Acetic Acid In Ethanol Research Articles

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Screening of Some Novel Chromones and Pyrazoles with Incorporated Isoxazole Moieties

The title compounds 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h and 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6h have been synthesized from β‐diketones and chromones, respectively, having 5‐methyl‐3‐phenylisoxazole moiety. Substituted 2‐acetylphenyl 5‐methyl‐3‐phenylisoxazole‐4‐carboxylate 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h were converted into 1‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3‐(5‐methyl‐3‐phenylisoxazole‐4‐yl)propane‐1,3‐dione 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h by Baker–Venketaraman transformation. Further, the cyclodehydration of diketone 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h with glacial acetic acid in conc. HCl at reflux gave corresponding substituted 2‐(5‐methyl‐3‐phenylisoxazole‐4‐yl)‐4H‐chromen‐4‐one 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h. The corresponding 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h react with hydrazine hydrate in presence of glacial acetic acid in ethanol at reflux to furnish 2‐(5‐5(5‐methyl‐3‐phenylisoxazole‐4‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐yl)phenol 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6h. The structures of all newly synthesized compounds have been confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectral data, as well as elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds have been screened for their antimicrobial activity. Some of the compounds show better antimicrobial activity as compared with the reference drugs Streptomycin, Ampicillin, Gentamycin, Cefixime, and Ketoconazole.

Characterization of olfactory sensilla of the olive fly: Behavioral and electrophysiological responses to volatile organic compounds from the host plant and bacterial filtrate

The responses of olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) antennal and palpal olfactory receptors to odors emitted by Pseudomonas putida bacterial filtrate and to volatiles from a host plant were evaluated using electrophysiological and behavioral bioassays. Morphological identification of olfactory receptors was also performed. The third antennal segment (flagellum) bears four types of multiporous sensilla: trichoid, short basiconica, clavate and grooved. Maxillary palps have mechanosensory bristles and multiporous basiconica sensilla. In wind-tunnel bioassays, olive fly responses to volatiles emitted by bacterial filtrate were higher than those to culture medium. Bacterial filtrate was more attractive than ammonium carbonate or a mixture of ethyl acetate and acetic acid in ethanol. GC–MS of bacterial filtrate identified some of the chemicals produced by bacterial activity, including methyl thiolacetate, ammonia, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, ethyl tiglate and methyl thiocyanate. Electrophysiological investigations proved that antennal sensilla are responsive to bacterial filtrate odor, methyl thiolacetate, olive leaves and olives, as well as to α-pinene, while acetic acid elicited an inhibitory response. Electropalpgrams recorded a specific response to bacterial filtrate by mated males and females, as well as a dose-dependent response relationship to methyl thiolacetate by mated females. The identification of new active volatile compounds in the semiochemical system of the olive fly is promising for the development of innovative control strategies in area-wide management.

Synthesis and anti-Parkinson′s screening of some novel 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)-N-[2-substituted (4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)]acetamide derivatives

Context: The objective of this study is to synthesize some novel 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)-N-[2-substituted (4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)] acetamide derivatives and to study their anti-Parkinson's activity. Materials and Methods: Ethyl (naphthalen-1-yl) acetate (1) was prepared from naphthalene-1-yl acetic acid in ethanol. Condensation of ethyl (naphthalen-1-yl) acetate (1) with an equimolar quantity of hydrazine hydrate in methanol afforded 2-(naphthalen-1-yl) acetohydrazide (2). Compound 2 which on condensation with different aromatic aldehydes yielded respective Schiff bases (3a-e). The Schiff bases are then cyclised with mercaptoacetic acid in dioxane to yield the corresponding naphthalene bearing 4-thiazolidinone derivatives (4a-e). The structures of the synthesized compounds have been established based on their analytical and spectral data such as FT-IR, Mass and NMR spectroscopy. Results: The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-Parkinson's screening using in vitro free radical scavenging assay. Compounds 4c, 4d, and 4e showed potent free radical scavenging activity giving 82%, 74% and 76% respectively. Three compounds 4c, 4d and 4e were taken for in vivo anti-Parkinson's screening by 6-Hydroxydopamine lesioned rat's model (6-OHDA). Among these, one of the 4-thiazolidinone derivatives having a 3-nitro phenyl group at 2 nd position 4c exhibited maximum anti-Parkinson's activity. Conclusion: Thiazolidinone derivatives showed significant anti-Parkinson's activity in the 6-OHDA lesioned rat model. The estimated parameters were closely relevant to clinical parkinsonism, and the drug treatment protected the diseased brain of a rat. We appreciate further detailed studies with these drugs in anti-Parkinson's pharmacology and toxicology.

Synthesis of 3-chloro-N′-(2-hydroxy-6-pentadecylbenzylidene)benzothiophene-2-carbohydrazide

3-Chloro-N′-(2-hydroxy-6-pentadecylbenzylidene)benzothiophene-2-carbohydrazide has been synthesized by the reaction of 2-hydroxy-6-pentadecylbenzaldehyde with 3-chloro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxylicacidhydrazide in the presence of glacial acetic acid in ethanol. The structure of this new compound was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral analysis.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of New N1,N4-Substituted Thiosemicarbazones

We present an efficient procedure for the synthesis of thirty-six N1,N4-substituted thiosemicarbazones, including twenty-five ones that are reported for the first time, using a microwave-assisted methodology for the reaction of thiosemicarbazide intermediates with aldehydes in the presence of glacial acetic acid in ethanol and under solvent free conditions. Overall reaction times (20–40 min when ethanol as solvent, and 3 min under solvent free conditions) were much shorter than with the traditional procedure (480 min); satisfactory yields and high-purity compounds were obtained. The thiosemicarbazide intermediates were obtained from alkyl or aryl isothiocyanates and hydrazine hydrate or phenyl hydrazine by stirring at room temperature for 60 min or by microwave irradiation for 30 min, with lower yields for the latter. The preliminary in vitro antifungal activity of thiosemicarbazones was evaluated against Aspergillus parasiticus and Candida albicans.

4-Amino-N-(2-hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzylidene)benzenesulfonamide

4-Amino-N-(2-hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzylidene)benzenesulfonamide has been synthesized by reaction of 2-hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzaldehyde with 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide in the presence of acetic acid in ethanol. The structure of this new compound was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectral analysis.

3-Chloro-N'-(2-hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzylidene) benzothiophene-2-carbohydrazide

The title compound, 3-chloro-N'-(2-hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzylidene)­benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbohydrazide has been synthesized by reaction of 2-hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzaldehyde with 3-chloro-1-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide in the presence of acetic acid in ethanol. The structure of this new compound was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectral analysis.

N-[(9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methylene]-3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-amine

The title compound, N-[(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methylene]-3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-amine has been synthesized by reaction of 9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde with 5-amino-3,4-dimethylisoxazole in the presence of acetic acid in ethanol. The structure of this new compound was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and EI-MS spectral analysis.

Mild and Ecofriendly Tandem Synthesis, and Spectral and Antimicrobial Studies of N1-Acetyl-5-aryl-3-(substituted styryl)pyrazolines

N1-acetyl-5-aryl-3-(substituted styryl)pyrazolines were synthesized by the cyclocondensation of 1,5-substituted diphenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-ones with hydrazine hydrate and a cyclizing agent such as acetic acid in ethanol. The title compounds were synthesized using conventional and solvent-free approaches, which involves mechano-chemical mixing, microwave-irradiation, and ultrasound-irradiation methods in the presence of a solid support. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses and spectral data (IR, PMR, and FAB-mass). All the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some compounds have shown promising biological activity.

Synthesis, crystal structure and biological activity of 1-(1 H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-ethanone thiosemicarbazone and its cobalt complex

1-(1 H-Benzoimidazol-2-yl)-ethanone thiosemicarbazone (H 2L) ( 1) was obtained by the condensation reaction of 2-acetylbenzimidazole, thiosemicarbazide and acetic acid in ethanol. The novel cobalt(III) complex [Co(L)(HL)] 2 was prepared by the direct reaction of CoCl 2 · 6H 2O with the ligand H 2L. The reaction products were characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FT-IR and mass spectrometry for H 2L, and magnetic measurement for the Co(III) complex. The crystal and molecular structures of complex 2 and the free ligand 1 were also determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The crystal structure data suggests that in compound 2, two ligands (H 2L) coordinate to cobalt in a N 2S tridentate fashion, giving a distorted octahedral geometry. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties using a broth microdilution assay against various human pathogenic bacteria and the yeast Candida tropicalis, resulting in moderate minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC = 0.25–1 mg/mL) when compared to standard antimicrobial agents. The free radical scavenging activity of the compounds against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) was also investigated.

Preparation of titanate coated magnetite powder for cisplatin delivery

Cisplatin, a drug for the treatment of many kinds of cancer, was investigated to be supported on titanates. Both K2Ti4O9 and its hydrolyzed product H2Ti4O9•H2O selectively took up its aquoion, cis[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)2]2+, in its aqueous solution with pH=5-9 adjusted with HCl and NaOH. Its captured amounts were 4.93×10-2 mole for a mole of K2Ti4O9 and 4.73×10-2 mole for a mole of H2Ti4O9•H2O, respectively. About a quarter of them was released to the aqueous solution in pH=7.2-7.8 comparable to body fluid. For its magnetic targeting in drug delivery system, magnetite powder was coated with a sol obtained from a mixture of titanium n-butoxide, potassium acetate and acetic acid in ethanol. Its fired product at 600°C was a mixture of magnetic Fe3O4 with a cation exchangeable K2TiO3. It could uptake the cisplatin aquoion selectively from the diluted aqueous solution in 7.2 ppm concentration.

Synthesis and Application of Stable Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Suspensions for Nanoparticulate Film Fabrication

Colloidal suspensions of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared by an alcothermal method, in which copper acetate was reacted with sodium hydroxide in the presence of acetic acid in ethanol at 78°C. The prepared suspension was stable for up to 1 month without stabilizers such as surfactants. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that the suspension contained nanosized CuO particles of 5–10 nm size with a narrow size distribution. Nanoparticulate CuO films packed with grains smaller than 60 nm were fabricated on Si substrates by spin coating a suspension of CuO nanoparticles and subsequent heat treatment at 500°C.

An intriguing reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarins with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone

An intriguing reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarins with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) occurred in the presence of catalytic acetic acid in ethanol at reflux with the products being obtained in high yields.

Surface Structure and Chemical Switching of Thioctic Acid Adsorbed on Au(111) As Observed Using Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

Thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid) is a molecule with a large disulfide-containing base, a short alkyl chain with four CH2 units, and a carboxyl termination. Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) films ofthioctic acid adsorbed on Au(111) have been investigated with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine film quality, bonding, and morphology. Using standard preparation protocols for SAMs, that is, dissolving thioctic acid in ethanol and exposing gold to the solution, results in poor films. These films are highly disordered, contain a mixture of carboxyl and carboxylate terminations, have more than monolayer coverage, and exhibit unbound disulfide. Conversely, forming films by dissolving 1 mmol thioctic acid into 5% acetic acid in ethanol (as previously reported with carboxyl-terminated alkanethiols) forms ordered monolayers with small amounts of unbound sulfur. NEXAFS indicates tilted over endgroups with the carboxyl group normal on average 38 degrees from the surface normal. Slight angle-dependent intensity modulations in other features indicate alkyl chains statistically more upright than prostrate on the surface. Reflection-absorption Fourier transform infrared (RA-FTIR) spectra indicate hydrogen bonding between neighboring molecules. In such well-formed monolayers, a stark reorientation occurs upon deprotonation of the endgroup by rinsing in a KOH solution. The carboxylate plane normal is now about 66 degrees from sample normal, a much more upright orientation. Data indicate this reorientation may also cause a more upright orientation to the alkyl portion of the molecules.

Chemically Transformable Configurations of Mercaptohexadecanoic Acid Self-Assembled Monolayers Adsorbed on Au(111)

Carboxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are commonly used in a variety of applications, with the assumption that the molecules form well-ordered monolayers. In this work, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurements verify that well-ordered monolayers can be formed using acetic acid in the solvent. Disordered monolayers with unbound molecules present in the film result using only ethanol. A stark reorientation occurs upon deprotonation of the end group by rinsing in a KOH solution. This reorientation of the end group is reversible with tilted-over, hydrogen-bound carboxyl groups while the carboxylate ion end groups are upright. C(1s) photoemission shows that SAMs formed and rinsed with acetic acid in ethanol have protonated end groups, while SAMs formed without acetic acid have a large fraction of carboxylate-terminated molecules.

Determination of trace amounts of acetic acid in ethanol by fluoride isoconcentration using the method of standard additions

The large and systematic change in cell potential resulting from the addition of 0–1%m/m of acetic acid to a solution of ethanol containing 1 × 10–3M tetraethylammonium fluoride (TEAF) as background electrolyte, using a fluoride ion-selective electrode and a calomel reference electrode filled with lithium chloride, provides a graphical method for the rapid determination of acetic acid in ethanol. Readings obtained by direct potentiometry show good reproducibility and stability. The method, characterised by its accuracy and simplicity of operation, compares favourably with gas chromatographic methods and can be used for the determination of acetic acid in vinegar.

Excited state proton transfer in 2-heteroaryloxazoles. The principle of least photochemical motion

The excited state proton transfer (ESPT) of 2-heteroaryloxazoles with acetic acid in ethanol has been studied by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. The reactions take place in the excited state by static and dynamic mechanisms. Various 4-derivatives of pyridine have similar acid-base properties in the ground and excited state. This agrees with quantum-chemical calculations by CNDO/S method. The quantum yields, equilibrium constants and rate constants of these reactions have been determined. The efficiency of ESPT of 2-heteroaryloxazoles is close to unity. It is 2.4 times greater than that of azaderivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons. The ESPT and induced deactivation have the same reaction center — the nitrogen atom of the heterocycle. The principle of least photochemical motion has been proposed. According to this principle the quantum efficiency of formation of excited photoreaction products depends inversely on the extent of change of the wavefunction during the reaction. The experimental data agree qualitatively with this principle.

Intracellular localization of the glucocorticoid receptor: evidence for cytoplasmic and nuclear localization.

Using a monospecific, monoclonal antibody against the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), an immunocytochemical study was performed to investigate the intracellular localization of GR both in the presence or absence of ligand. With all fixation methods tested (paraformaldehyde, acetic acid in ethanol, Bouin's fixative, and bensochinone in PBS), it was possible to obtain specific GR staining. Fixation with paraformaldehyde was chosen for further studies on the effect of permeabilization, using several concentrations of Triton X-100 or saponin. A rat Rueber hepatoma (H-4-II-E) and a human uterus carcinoma (NHIK 3025) cell line were used as well as cultured hepatocytes from normal rat. The accessibility of the different cell compartments after fixation and permeabilization was tested for by using antibodies against cellular constituents with known locations (i.e. core-nucleosome proteins and tubulin), in combination with the anti-GR antibody in double immunofluorescence staining experiments. The specific GR stain obtained with the indirect peroxidase antiperoxidase technique or with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled second antibodies was shown to be present both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Staining of all cellular compartments was abolished (peroxidase antiperoxidase) or diminished (fluorescein isothiocyanate) if the monoclonal antibody was preincubated with a 90% pure GR preparation. These findings are in contrast to recently reported immunocytochemical studies, where a strict nuclear existence of the estrogen and progestin receptors has been reported. Consequently, generalizations with regard to steroid receptor localization cannot be made. Furthermore, an in vitro model is described, where the effect of dexamethasone administration upon the localization of receptor staining in H-4-II-E cells can be studied.

Recovery of proteins as a spun product from sardine viscera and heads.

To recover proteins as a spun product from sardine viscera and heads for the use of food ingredient, factors affecting the extraction of proteins were investigated. Factors examined were extraction time, temperature, NaCl concentration, and effect of pH. The most appropriate extraction was made by water at 22°C for 30min at pH 10.5 (final value). In order to concentrate proteins, the extracted proteins were precipitated out by adjusting the pH to 5.0, and the precipitates were dissolved in NaOH solution for the preparation of spinning dope. The coagulation solution containing 20% NaCl or 20% CaCl2 in 1 N acetic acid gave 40-59% recovery of proteins in spun products. On the other hand, a spun product prepared by using 1 N acetic acid in ethanol brought about 70% protein recovery and its lipid content was fairly low.

Stability of Hormone Receptors with Fixation: Implications for Immunocytochemical Localization of Receptors*

The effects of several fixatives on the PRL receptorhave been examined using slices and particulate fractions from pregnant rat and rabbit liver and rabbit mammary glands. After fixation using picric acid-formaldehyde, the binding affinity for ovine PRL (oPRL) was not substantially affected, while the capacity of the oPRL receptor was reduced from 689 to 420 fmol/mg in the rat liver and from 212 to 143 fmol/mg in the rabbit liver membrane fraction. Similarly, fixation using Lillies' buffered formalin reduced the binding capacity of the oPRL receptor in the rat liver to 410 fmol/mg and, in the rabbit liver membrane fraction, to 153 fmol/mg. Fixation of the 100,000 × g pellet using 10% (vol/vol) unbuffered formaldehyde and 4% paraformaldehyde plus 5% glutaraldehyde destroyed specific oPRL-binding sites, and the latter fixative increased nonspecific binding significantly (P < 0.05). Other fixatives gave intermediate results. Direct exposure of the 100,000 × g pellets to 5% acetic acid in ethanol and 7% forma...