mm2/s, 176°C and 40 398 kJ/kg, respectively.

Effects of adding isolated Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and their mixtures on the quality indices of pickled Chinese cabbage

Pickled Chinese cabbage traditional fermented vegetables is popular in China, especially the northeast, owing to their special flavors. Spontaneous fermented Chinese cabbage usually has rich and mellow flavor because of abundant microorganism in the fermentation broth. In our study, LAB were screened from spontaneous Chinese cabbage and identified including morphology, physiology and biochemistry, and molecular levels. 11 of these were used as a single inocula to ferment Chinese cabbage, and acid contents, soluble sugar contents, Vc contents, cellulose contents and nitrite contents of these pickled Chinese cabbage were measured. Overall, three superior strains mixture(X1, M2, and D2) were inoculated to improve the fermentation characteristics of pickled Chinese cabbage. Furthermore, pickled Chinese cabbage with the mixture had the highest acid and Vc contents, the lowest nitrite content, and medium fiber content. The sensory quality mixed inocula was also the best compared with products prepared with single strain and spontaneous fermentation.
 Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum; Leuconostoc mesenteroides; pickled Chinese cabbage, mixed LAB

Frying characteristics of high‐oleic rapeseed blended oil: A comparative study

AbstractThe objective of this study was to identify the most suitable high‐oleic rapeseed blended oil for frying. Six high‐oleic rapeseed blended oils were formulated based on a polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio of 2.0 and an n‐3 fatty acid/n‐6 fatty acid ratio of 1:4–1:6, after which the physiochemical properties, frying performance, tocopherol content, and hazardous substance contents were evaluated. The blended oil containing high‐oleic rapeseed oil: soybean oil: palm oil (85:12:3) had a reasonable fatty acid composition, better oxidative stability index (9.05 h), higher total tocopherol content (0.3 mg/kg), and longer time to reach a total polar component content of 27% (29.3 h). Moreover, after frying for 30 h, the peroxide value (7.25 mmol/kg), residual oil rate (0.57%), trans‐fatty acid content (0.37%), malondialdehyde content (1.57 μg/kg), and 3‐monochloro‐1,2‐propanediol ester content (0.24 mg/kg) were lower than those of the other samples. Principal component analysis revealed that the quality of the high‐oleic rapeseed blended oil was positively correlated with benzo[a]pyrene, 18:2, and 18:3, and negatively correlated with the residual oil rate, trans‐fatty acids, and 18:1 content. This high‐oleic rapeseed blended oil is potentially suitable for frying.

Optimasi Proses Pembuatan Asap Cair dari Tempurung Kelapa Melalui Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques that are useful for analyzing complex processes that are influenced by several variables. This research aimed to apply RSM in optimizing the process of making liquid smoke from coconut shell pyrolysis. Optimum process conditions were reviewed based on the content of several functional compounds in liquid smoke including carbonyl content, phenol content, and acid content. The process variables comprised pyrolysis temperature (within the temperature range of 350 oC as low level (-1) and 450 oC as high level (+1)), pyrolysis time (within the range of 45 minutes as low level (-1) and 75 minutes as high level (+1)), and the water content in the coconut shell (within the range of 10% water content as low level (-1) and 20% as high level (+1)). This study results showed that the best carbonyl content in liquid smoke was 3.58% at temperature of 395 oC, pyrolysis time of 60 minutes, and water content of 16%. The optimum phenol content of 5.55% was achieved with a combination of pyrolysis time of 65 minutes and water content of 15.5%. Based on the acid content, an optimum value of 19.55% was obtained at a combination of pyrolysis time of 62 minutes and water content of 15.5%. The hypothesis H0 could be accepted statistically for the carbonyl content.

Nickel-tungsten co-doped biochar catalyst boosting ethylene glycol production from cellulose hydrogenolysis

Promoted ethylene glycol (EG) yield from cellulose hydrogenolysis is achieved via using Nickel-tungsten doped carbon catalysts prepared from glucose (x%Ni-y%WOx-GCT). Synchronously metal loading and carbon formation endow the catalyst excellent catalytic performance and high stability. Mechanistic investigations of the effects of metal loading and BrØnsted acid on EG yield are conducted. Increasing W loading promotes the content of polymerized WOx and consequently increases the amount of polytungstate species, thus lead to an improved BrØnsted acid content. Results reveal that promotion of B/L acid facilitates cellulose hydrolysis and suppresses isomerization of glucose to fructose. Besides, high W loading is beneficial for reduction of WOx to form W5+, producing oxygen vacancies to promote retro aldol condensation (RAC) of glucose to form acetaldehyde alcohol (an important intermediate for EG). By adopting the optimized 9%Ni-12%WOx-GC700 catalyst, a 100% cellulose conversion with a high EG yield of 65% is obtained due to the synergistic interactions between BrØnsted acid, W5+ and Ni0+ active sites.

Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Liquid Smoke Produced from Gelam Wood (Melaleuca cajuputi), Alaban Wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl), and Coconut Shells (Cocos nucifera L.)

The antioxidant activity of liquid smoke is a major consideration in its use as a food preservative. Raw materials greatly determine the phenolic content in liquid smoke. The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties (phenolic & acid content, pH level, and chemical composition) and the antioxidant activity of liquid smokw made from gelam wood (Melaleuca cajuputi), alaban wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl), and coconut shells (Cocos nucifera L). The phenolic content was determined by the Follin-Ciocalteau method, whereas the acid content was determined using the titration method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using a spectrophotometric method with DPPH radical compounds. The average phenolic contents of LSGW, LSAW, and LSCS were 0.855, 0.885, and 1.957 (% g GAE/mL), respectively, and the average acid contents were 4.256; 2.776 and 11.873 (%g/mL), respectively. Compounds detected in LS consist of organic acids, phenolic compounds, carbonyls, alcohols, furans, and esters. All three types of LS had high antioxidant activity, as indicated by their IC50 values of 0.53% for LSGW, 0.70% for LSAW, and 0.75% for LSCS, respectively. The findings of this study implied that the antioxidant activity of liquid smoke is not always directly proportional to its total phenolic content.

Development of a coulometry system at the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science and evaluation of the measurement uncertainty originating from the system

Coulometry is used to realize the definition of the mole and enables the direct determination of the purity of high-purity substances that are used as standards for other relative measurements with very small measurement uncertainty. However, despite several studies reporting the development of accurate and precise coulometry systems, there is a lack of detailed description of the system and systematic evaluation of the measurement uncertainty arising from the system. In this study, coulometry systems constructed at the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) are described in detail and the uncertainties associated with these systems are systematically evaluated using a bottom-up approach. The relative expanded uncertainty resulting from the measurement system for the amount-of-substance content of acid in high-purity potassium hydrogen phthalate is approximately 0.0005%. The performance of the KRISS coulometry systems has been verified through several international comparisons and comparative measurements using certified reference materials.

Conversion of waste ship-oil sludge into renewable fuel: Assessment of fuel properties and techno-economic viability of supplementing and substituting commercial fuels

Waste ship-oil sludge (WSOS) is considered as a hazardous waste as it affects the aquatic and dependent ecosystems. However, energy-rich fuels can be obtained upon treating this waste instead of discharging into the sea. Pyrolysis of oily wastes yields a higher proportion of energy-rich fuel when compared to solid wastes. This study provides an insight into the production of different products at various stages of thermal decomposition of completely mixed WSOS and compares its fuel properties such as calorific value, acid content, flash point, distillation, etc. with commercial diesel and aviation fuels. Non-combustible phenol-rich liquids were obtained at a temperature of 220 °C–300 °C (stage – 1) and 300 °C–400 °C (stage – 2). The stage – 2 product contained octa atomic sulphur and the concentration of sulphur in the subsequent stages increased consequently. Stage 3 (475 °C–550 °C) and stage 4 (550 °C–650 °C) products were analysed for commercial fuel properties and compared to conventional diesel and aviation fuels as they contained 45.79% and 56.29% of diesel-equivalent (C13 – C18) hydrocarbons respectively. Stage 3 corresponded well with Grade No.1 diesel fuel according to the ASTM D-975-19 standards and exhibited better properties in comparison with the stage 4 product. An inductive method of techno-economic analysis was carried out. The analysis returned a positive net present value (69,142.49), a high internal return rate (53.78%), and a payback period of 13.52 months, indicating that the sale of pyrolyzed WSOS as commercial fuel will be profitable.

Inoculum of a Native Microbial Starter Cocktail to Optimize Fine-Aroma Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Bean Fermentation

Fine-aroma cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is one of Ecuador’s most iconic export products and comprises 63% of world production. Nevertheless, few advances have been made to improve fermentation processes that might benefit the development of chocolate’s organoleptic characteristics. The study of starter cultures, which seek to improve organoleptic properties or decrease fermentation time, has been investigated in other countries. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a native microbial cocktail based on two yeasts (Torulaspora delbrueckii and Hanseniaspora uvarum), a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) (Limosilactobacillus plantarum), and an acetic acid bacterium (AAB) (Acetobacter ghanensis) inoculated at the beginning of the fermentative process while tracking physical and biochemical variables, microbial population dynamics, and bean fermentation time. The starter culture caused changes in sugar and acid content and increased polyphenols, which in turn generated temperature and pH changes in the dough. The dynamics of yeast, AAB, and mesophilic microorganisms remain higher than the controls throughout the process. A decrease in filamentous fungi that affect the flavor and quality of beans was observed due to the production of acetic acid or secondary metabolites from yeasts and LAB, and resulted in 24% greater fermentation than spontaneous fermentation in only 96 h.

Improving low-temperature NH3-SCR denitration activity and resistance to H2O and SO2 over Nb-modified NbaSn0.3CeOx catalysts by enhancing acidity to compensate for its weak oxidation ability

In this paper, a series of Nb-modified NbaSn0.3CeOx (a = 0.2, 0.4, 0.5) catalysts for denitrification were prepared using a facile co-precipitation method. In order to explore the various individual properties of the samples, the catalysts were characterized by XRD, Raman, N2 adsorption and desorption, TEM, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, XPS and in-situ DRIFTS tests to understand the influences of the Nb introduction on the NH3-SCR reaction. Among these catalysts, the Nb0.4Sn0.3CeOx catalyst exhibit excellent NH3-SCR performance in the temperature range of 155–450 °C with more than 90 % NO conversion, 100 % N2 selectivity, and possess good resistance to H2O and SO2. Compared with the Sn0.3CeOx catalyst, we believe that the improvement of the low-temperature NH3-SCR performance of the Nb0.4Sn0.3CeOx catalysts is mainly due to the change in the amount of acid, special for the increase in B acid content, which compensates for the effect of the weaken oxidizing ability on the low-temperature activity. Beyond that, the good H2O and SO2 resistance at low temperature after the introduction of Nb into Nb0.4Sn0.3CeOx catalysts was analyzed by using in-situ DRIFTS characterization in detail, and the results indicate that the incorporation of Nb can inhibit the oxidation of SO2 to form sulfate on the catalysts, and prevent the competing adsorption of H2O and NOx, but the adsorption of NH3 is not affected. This work proves that the acidity regulation can improve low-temperature SCR activity by the synergistic effect between oxidation capacity and acidity.

Pengaruh Lama Fermentasi Menggunakan Mikroba Ghalkoff terhadap Perubahan Konsentrasi Kandungan Kafein Kopi Robusta Organik Kabupaten Lampung Barat

Coffee is a beverage ingredient not only famous in Indonesia but also famous throughout the world. Caffeine is the most important compound found in coffee, caffeine functions as an element of taste and aroma in coffee beans. Excessive acid and caffeine content in coffee can have an impact on health. This study aims to determine the effect of fermentation time using microbial Ghalkoff on changes in concentration of caffeine, protein and acidity content in organic robusta coffee without reducing the taste of coffee. This research was conducted from July to August 2018 at PT. Ghaly Roelies Indonesia, Kecamatan Kemiling, Bandar Lampung. This study uses a laboratory and Kruskal-Wallis test Non-parametric statistical test based on questionnaire test on the level of preference. The results showed the effect of changes in the concentration of caffeine, protein and acidity levels in organic robusta coffee with control of the initial data resulting in a decrease in the concentration of caffeine by 27%. While the results of the N-Rank organoleptic test with Kruskal-WallisTest showed that administering long-acting organic coffee fermentation using microbial ghalkoff can increase the preference for coffee flavor, aroma and color. Keywords: Caffeine, Fermentation, Kruskal-Wallis Test, Organic Robusta Coffee.