Dental Plaque Accumulation Research Articles

The Effect Of Coenzim Q10 On The Number Of Lymfocite Cells In Male Wistar Rats With Periodontitis

Periodontal disease is a dental and oral health problem in adult society. One of the periodontal diseases is periodontitis which is an inflammation of the periodontal tissue caused by accumulation of dental plaque which can lead to impaired masticatory function, tooth loss, alveolar bone damage, periodontal ligament damage, pocket formation, and gingival recession. Coenzyme Q10 acts as an antioxidant, the reduced form is ready to give electrons to deactivate ROS or block free radicals which can prevent oxidative stress thereby protecting lymphocyte cells and reducing the immune response which can lead to a reduction in inflammation in the periodontal tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of coenzyme Q10 on the number of lymphocyte cells in the gingiva of male wistar rats with periodontitis. The research method used is true experimental laboratory quantitative research with a research design that is a posttest only control group design with observation or observing the control group and the treatment group. The number of samples used was 24 rats. Observation of lymphocyte cells was carried out using a light microscope with a magnification of 200x and a magnification of 400x and then counted manually by the observer. The results showed that the significance value obtained in the One-Way ANOVA test was 0.000 (<0.05). Then, based on the results of the Post Hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) test, it was found that the biggest difference in effect was in the K(-)5 group and the P5 group, where the difference was 59.00 with a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05). It can be concluded that there is an effect of coenzyme Q10 administration on the number of lymphocyte cells in the gingiva of male Wistar rats with periodontitis.

The flossing-dementia connection: A comprehensive review of the relationship between oral health practices and cognitive decline

Dementia is a growing global health concern, with significant social and economic implications. As the search for preventive strategies intensifies, recent studies have investigated the potential association between oral health, particularly flossing, and the risk of developing dementia. This review aims to critically analyze the existing evidence and explore potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between flossing and dementia. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the potential association. Poor oral health, including chronic periodontal disease and dental plaque accumulation, can lead to systemic inflammation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in the brain. Additionally, oral bacteria and their byproducts may enter the bloodstream and reach the brain, triggering immune responses and neurotoxicity. Flossing may help reduce oral bacteria and inflammation, thereby mitigating these potential pathways. Additionally, investigations focusing on the underlying mechanisms are crucial to understanding the potential pathways involved. Promoting good oral hygiene practices, including flossing, alongside comprehensive oral care, may have broader implications for brain health and cognitive well-being.

Repeatability of dental plaque quantitation by light induced fluorescence technology in current, former, and never smokers

BackgroundThe effects of smoking on the accumulation of dental plaque have not been studied in depth. We compared dental plaque quantitation obtained with a novel light induced fluorescence technology among current, former, and never smokers and verified measurements’ repeatability.MethodsDental plaque quantitation was objectively assessed by quantitative light induced fluorescence (QLF) technology on three separate study visits in current, former, and never smokers: baseline (day 0), day 7, day 30. Increase in the fluorescence intensity of at least 30% (ΔR30) and 120% (ΔR120) together with the simple oral hygiene (SOH) scoring were considered for analysis.ResultsThe QLF parameters were highly repeatable in each study group (p < 0.0001, by regression analyses). All QLF parameters showed a significant difference between never smokers and current smokers (p = 0.041 for ΔR30; p = 0.027 for ΔR120; p = 0.04 for SOH). No significant differences were observed between never and former smokers and between current and former smokers except for ΔR120 (p = 0.033).ConclusionDental plaque measurements by QLF technology were highly reproducible and showed greater plaque formation among current smokers compared to non-smokers. Objective and reproducible quantitation of dental plaque can be a valuable clinical and regulatory science endpoint to investigate the effect of smoking cessation medications, combustion-free tobacco products, and consumer care products on oral health.Clinical relevanceThere is a need to objectively evaluate the relationship between smoking and plaque build-up as well as maturation. Current smokers demonstrated greater and more mature plaque buildup when compared to never and former smokers. Differences in plaque build-up and maturation between current, former and non-smokers may be utilized as an effective tool for patient motivation, identifying therapeutic end-points, translational research as well as prognostication.Trial RegistrationThe study is a pilot study parts of a larger project with registration ID: NCT04649645. As preliminary study, the pilot study referred into this paper started before the larger study registered in ClinicalTrials.gov.

The efficacy of the dental Water Jet, orthodontic, and conventional toothbrushes in plaque removal around orthodontic braces in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial.

Orthodontic treatment improves both masticatory function and the aspects of facial esthetics through the correct alignment of the teeth. If oral hygiene is neglected during fixed orthodontic treatment, it may lead to plaque accumulation and gingivitis. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of the dental Water Jet (DWJ), and orthodontic toothbrush (O-TH) in removing dental plaque around the orthodontic braces compared to conventional toothbrush (C-TH) in adolescents. This was a three-arm, double-blind, and parallel-group randomized active-controlled trial. Forty-five patients were randomly allocated into three groups: DWJ, the O-TH, and the C-TH (control group). The primary outcome measure was dental plaque accumulation change from the baseline (t0 ) to post-cleaning (t1 ), and plaque scores were recorded using the Orthodontic Plaque Index (OPI). The current clinical trial was registered and approved by Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623000524695). A statistically significant difference was noted in the OPI scores between different time points in the DWJ group, the O-TH group, and the C-TH group (p < .05). However, no significant difference was noted between the groups after the cleaning procedure (p > .05). The level of oral hygiene was not satisfactory in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. In addition, the efficacy of the DWJ was not superior to O-TH nor to C-TH in plaque removal.

Plaque removal efficacy of a new toothbrush with a double-sided head and rotating handle—a pilot randomized control trial in acquired brain injury patients

ObjectivesTo assess the efficacy of a new toothbrush (Balene) for the mechanical removal of dental plaque in patients with acquired brain injury.Material and methodsThe study group consisted of 25 adults with acquired brain injury. The participants underwent 2 sessions of toothbrushing lasting 1 min, one with a conventional toothbrush and the other with the Balene toothbrush. This new double-headed toothbrush has 6 active sides, which allows for the simultaneous toothbrushing of both alveolar arches, with elastomer bristles angled at 45°, as well a handle that rotates up to 180°. Therefore, the user does not need to remove the toothbrush from the oral cavity during the toothbrushing process. Dental plaque accumulation was assessed using the simplified oral hygiene index of Greene and Vermillion.ResultsThe plaque index was significantly reduced both with the Balene toothbrush (p < 0.001) and with the conventional toothbrush (p < 0.001). The dental plaque removal efficacy was similar with the two toothbrushes. There were also no statistically significant differences in the removal of plaque with the Balene toothbrush between the autonomous and assisted toothbrushing modalities (p = 0.345).ConclusionsFor patients with acquired brain injury, the Balene toothbrush was as effective as a conventional toothbrush, regardless of whether the toothbrushing modality was autonomous or assisted.Clinical relevanceThe Balene® toothbrush’s efficacy in removing dental plaque is similar to that of conventional toothbrushes, both with the autonomous and assisted toothbrushing modality. Given its particular ergonomics, this toothbrush could be indicated for certain select patients with acquired brain injury (i.e., those whose degree of cooperation allows for toothbrushing, with a sufficient mouth opening, with no substantial abnormalities in the intermaxillary relationship, and with no significant edentulous sections).

Effect of different concentrations of garlic extract on dental plaque isolates obtained from patients attending Federal Medical Center Makurdi

Instead of the traditional microbiological pathogens, the microbes that make up the mouth's resident micro-flora are what cause oral diseases like dental caries/plaque and periodontal disorders. The aim of this study was determine the effect of different concentrations of garlic extract on dental plaque isolates obtained from patients attending Federal Medical Center Makurdi. Swap samples were collected from teeth of patients and were transported to the laboratory, analysis was done on different culture media and identification of isolates was done using the Bergy’s manual of determinative bacteriology, biochemical characterization was carried following standard microbiological methods. The antibacterial activity was done using agar well diffusion method in which the garlic extract was introduced in concentrate. Concentrations of 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, 65.3 mg/mL and 35.5mg/mL were prepared and used for the susceptibility. The Isolates from results were Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus feacalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The effect observed was concentration dependent as all the graphs obtained shows a linear series, the lowest inhibitory concentration shows that 250mg/ml was the lowest concentration that inhibits each of the isolates in ethanolic garlic extract while 500 mg/mL was the minimum inhibitory concentration for the aqueous garlic extract. Oral hygiene was recommended in order to help reduce the accumulation of dental plaque which usually harbours primary microbes that colonize the teeth surfaces resulting to caries and periodontal diseases. The use of mouth wash containing garlic and or toothpaste incorporated with alicin was recommended as this can help reduce the accumulation of dental plaque biofilm thereby minimising the incidence of dental caries and periodontal diseases.

Propolis as a Cariostatic Agent in Lozenges and Impact of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Propolis.

Propolis is known as a source of compounds with strong antibacterial activity. Due to the antibacterial effect against streptococci of the oral cavity, it seems to be a useful agent in decreasing the accumulation of dental plaque. It is rich in polyphenols which are responsible for a beneficial impact on the oral microbiota and antibacterial effect. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Polish propolis against cariogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined on cariogenic streptococci related to the occurrence of dental caries. Lozenges based on xylitol, glycerin, gelatin, water, and ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) were prepared. The effect of prepared lozenges on cariogenic bacteria was assessed. Propolis was compared to chlorhexidine which is used in dentistry as the gold standard. In addition, the prepared propolis formulation was stored under stress conditions to assess the influence of physical conditions (i.e., temperature, relative humidity, and UV radiation). In the experiment, thermal analyses were also performed to evaluate the compatibility of propolis with the substrate used to create the base of lozenges. The observed antibacterial effect of propolis and prepared lozenges with EEP may suggest directing subsequent research on prophylactic and therapeutic properties decreasing the accumulation of dental plaque. Therefore, it is worth highlighting that propolis may play an important role in the management of dental health and bring advantages in preventing periodontal diseases and caries as well as dental plaque. The colorimetric analyses carried out in the CIE L*a*b* system, microscopic examinations, and TGA/DTG/c-DTA measurements indicate the unfavorable effect of the tested storage conditions on the lozenges with propolis. This fact is particularly evident for lozenges stored under stress conditions, i.e., 40 °C/75% RH/14 days, and lozenges exposed to UVA radiation for 60 min. In addition, the obtained thermograms of the tested samples indicate the thermal compatibility of the ingredients used to create the formulation of lozenges.

INFLUENCES OF DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS ON THE COLOUR STABILITY AND MICROHARDNESS OF CONTEMPORARY LIGHT CURED COMPOSITES: AN IN VITRO STUDY Received 2022-12-09; Accepted 2023-03-18; Published 202

Despite the accumulation of dental plaque, adsorption of colourant pigment from foods and beverages was found to influence the quality of aesthetic restorations. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of different solutions on colour stability and microhardness of microhybrid and nanofilled composite resins. This project was a laboratory based experimental study. Three types of composite resins were used; microhybrid (FiltekTM Z250), nanohybrid (FiltekTM Z250 XT) and universal nanocomposite (FiltekTM 350 XT). A total of 135 disc-shaped specimens were prepared and were randomly divided into five subgroups (n = 9): artificial saliva, mouthwash, carbonated drink, energy drink and coffee. Samples were immersed in the solutions at time intervals of 24 hours, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. All specimens were assessed for the staining effect using a spectrometer (QE65000) and microhardness evaluation using the Vickers indenter (LECO LM 248AT, St. Joseph, Michigan, USA). Data on spectrometer colour spectrum and surface hardness were subjected to a one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test at a significance level of P &lt; 0.05. There was a significant difference in discolouration between all three types of composite resins when immersed in all solutions regardless of the pH values (P &lt; 0.05). Vickers hardness test showed statistically significant microhardness among all composite resins on Day 28. The staining medium caused significant discolouration and decreased the hardness of all the materials tested. Microhybrid composite resin reported the lowest colour variations and resistance to hardness test.

Effective Modalities of Periodontitis Induction in Rat Model.

Induction of periodontal disease using the rat model is the preferred model for human periodontal disease studies that are related to gene expression, mechanisms of inflammatory regulation, microbial and host responses, resolution, and the healing process. There are 3 methods that are frequently used to induce periodontal disease, which are: ligature application, oral bacterial inoculation, and the lipopolysaccharide injection technique. In the ligature model, sterile non-absorbable sutures or orthodontic wires are widely used to induce local irritation and bacterial plaque accumulation. Secondly, mono and mixed cultures of periodontal bacteria are inoculated orally by gavage or topical application. Lastly, lipopolysaccharide extracted from pathogenic bacteria can be directly injected into the gingival sulcus to induce inflammation and stimulate osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone loss. Among these methods, ligature application induces inflammation and alveolar bone resorption more promptly compared to other methods. This review will provide an overview of the main induction methods in experimental periodontal disease, with their advantages and disadvantages.

High-Resolution Detection of Translocation of Oral Bacteria to the Gut

Ectopic enrichment of oral microbes in the gut is a notable alteration in gut microbial balance. These microbes are likely delivered from the oral cavity with saliva and food; however, evidence of oral–gut microbial transmission is insufficient and needs further investigation. In this observational study, we examined 144 pairs of saliva and stool samples collected from community-dwelling adults to verify the oral–gut microbial link and identify the relevant influencing factors on the increased abundance of oral microbes within the gut. The bacterial composition of each sample was determined using PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing of the full-length 16S ribosomal RNA gene and amplicon sequence variant (ASV) analysis. Although the bacterial compositions of salivary and gut microbiota were distinctly different, at least 1 ASV was shared between salivary and gut microbiota in 72.9% of subjects. Shared ASVs accounted for 0.0% to 63.1% (median 0.14%) of the gut microbiota in each subject and frequently included abundant Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus parasanguinis. Their total relative abundance in the gut was significantly higher in older subjects or those with dental plaque accumulation. The gut microbiota with ≥5% of shared ASVs displayed a higher abundance of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Klebsiella and a lower abundance of Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Megamonas, and Parabacteroides. Our study presents evidence for the translocation of oral bacteria to the gut in community-dwelling adults and suggests that aging and dental plaque accumulation contribute to an increased abundance of oral microbes in the gut, which might be relevant to the compositional shift in the gut commensals.

Association between carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio and the risk of periodontitis

Background/purposePeriodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease with dental plaque accumulation. This study aimed to analyze the association between carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio and periodontitis risk. Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, the data of 6470 participants aged ≥30 years with available oral health exam data of periodontal status were collected from NHANES 2009–2014. Participants were divided into no & mild periodontitis group (n = 3309) and moderate & severe periodontitis group (n = 3161). The possible correlation between the carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio and the risk of periodontitis was explored via univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied as the effect size. ResultsAfter adjusting for all the confounding factors, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio <10.89 (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69–0.97), carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63–0.87), carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.71–0.97) were correlated with reduced risk of periodontitis. In people aged ≥65 years, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.30–0.95) and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.37–0.86) were correlated with reduced risk of periodontitis in comparison with carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio ≥18.48 group. The decreased risk of periodontitis was also found in males with carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49–0.97) and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56–0.95). In people without diabetes, we found that those with carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio <10.89 (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.61–0.93), carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 10.89–14.02 (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.88) and carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of 14.03–18.47 (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70–0.99) were linked with lower risk of periodontitis. ConclusionLow carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio was associated with decreased risk of periodontitis.

Recent Advances on Electrospun Nanofibers for Periodontal Regeneration.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory infection caused by bacterial plaque accumulation that affects the periodontal tissues. Current treatments lack bioactive signals to induce tissue repair and coordinated regeneration of the periodontium, thus alternative strategies are needed to improve clinical outcomes. Electrospun nanofibers present high porosity and surface area and are able to mimic the natural extracellular matrix, which modulates cell attachment, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Recently, several electrospun nanofibrous membranes have been fabricated with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic properties, showing promising results for periodontal regeneration. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art of these nanofibrous scaffolds in periodontal regeneration strategies. First, we describe the periodontal tissues and periodontitis, as well as the currently available treatments. Next, periodontal tissue engineering (TE) strategies, as promising alternatives to the current treatments, are addressed. Electrospinning is briefly explained, the characteristics of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds are highlighted, and a detailed overview of electrospun nanofibers applied to periodontal TE is provided. Finally, current limitations and possible future developments of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for periodontitis treatment are also discussed.

Oral Care and Maintenance Habits Among Pharmacy Students

Objective. This study aimed to identify and evaluate oral care habits, awareness, and knowledge of oral dental health among a group of pharmacy students.Methods. An e-questionnaire on oral care habits, awareness, and knowledge was completed by students in a university pharmacy.Results. A total of 484 students with a mean (SD) age of 21.4 (1.6) years participated. Of all participants, 9.3% were not regularly brushing their teeth. The percentage of regular fluoridated toothpaste usage was 44.8%. Three in 5 (64.5%) participants had visited a dentist for a complaint. When answering questions on the possible effects of dental plaque accumulation on teeth, the causative factors for dental decay and signs of periodontal disease, the percentages of students who indicated they "did not know" were 16.3%, 4.8%, and 43.2%, respectively. Among participants, 38.7% were unaware of the cariogenic or erosive effects of pediatric syrups or suspensions. Of all the pharmacy students, 32% stated they have been consulted about some issue related to oral health.Conclusion. The oral care habits, awareness, and oral health knowledge of pharmacy students in one program needs to be improved. Improvement of these measures is a multi-layered issue, not limited only to the quality of life but also to increased awareness associated with public health-related issues related to dental care.

Association between Dementia Severity and Oral Hygiene Management Issues in Older Adults with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Oral hygiene management issues vary across types and clinical stages of dementia. We aimed to clarify the issues related to oral hygiene management in older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) according to stages defined by the Functional Assessment Staging of Alzheimer's Disease (FAST). In all, 397 records (45 men and 352 women; average age, 86.8 years; age range, 65-106) from older adults with AD were used for the cross-sectional study. We used data from a cohort of older adults (≥65 years old) who required long-term care and lived in the Omorimachi area of Yokote City, Akita Prefecture, Japan. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations of the FAST stage, set as the exposure variable, with oral hygiene management parameters set as outcome variables. Compared to the reference category (combined FAST stage 1-3), FAST stages 6 and 7 had significantly higher odds ratios for refusal of oral health care, dependence in performing oral health care, and rinsing and gargling disability. FAST stages 4 and 7 were associated with dental plaque accumulation. Oral health care for older adults with AD should be planned appropriately according to dementia severity.

Feline gingivitis-stomatitis complex: A case report

Feline gingivitis-stomatitis complex is a disease of high incidence among felines, characterized by an intense inflammatory response, which can be local or diffuse, presenting with severe ulcerative proliferations in the oral mucosa that can observed from the accumulation of bacterial plaque and dental calculus, progressing to severe periodontal disease. Affected cats mainly demonstrate from mild dysphagia to severe reluctance to feed due to severe pain and oral inflammation. Decreased food intake can be characterized by apathy and progressive weight loss. This disease can affect animals between the ages of three to fifteen years old, although it is usually seen in eight-year-old cats. Clinical and, mainly, surgical treatment show, in most cases, a great improvement in the recovery of these patients. With this, the present essay aims to report a clinical case of gingivitis-stomatitis complex in a four-year-old feline patient treated at the Veterinary Clinic of PUC-Campinas, as well as to discuss its pathogenesis and therapeutic options.

Semi-Automated Planimetric Quantification of Dental Plaque Using an Intraoral Fluorescence Camera.

Dental plaque accumulation is quantified using clinical indices or, otherwise, the planimetric plaque index (PPI),which measures the relative area of a tooth that is covered by plaque deposits. Compared to clinical indices, the PPI has a higher discriminatory power, but traditional planimetry is a time-consuming analysis, as the plaque-covered and clean tooth areas have to be determined manually for each image using image-processing software. Here, we present a method for the semi-automated planimetric quantification of dental plaque, which allows for the rapid processing of up to 1,000 images simultaneously. The method exploits the enhanced contrast between disclosed plaque, sound tooth surfaces, and soft tissues in fluorescence images acquired with an intraoral camera. Careful execution of the clinical procedures and accurate image acquisition are crucial steps for the successful semi-automated identification of the plaque-covered areas. The method is suitable for planimetry on sound facial and oral tooth surfaces, on most composite resin restorations, and on teeth with orthodontic brackets, but not on metallic restorations. Compared to traditional PPI recordings, semi-automated planimetry considerably reduces the amount of time spent on the analysis, as well as the subjective human input, thus increasing the reproducibility of planimetric measurements.

Associations between Oral Human Herpesvirus-6 and -7 and Periodontal Conditions in Older Adults.

The associations between oral human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7, periodontal conditions, and lifestyle-related diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, have not been fully investigated in older adults. Seventy-four older patients who visited Hiroshima University Hospital were enrolled. Tongue swab samples were employed, and a real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA. Dental plaque accumulation, probing pocket depth, and bleeding on probing (BOP) (i.e., a sign of periodontal inflammation) were examined. The periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) value (i.e., an indicator of the severity of periodontitis) was also examined. Of the 74 participants, one participant (1.4%) was HHV-6 DNA-positive and 36 participants (48.6%) were HHV-7 DNA-positive. A significant association between HHV-7 DNA and probing depth was found (p = 0.04). The HHV-7 DNA-positive participants had a higher positive rate of a ≥6-mm periodontal pocket with BOP (25.0%) than the HHV-7 DNA-negative participants (7.9%). Additionally, the HHV-7 DNA-positive participants had a higher PISA value than the HHV-7 DNA-negative participants. However, there was no significant association between HHV-7 and the PISA value (p = 0.82). No significant association was found between HHV-7 and lifestyle-related diseases (p > 0.05). Oral HHV-7 infection is associated with a deep periodontal pocket.

Oral health status in patients with inherited epidermolysis bullosa: a comparative multicenter study.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic mucocutaneous disorder characterized by epithelial fragility leading to blister formation on skin and mucous membranes with even minor mechanical trauma. Most EB oral health publications give fragmented information, focusing on only one oral health aspect or one EB type. The aim of this study was to expand the knowledge of the overall oral health status of individuals with dystrophic, junctional, and simplex EB. A comparative multicenter study, including a control group, and based on questionnaires and clinical examinations, was undertaken in three EB expert centers. Most EB (90.2%) participants brushed their teeth at least once a day despite the pain. The prevalence of enamel defects and caries experience did not differ between the 42 EB participants and the 42 age-/sex-matched healthy controls. Gingival inflammation unrelated to dental plaque accumulation was found in EB participants. Blisters, erythema, and erosion/ulceration mainly involved gingiva, buccal mucosa, lips, and palate, with different topographic patterns according to EB type. EB patients whatever the age showed a similar lesion distribution. Simplex and dystrophic EB patients under 12 years old displayed higher lesion severity than junctional EB ones. Only dystrophic type exhibited microstomia and ankyloglossia. Oral health status seemed to benefit from a close collaboration between dental practitioner and dermatologist, and from regular dental examination, starting at a young age and with a focus on prevention. The new appreciation of oral health involvement highlighted by this study is essential for EB patients care, regarding comorbidities and quality of life.

Dental caries and periodontitis risk factors in cleft lip and palate patients.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is the most common congenital facial malformation and has a significant developmental, physical, and psychological impact on those with the deformity and their families. Risk factors contributing to CLP may conclude as genetic factors and environmental factors. The anatomical and morphological abnormalities related to CLP are favorable for dental plaque accumulation on the tooth surface. Therefore, patients with CLP undergo poorer oral hygiene and higher susceptibility to dental caries and periodontitis. In this review, we aim to conclude and update probable causes underlying the association between CLP and poor oral health and provide novel ideas of targeted early prevention for such oral diseases.

Oralna higijena kod pacijenata sa ortodontskim aparatima

The therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances in certain circumstances can lead to an increase in the accumulation of dental plaque, the changes in the composition of the oral microorganisms and the difficulties in maintaining oral hygiene. As a result, there is an occurrence of a number of various problems, especially in patients who established poor oral hygiene. The most common problems are gingivitis and the increased frequency of caries. Sometimes the changes on the gingiva can be so pronounced that the time of wearing the appliance must be shortened, and in some cases the therapy has to be stopped. Due to the mentioned problems, good maintenance of oral hygiene in patients using fixed orthodontic appliances is very important. Continuous maintaining of oral hygiene in these patients is considered to be complicated, so they need additional instructions and explanations of what techniques and appliances should be applied when effective removal of dental plaque is considered. It is also necessary, especially for younger patients, to provide constant motivation and support. To maintain oral hygiene, these patients use a number of different tools: standard toothbrushes, and interdental brushes of various sizes and shapes, dental floss and interdental stimulators. Electric brushes and water flossers, whether loaded by pure water or solution, can be used. Antiseptics and fluorides are often used as additional help for oral hygiene. In patients who wear fixed orthodontic appliances, it is necessary to make an effort and use different means to effectively maintain oral hygiene in order for orthodontic therapy to be successful.