Accurate Power Measurements Research Articles

50 Using GPS and Genomic Technology to Provide a More Accurate Estimate of Bull Power in Western Intermountain Beef Systems

Abstract The objective of this study was to utilize GPS technology and genomic parentage testing to provide a more accurate measurement of bull power in the intermountain west beef production system. Breeding seasons are typically conducted on large, remote pastures, leading to current estimates of bull:cow ratios (1:20 or 1:25) possibly being inaccurate. With advances in genetic testing, parentage of calves can be obtained allowing producers to review which calves were sired from specific bulls, or how many cows each bull serviced (bull power). Our study fit 5 bulls from the same herd with GPS collars and collected hair samples for future DNA extraction prior to the 2018 breeding season. Bull movement was tracked over a 90-day breeding season on a large grazing allotment on the southern Utah and northern Arizona border. The GPS collars collected measurements of total distance traveled per day and distance traveled away from water, along with geocoordinates. Upon completion of the breeding season, collars were removed and data retrieved. At calving, biological material was collected and parentage testing of 104 calves was conducted and parentage determined. Results of parentage testing revealed that actually 6 bulls sired calves during the 2018 breeding season. The ranch’s bulls sired 72 (69%) calves (30, 16, 14, 10 and 2 calves, respectively). Thirty-two (31%) calves were sired by bulls from herds that grazed nearby. Interesting to note is the producer was unaware of any non-herd bulls co-mingling with this herd. While results from the current study are very preliminary, they do validate the importance of verifying bull power and sire identification to critically evaluate sire performance and increase the accuracy of selection in breeding replacements. The information presented herein may prove useful as a future selection tool to identify bulls that are high performing during breeding season in the intermountain west.

Online Coupling of Liquid Chromatography with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry at 21 T Provides Fast and Unique Insight into Crude Oil Composition.

High magnetic field Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry provides the highest mass resolving power and mass measurement accuracy for detailed characterization of complex chemical mixtures. Here, we report the coupling of online liquid chromatography of complex mixtures with a 21 tesla FT-ICR mass spectrometer. The high magnetic field enables large ion populations to be analyzed for each spectrum for a high dynamic range, with 3.2 million mass resolving power at m/z 400 (6.2 s transient duration) or 1.6 million (3.1 s transient duration) while maintaining high mass accuracy for molecular formula assignment (root-mean-square assignment error < 0.150 ppm). Thousands of unique elemental compositions are assigned per mass spectrum, which can be grouped by the heteroatom class, double bond equivalents (the number of rings and double bonds to carbon), and carbon number. Figures of merit are discussed, as well as characterization of an Arabian heavy vacuum gas oil in terms of the ring number, compound class, double bond equivalents, and ion type. Consideration of elemental composition and retention order provides additional structural information.

High amplification laser-pressure optic enables ultra-low uncertainty measurements of optical laser power at kilowatt levels

We present the first measurements of kilowatt laser power with an uncertainty less than 1%. These represent progress toward the most accurate measurements of laser power above 1 kW at 1070 nm wavelength and establish a more precise link between force metrology and laser power metrology. Radiation pressure, or photon momentum, is a relatively new method of non-destructively measuring laser power. We demonstrate how a multiple reflection optical system amplifies the pressure of a kilowatt class laser incoherently to improve the signal to noise ratio in a radiation pressure-based measurement. With 14 incoherent reflections of the laser, we measure a total uncertainty of 0.26% for an input power of 10 kW and 0.46% for an input power of 1 kW at the 95% confidence level. These measurements of absolute power are traceable to the SI kilogram and mark a state-of-the-art improvement in measurement precision by a factor of four.

METHODS FOR MEASURING LASER POWER

Today we are witnessing the rapid development of the laser industry. Laser sources with new wavelengths, higher powers and energies, different modes of operation (generation of laser pulses), as well as various applications in industry, medicine, environmental protection etc. are emerging. This requires the development of new physical methods and principles for accurate measurement of power, energy, and other parameters of laser sources. In different types of laser technological processes, accurate measurement of laser power is extremely important in terms of quality, repeatability, and validation of the process. In most cases, accurate laser power measurement is a difficult task, especially when working with high-power lasers or having to perform real-time measurements.The report analyses and systematizes the physical principles and methods on which existing laser measuring instruments are based. This research also aims to help researchers and technologists find and develop new approaches to solving this challenging measurement problem.

Wire calorimeter for direct neutral beam power measurements on C-2W.

The C-2W experiment produces advanced beam-driven field reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas, which are sustained in steady state utilizing variable energy neutral beams (15-40 keV, total power up to 21MW), advanced divertors, end bias electrodes, and an active plasma control system. Since heating, current drive, and refueling from neutral beam injection are essential to FRC sustainment, it is crucial to have accurate measurements of the beam power being injected into the plasma. A new tungsten wire calorimeter has been designed, built, calibrated on a test stand, and implemented to make the first direct measurements of the time-average injected beam power into C-2W. This paper outlines the design of the diagnostic, along with calibration methods and experimental results.

Inductive Load power factor Correction using Capacitor Bank

At this time, efficient power generation is critical because power leakage is a global problem. The power factor of a machine tests its power efficiency and is a significant factor in improving supply quality. A low power factor caused by high lot of utilises of inductive load is often ignored in the majority of control systems. A power factor correction unit will enable the system’s power factor to be restored to near unity for cost-effective operation. Reduced power system losses, enhanced load carrying capabilities, improved voltages, and other benefits of power factor correction are only a few of the benefits. The aim of this program is to develop an Power Factor Correction Unit which can monitor a system’s energy consumption and increase its power factor. For accurate power measurement, an open source energy monitoring library was used in the design. The energy monitor unit measures the reactive strength absorbed by a load network and uses capacitor bank to compensate for the lagging power factor.

Characterization Procedure for Stand-Alone Merging Units Based on Hardware-in-the-Loop Technology

The digitalization of a medium voltage network requires huge efforts from distributed system operators and electric utilities. The main reason is attributed to the costs associated with the replacement or introduction of new intelligent electronic devices capable of collecting and digitalizing current and voltage measurements. To this purpose, this paper introduces a new idea of a stand-alone merging unit (SAMU), which features real-time and hardware-in-the-loop technology, completed with accurate voltage and current sensors. Furthermore, the characterization procedure that allows an evaluation of the metrological performance of a complex device, such as a SAMU, is fully described. From the results, it is highlighted that (i) the developed SAMU is capable of performing highly accurate voltage, current, and power measurements; (ii) the characterization procedure is simple and exploitable for all kinds of SAMUs and other synchronized measurement devices.

Directional Coupler Calibration for Accurate Online Incident Power Measurements

This letter proposes a calibration method to properly measure the incident power in a directional coupler (DC) when the measurement configuration has low directivity. The proposed method is based on measurements of short-circuits placed at different distances to calibrate the DC response. Results show that the method is clearly robust and provides accurate measurements even for directivities as low as 10 dB.

Application of frequency multiple FT-ICR MS signal acquisition for improved proteome research

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) is a powerful combination useful in many research areas due to the utility of high mass resolving power and mass measurement accuracy for studying highly complex samples. Ideally, every analyte in a complex sample can be subjected to accurate mass MS/MS analysis to aid in identification. FT-ICR MS can provide high mass resolving power and mass accuracy at the cost of long data acquisition periods, reducing the number of spectra that can be acquired per unit time. Frequency multiple signal acquisition has long been realized as an attractive method to obtain high mass resolving power and mass accuracy with shorter data acquisition periods. However, one of the limitations associated with frequency multiple signal acquisition is reduced signal intensity as compared to a traditional dipole detector. In this study, we demonstrated the use of a novel ICR cell to improve frequency multiple signal intensity and investigated the potential use of frequency multiple acquisition for proteome measurements. This novel ICR cell containing both dipole and frequency multiple detection electrodes was installed on a 7T FT-ICR MS coupled to an LC system. Tryptic digests of HeLa cell lysates were analyzed using dipole and frequency multiple detectors by holding either the mass resolving power or signal acquisition time constant. Compared to dipole detection, second frequency multiple detection yielded 36% or 45% more unique identified peptides from HeLa cell lysates at twice the scan rate or twice the mass resolving power, respectively. These results indicate that frequency multiple signal acquisition with either the same resolving power or the same signal acquisition duration as used with dipole signals can produce a significant increase in the number of peptides identified in complex proteome samples.

Resolving Power and Collision Cross Section Measurement Accuracy of a Prototype High-Resolution Ion Mobility Platform Incorporating Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulation.

A production prototype structures for lossless ion manipulation ion mobility (SLIM IM) platform interfaced to a commercial high-resolution mass spectrometer (MS) is described. The SLIM IM implements the traveling wave ion mobility technique across a ∼13m path length for high-resolution IM (HRIM) separations. The resolving power (CCS/ΔCCS) of the SLIM IM stage was benchmarked across various parameters (traveling wave speeds, amplitudes, and waveforms), and results indicated that resolving powers in excess of 200 can be accessed for a broad range of masses. For several cases, resolving powers greater than 300 were achieved, notably under wave conditions where ions transition from a nonselective "surfing" motion to a mobility-selective ion drift, that corresponded to ion speeds approximately 30-70% of the traveling wave speed. The separation capabilities were evaluated on a series of isomeric and isobaric compounds that cannot be resolved by MS alone, including reversed-sequence peptides (SDGRG and GRGDS), triglyceride double-bond positional isomers (TG 3, 6, 9 and TG 6, 9, 12), trisaccharides (melezitose, raffinose, isomaltotriose, and maltotriose), and ganglioside lipids (GD1b and GD1a). The SLIM IM platform resolved the corresponding isomeric mixtures, which were unresolvable using the standard resolution of a drift-tube instrument (∼50). In general, the SLIM IM-MS platform is capable of resolving peaks separated by as little as ∼0.6% without the need to target a specific separation window or drift time. Low CCS measurement biases <0.5% were obtained under high resolving power conditions. Importantly, all the analytes surveyed are able to access high-resolution conditions (>200), demonstrating that this instrument is well-suited for broadband HRIM separations important in global untargeted applications.

Accuracy of corneal power measurement using scheimpfl ug camera after myopic refractive surgery

Accuracy of corneal power measurement using scheimpfl ug camera after myopic refractive surgery

Research on the Cause Analysis and Improvement Measures of Measurement Error Based on Model Forecast

The accuracy of power measurement affects the economic benefits and operating costs of power supply companies, and even affects corporate decision-making. Analyzing the causes of errors in measurement data and making improvements to reduce errors is of great significance to both power companies and users. The article analyzes the causes of power measurement errors, and proposes improvement measures to reduce the errors.

PSVII-22 Using GPS and genomic technologies to provide a more accurate estimate of bull power in western intermountain beef systems

Abstract The objective of this study was to utilize GPS technology and genomic parentage testing to provide a more accurate measurement of bull power in Intermountain West beef production systems. Breeding seasons in the Intermountain West are typically conducted on expansive pastures, leading to current bull:cow ratios (1:20 or 1:25) possibly being inaccurate. Traditionally, producers maintain enough bulls to satisfy established bull cow ratios, but there was not further investigation into which calves were sired from specific bulls or how many cows each bull was actually servicing. Thus, the current study fitted five bulls with GPS collars and collected hair samples for future DNA extraction prior to the 2018 breeding season. Bull movement was tracked over a 90-day breeding season on a large grazing allotment in southern Utah and northern Arizona. The GPS collars allowed for tracking total distance traveled per day, and distance traveled away from water. Upon completion of the breeding season, collars were removed and data downloaded. A total of 104 potential offspring of the collared bulls were branded, and had ear notches collected for DNA extraction and parentage analyses. Results of parentage testing revealed that actually six bulls sired calves during the 2018 breeding season. The cooperating ranch’s bulls sired 30, 16, 14, 10 and 2 calves respectively. However, a neighboring operation’s bull sired 32 calves in the cooperator’s herd during that same season. While results from the current study are very preliminary, they do validate the importance of verifying bull power and sire identification in order to critically evaluate sire performance and increase the accuracy of selection in breeding replacements. The information presented herein may prove useful as a future selection tool to identify bulls that are high performers during the breeding season in the Intermountain West.

The Effect of Lifitegrast on Refractive Accuracy and Symptoms in Dry Eye Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery.

PurposeTo determine the effect of lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5% on improving the tear film, biometry/keratometry, and refractive accuracy for dry eye patients scheduled for cataract surgery.Patients and MethodsMulticenter, prospective, open-label study of 100 eyes of 100 patients undergoing cataract surgery who had a confirmed diagnosis of dry eye. Patients underwent biometry at baseline and again after a 28-day course of lifitegrast 5% BID. Primary outcome was an improvement in the accuracy of preoperative anterior corneal power measurements at predicting postoperative spherical equivalent (SE) pre- and post-lifitegrast treatment. Secondary outcomes included changes in dry eye symptoms and corneal staining.ResultsThe accuracy of the biometry readings for the achieved refractive SE: within 0.25 D in 47% and 50% of eyes before and after the initial lifitegrast treatment, respectively; within 0.5 D in 71% and 79% of eyes before and after the initial lifitegrast treatment; and within 0.75 D in 81% and 91% of eyes before and after the initial lifitegrast treatment (p < 0.04).ConclusionLifitegrast 5% significantly improved preoperative corneal surface measurement accuracy in patients with confirmed dry eye who were scheduled for cataract surgery.

Research on Input Power Testing Technology of Smart Toilet

Input power is an important indicator for the safety testing of electrical and electronic products. Smart toilets have been frequently detected that the actual input power is inconsistent with the nominal power. Research and analysis show that the accuracy of the input power measurement results of the smart toilet mainly depends on the temperature control principle and power test method of the product. This article mainly discusses the characteristics of product temperature control, the testing method of mean and peak power and its characteristics, which will provide reference for the input power test of the smart toilet, and will improve the accuracy of power measurement.

Power measurement accuracy analysis in the presence of interharmonics

Interharmonics present in voltage/current signals affect the measurement accuracy of power quantities defined in standard IEEE 1459. In this paper, the measurement errors caused by the measurement time intervals not satisfying integral multiple periods of interharmonics are discussed. First, the mathematical models of power quantities between arbitrary frequency components are constructed. Next, four parameters that affect the power measurement accuracy are summarized, which are interharmonic frequency, measurement start time, voltage/current initial phase angle, and the length of measurement time intervals. The simulation results and corresponding analysis show the effects of each parameter on measurement accuracy. In conclusion, the maximum errors are always caused by interharmonics within particular frequency range which relates to the length of measurement time interval. Moreover, the relative errors of power quantities can be restricted within 1%, by using a time interval of 3 s, even if under the condition of selecting the worst measurement start time.

Research on Measurement Accuracy of the Double‐Channel Microwave Power Sensors Based on an MEMS Cantilever Beam

A thermopile-based microwave power sensor and a double-channel microwave power sensor are compared in order to research the measurement accuracy of microwave power. The relationship of the displacement of MEMS cantilever beam with the measured microwave power is researched, and the reason that the microwave power consumed by the MEMS cantilever cannot be ignored at low power level is explained. The ratio of microwave power consumed by the MEMS cantilever with the microwave frequency is obtained, and the measured results show that the percentage is 51.96%@8GHz, 52.31%@10GHz and 55.11%@12GHz on the average, respectively. There is an important reference value to achieve the accurate microwave power measurement of the double-channel microwave power sensors.

Overview of the JET preparation for deuterium–tritium operation with the ITER like-wall

For the past several years, the JET scientific programme (Pamela et al 2007 Fusion Eng. Des. 82 590) has been engaged in a multi-campaign effort, including experiments in D, H and T, leading up to 2020 and the first experiments with 50%/50% D–T mixtures since 1997 and the first ever D–T plasmas with the ITER mix of plasma-facing component materials. For this purpose, a concerted physics and technology programme was launched with a view to prepare the D–T campaign (DTE2). This paper addresses the key elements developed by the JET programme directly contributing to the D–T preparation. This intense preparation includes the review of the physics basis for the D–T operational scenarios, including the fusion power predictions through first principle and integrated modelling, and the impact of isotopes in the operation and physics of D–T plasmas (thermal and particle transport, high confinement mode (H-mode) access, Be and W erosion, fuel recovery, etc). This effort also requires improving several aspects of plasma operation for DTE2, such as real time control schemes, heat load control, disruption avoidance and a mitigation system (including the installation of a new shattered pellet injector), novel ion cyclotron resonance heating schemes (such as the three-ions scheme), new diagnostics (neutron camera and spectrometer, active Alfvèn eigenmode antennas, neutral gauges, radiation hard imaging systems…) and the calibration of the JET neutron diagnostics at 14 MeV for accurate fusion power measurement. The active preparation of JET for the 2020 D–T campaign provides an incomparable source of information and a basis for the future D–T operation of ITER, and it is also foreseen that a large number of key physics issues will be addressed in support of burning plasmas.

A high-accuracy torque transducer for small-scale wind and hydrokinetic turbine experiments

The design, assembly, use, and analysis of a torque transducer for small-scale wind and hydrokinetic turbines is presented. The new transducer provides a calibration between the torque and electrical current produced by a model turbine that uses a DC motor as a generator. The transducer transfers the torque generated by the turbine’s shaft to a small beam instrumented with a full bridge configuration of strain gauges whose voltage response is calibrated to known torques. The design of the transducer, coupled with specific procedural considerations, yields torque measurements from 5 to 50 mNm and a calibration uncertainty of 1.2%. We believe this is the lowest uncertainty achieved to date for a torque transducer calibration of this type. The primary difference between the presented approach and previous approaches in the literature is that we use a control motor to impart the applied calibration torque as opposed to relying on the fluid flow, which improves both the ease of use and accuracy. The presented calibration allows for an accurate measurement of mechanical power by non-intrusive means. Measurement of mechanical power is preferred over other methods of quantifying turbine power as it makes the fewest assumptions and is most closely related to the fluid dynamics. The detailed calibration procedure is provided, including considerations particular to model turbines not previously discussed, such as the necessity of avoiding hysteresis during the calibration and the fluctuations in voltage characteristic of DC generators.

Filtered actuator disks: Theory and application to wind turbine models in large eddy simulation

SummaryThe actuator disk model (ADM) continues to be a popular wind turbine representation in large eddy simulations (LES) of large wind farms. Computational restrictions typically limit the number of grid points across the rotor of each actuator disk and require spatial filtering to smoothly distribute the applied force distribution on discrete grid points. At typical grid resolutions, simulations cannot capture all of the vorticity shed behind the disk and subsequently overpredict power by upwards of 10%. To correct these modeling errors, we propose a vortex cylinder model to quantify the shed vorticity when a filtered force distribution is applied at the actuator disk. This model is then used to derive a correction factor for numerical simulations that collapses the power curve for simulations at various filter widths and grid resolutions onto the curve obtained using axial momentum theory. The proposed correction, which is analytically derived from first principles, facilitates accurate power measurements in LES without resorting to highly refined numerical grids or empirical correction factors.