Accumulation In Different Tissues Research Articles

Targeting Cd coping mechanisms for stress tolerance in Brassica napus under spiked-substrate system: from physiology to remediation perspective

Cadmium (Cd) is a prevalent, non-essential, carcinogenic, and hazardous heavy metal that reduces plant productivity and capacity of arable land area around the globe. In the present substrate-based pot study, seedlings of Brassica napus 180015 were grown equidistantly in the spiked-substrate medium for 60 days under increasing concentrations of Cd (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg kg−1). Following harvest, the morpho-physio-biochemical, antioxidative, and Cd-induced tolerance responses were evaluated in B. napus under an increasing Cd stress regime. Additionally, these parameters were also investigated to select the plant's threshold tolerance limit for Cd under the spiked-substrate system. B. napus showed dynamic behavior regarding morpho-physio-biochemical attributes, including agronomic features, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content under increased Cd toxicity. Cd stress-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production with high MDA contents and passive EL, followed by the orchestration of both enzymatic (SOD, POD, APX, CAT, and GR) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (flavonoids, TPC, TPA, proline, and total soluble protein) up to a certain limit. In addition, Cd-induced stress upregulated transcriptional levels of antioxidative enzyme SOD, POD, APX, GR, and MT encoded genes in B. napus. The increasing trend of Cd accumulation in different tissues at the highest Cd concentration was as follows: root > leaf > stem. In spiked substrate system, B. napus demonstrated improved metal extractability performance and a high potential for phyto-management of low to moderate Cd contamination, implying that this study could be used for integrative breeding programs and decontaminating heavy metals in real contaminated scenarios. Novelty statement This study provides an insight into Cd-coping mechanisms of oilseed rape involved in alleviating toxicity and simultaneous phyto-management of increasing Cd concentration under spiked substrate system. The current study is the first scientific evidence of using a Cd-spiked soilless substrate medium. The present study will further strengthen our understanding of Cd-instigated positive responses in B. napus. Furthermore, it will provide a useful basis for integrative breeding programs and decontaminating heavy metals in real contaminated scenarios.

Tissue Distribution and Biochemical Changes in Response to Copper Accumulation in Erica australis L.

Copper uptake, accumulation in different tissues and organs and biochemical and physiological parameters were studied in Erica australis treated with different Cu concentrations (1, 50, 100 and 200 µM) under hydroponic culture. Copper treatments led to a significant reduction in growth rate, biomass production and water content in shoots, while photosynthetic pigments did not change. Copper treatments led to an increase in catalase and peroxidase activities. Copper accumulation followed the pattern roots > stems ≥ leaves, being roots the prevalent Cu sink. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy coupled with elemental X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX) showed a uniform Cu distribution in root tissues. On the contrary, in leaf tissues, Cu showed preferential storage in abaxial trichomes, suggesting a mechanism of compartmentation to restrict accumulation in mesophyll cells. The results show that the studied species act as a Cu-excluder, and Cu toxicity was avoided to a certain extent by root immobilization, leaf tissue compartmentation and induction of antioxidant enzymes to prevent cell damage.

Biodistribution of 10B in Glioma Orthotopic Xenograft Mouse Model after Injection of L-para-Boronophenylalanine and Sodium Borocaptate.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is based on the ability of the boron-10 (10B) isotope to capture epithermal neutrons, as a result of which the isotope becomes unstable and decays into kinetically active elements that destroy cells where the nuclear reaction has occurred. The boron-carrying compounds—L-para-boronophenylalanine (BPA) and sodium mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate (BSH)—have low toxicity and, today, are the only representatives of such compounds approved for clinical trials. For the effectiveness and safety of BNCT, a low boron content in normal tissues and substantially higher content in tumor tissue are required. This study evaluated the boron concentration in intracranial grafts of human glioma U87MG cells and normal tissues of the brain and other organs of mice at 1, 2.5 and 5 h after administration of the boron-carrying compounds. A detailed statistical analysis of the boron biodistribution dynamics was performed to find a ‘window of opportunity’ for BNCT. The data demonstrate variations in boron accumulation in different tissues depending on the compound used, as well as significant inter-animal variation. The protocol of administration of BPA and BSH compounds used did not allow achieving the parameters necessary for the successful course of BNCT in a glioma orthotopic xenograft mouse model.

Effect of bioaccumulation and biosedimentation of some heavy metals on histological features in the cichlid fish, Tilapia zillii inhabiting Lake Qarun, Egypt.

The present study was aimed to investigate the bioaccumulation and biosedimentation factors of some heavy metals in Tilapia zillii inhabiting Lake Qarun, Egypt during the year, 2015- 2016. Water, sediments and fish samples were collected during the period of study. The present study exhibited that, the higher levels of bioaccumulation and biosedimentation factors were recorded in liver samples except for Mn; gills showed their high accumulation while the lower levels of all studied metals were observed in muscle samples. The results indicated the differences of some heavy metals accumulation in different tissues of fish with an increasing rate in the liver during winter and spring except for Zn that attained the higher level in the liver during autumn for bioaccumulation factor and spring for biosedimentation one. The liver of T. zillii accumulated higher levels of Cd, Cu, Fe and Zn than other organs. The results showed that the bioaccumulation factor of Cd, Fe and Mn in fish organs was greater than biosedimentation factor, and this implies that the fish bioaccumulated these metals from the water. While, biosedimentation factor of copper and zinc in the fishes was higher than bioaccumulation one, and this refers to the fact that the fishes bioaccumulated these metals from the sediment. Histopathologically results showed congestion in the interstitial blood vessel and multifocal necrotic areas in renal tubules. While, vacuolated hepatocytes, dilated central vein, compressed blood sinusoids, and congestion were seen in fish liver. Furthermore, intermuscular edematous areas between the muscle bundles were obvious. The increased rate of bioaccumulation, biosedimentation factors, and histopathological changes in the target organs indicated the high risk to fish health and human consumption. Thus, the current study showed that precautionary measures should be taken to prevent heavy metal pollution in the future.

Eucalyptus Trees Plantation: A Review on Suitability and their Beneficial Role

Eucalyptus is fastest growing species popularly known as gum tree, red iron tree, safeda and belonging to the family Myrtaceae. E. tereticornis and E. grandis are important commercial species with a clean straight bole and compact crown. Large scale plantations have been raised on forest and farm lands, community lands, field boundaries and road/rail/canal strips in India. It is most suitable species for degraded land, waterlogged areas, problematic soils etc. Although, it is a controversial tree because of high water consumption, nutrient depletion, allopathic effects etc., it is also source of pulp, paper, essential oil, timber, medicinal use, etc. Moreover it also provides ecological, socioeconomic and industrial services. Improvement in physical and chemical properties of on Sodic wastelands, heavy metal accumulation in different tissues of in mined soil; carbon sequestration potential, etc. were reported in studies. On unit basis of dry biomass produced, it consumes very little water compared to other trees. If bark of the tree is left on site, the balance of nutrients remaining is (80-88%) of inputs for N, P, K, Ca and Mg which lasts for several years without considering the original nutrients that are still present in soil. In the face of growing economy and increased demand for wood products, it remains to be the desired species that grows fast and produce wood to meet the demand of wood for fuel, construction and furniture materials. Relieving wood product scarcity, landscape re-greening, contribution to poverty reduction, biodiversity restoration and conservation are valuable contribution in forest sector.

Microplastics in different tissues of wild crabs at three important fishing grounds in China

Crabs are an indispensable component of the benthic ecosystem and represent a type of seafood that is easily obtained and frequently eaten by humans. However, little is known about microplastic (MP) accumulation in different tissues of crabs in important fishing areas. In this study, the abundances and characteristics of MPs in different tissues of four species of wild crabs (Portunus trituberculatus, Charybdis japonica, Dorippe japonica, and Matuta planipes) were investigated across 9 sites at three important fishing grounds (Haizhou Bay, Lvsi and Yangtze River Estuary fishing grounds) in China. Crabs from all sites were found to contain MPs, with a total detection rate of 89.34%. The MP abundance in crabs from all sites ranged from 2.00 ± 2.00 to 9.81 ± 8.08 items/individual and 0.80 ± 1.09 to 22.71 ± 24.56 items/g wet weight. The abundance of MPs exponentially increased with decreasing MP size. The MPs were dominated by fibers in terms of shape, black-gray and blue-green in terms of color and cellophane in terms of composition. MPs were found in the gills and guts of the crabs, but not in the muscles. The abundance and size of the MPs in the guts were significantly higher than those in the gills, but there was no significant difference in color or shape. In addition, crab eating patterns have a significant impact on the abundance of MPs in different species. The abundance of MPs in the saprophytic crabs was significantly higher than that in the predatory crabs. MP contamination in crabs is worthy of attention for human health and the stability of marine ecosystems.

Microplastic pollution in water, sediment, and specific tissues of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) within two different breeding modes in Jianli, Hubei province, China.

This study investigates the occurrence and distribution of microplastics in water, sediment, and crayfish samples within pond and rice-crayfish co-culture breeding modes in Jianli prefecture, China. Microplastics in environmental and biological samples were systematically extracted by CaCl2 solution, digested by H2O2 and KOH, and identified by μ-FTIR. A cleansing treatment for crayfish was performed in pure water before dissection and microplastic accumulation in different tissues (gill, stomach, gut, and flesh) of non-cleansed and cleansed crayfish were compared. The average microplastic abundances were 1.3±0.1-2.5±0.1 particles/L, 0.03±0.01-0.04±0.02 particles/g, and 0.17±0.07-0.92±0.19 particles/individual in water, sediment, and crayfish samples, respectively. Microplastics were detected in all studied crayfish tissues, except the flesh. There were no significant differences in microplastic abundances in water (P=0.82), sediment (P=0.90), and crayfish (P=0.47 for non-cleansed samples; P=0.30 for cleansed samples) between two breeding modes despite the detection of relatively higher microplastic abundances in the samples from the pond breeding mode. Microplastic accumulation in non-cleansed crayfish stomachs and guts (0.71±0.18 particles/individual) was higher (P<0.01) than that recorded in their gills (0.13±0.06 particles/individual). Moreover, microplastics present in the stomachs and guts of cleansed crayfish were significantly less abundant (P<0.01) than in non-cleansed crayfish, although this was not observed in the gills (P=0.99). The majority of microplastic particles in this study had fiber-like shapes, blue and transparent colors, a size smaller than 1mm, and polymer types of PP:PE and PE. The results demonstrate that microplastics in the environment can accumulate in the internal tissues of crayfish, which may pose a potential risk to humans through food consumption without the removal of the gills, stomach, and guts. This study provides valuable information for understanding microplastic accumulation in the different tissues of crayfish and the potential risk of human exposure to microplastics from crayfish as a food supplement.

In vivo Bio-Distribution and Toxicity Evaluation of Polymeric and Lipid-Based Nanoparticles: A Potential Approach for Chronic Diseases Treatment.

IntroductionNanoparticles (NPs), as drug delivery systems, appear to be a promising tool for prolonged therapeutic strategies as they allow a controlled drug release over time. However, most of the studies found in the literature simply contemplate the use of a single or low number of dosages with low NPs concentrations. In the context of chronic diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, cancer or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), where the therapeutic scheme is also chronic, studies with numerous repeated dosages are often neglected.MethodsWe screened different NPs, polymeric and lipid-based, in a repeated-dose toxicity study, to evaluate the safety and tissue distribution of promising nanocarriers to be used in the treatment of long-lasting diseases.ResultsAfter administrating 24 high concentrated doses of the selected NPs intraperitoneally (i.p.) (3 times a week for 2 months), animals have presented NPs accumulation in different tissues. However, neither toxicity, bodyweight changes nor clinical signs of disease were observed.DiscussionThis work demonstrates no general adverse effects upon the studied NPs repeated-dose exposure, indicating the most promising NPs to be used in the different therapeutic circumstances, which may be useful in chronic diseases treatment.

Arsenic-induced differential expression of oxidative stress and secondary metabolite content in two genotypes of Andrographis paniculata

The present study explores the differential responses of two genotypes (APwC: wild collection and APMS: mass selection line) of A. paniculata against the three application rates of arsenic (42, 126, and 200 mg kg−1). The oxidative enzymes, As accumulation in different tissues, plant growth, and content of pharmacologically important ent-labdane-related diterpenes (ent-LRDs) of the two genotypes were evaluated in the study. Results demonstrated that As uptake significantly reduced plant biomass in APwC and APMS by 5–41.5% and 9–33% in a dose-response manner, respectively. The APMS exhibited lower bioconcentration and translocation factors, higher As tolerance index, and higher content of ent-LRDs as compared to APWC. As treatment induced a decrease in the sum of four metabolite content of APMS (1.43 times) and an increase in that of APWC (1.12 times) as compared to control. Likewise, variance in the production of 5,7,2′,3′-tetramethoxyflavanone, and stress enzymes was also observed between APwC and APMS. The increase in the expression of ApCPS2 suggested its involvement in channeling of metabolic flux towards the biosynthesis of ent-LRDs under As stress.

Identification and comparative expression analysis of chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes in wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) organs

Flavonoids are the predominant polyphenolic compounds which are ubiquitously present in plants, responsible for the colour development in different plant parts, thereby playing an important role in plant physiology. In order to understand chemo-diversity and biological functions of flavonoids, it is important to understand flavonoid biosynthetic pathway that involves various structural genes. Three structural genes of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, chalcone synthase (PgCHS; GenBank accession no: KY498075), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (PgF3H; GenBank accession no: MG012857) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (PgDFR; GenBank accession no: MG366127) were isolated and characterized from the wild Punica granatum. Molecular modelling indicated that the secondary structures of PgCHS, PgF3H and PgDFR are mainly α-helix and random coils. HPLC analysis of flavonoids showed its accumulation in different tissues and fruits, thus corroborating well with the expression profile of PgCHS, PgF3H and PgDFR genes. PgF3H and PgDFR genes exhibited high transcripts levels in red fruits while expression of Pg CHS gene was highest in flowers. Further, it is speculated that expression of all these structural genes is independent of each other. This is the first study that provides a comparative expression pattern of flavonoid genes playing a significant role in fruit ripening in wild pomegranate.

Significance of silicon uptake, transport, and deposition in plants.

Numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of silicon (Si) for plant growth, particularly under stress conditions, and hence a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of its uptake, subsequent transport, and accumulation in different tissues is important. Here, we provide a thorough review of our current knowledge of how plants benefit from Si supplementation. The molecular mechanisms involved in Si transport are discussed and we highlight gaps in our knowledge, particularly with regards to xylem unloading and transport into heavily silicified cells. Silicification of tissues such as sclerenchyma, fibers, storage tissues, the epidermis, and vascular tissues are described. Silicon deposition in different cell types, tissues, and intercellular spaces that affect morphological and physiological properties associated with enhanced plant resilience under various biotic and abiotic stresses are addressed in detail. Most Si-derived benefits are the result of interference in physiological processes, modulation of stress responses, and biochemical interactions. A better understanding of the versatile roles of Si in plants requires more detailed knowledge of the specific mechanisms involved in its deposition in different tissues, at different developmental stages, and under different environmental conditions.

Top-Down Proteomics of Human Saliva Discloses Significant Variations of the Protein Profile in Patients with Mastocytosis.

Mastocytosis is a myeloproliferative neoplasm causing abnormal clonal mast cell accumulation in different tissues, such as skin and bone marrow. A cutaneous subtype (CM) is distinguished from a systemic one (SM); SM patients can be grouped into SM with (SM+C) or without (SM-C) additional cutaneous lesions, and their classification is often challenging. This study was purposed to highlight variations in the salivary proteome of patients with different mastocytosis subtypes and compared to healthy controls. A top-down proteomics approach coupled to a label-free quantitation revealed salivary profiles in patients different from those of controls and a down-regulation of peptides/proteins involved in the mouth homeostasis and defense, such as statherin, histatins, and acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRPs), and in innate immunity and inflammation, such as the cathepsin inhibitors, suggesting a systemic condition associated with an exacerbated inflammatory state. The up-regulation of antileukoproteinase and S100A8 suggested a protective role against the disease status. The two SM forms were distinguished by the lower levels of truncated forms of aPRPs, statherin, P-B peptide, and cystatin D and the higher levels of thymosin β4 and α-defensins 1 and 4 in SM-C patients with respect to SM+C. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017759.

Comparative analysis of metabolite profiles from Panax herbs in specific tissues and cultivation conditions reveals the strategy of accumulation

Panax ginseng is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the world, and wild-forest (WG) and artificial-forest (AG) ginseng are very popular in the ginseng market, with ginsenosides constituting a majority of the bioactives. Research on the biochemical and physiological patterns of metabolic accumulation in different tissues of ginseng cultivated under various conditions is relatively scarce. We profiled metabolites using GC/MS and LC/MS to explore the bioactive component changes and interrelationships that occur in 7 tissues of WG and AG. In total, 149 primary metabolites and 46 secondary compounds were found in aboveground and belowground tissues. Metabolite changes associated with primary and secondary biochemistry were observed, and the levels of ginsenoside F2 and other compounds showed a significant correlation by statistical analysis in ginseng under both cultivation methods, as observed for secondary compounds and C and N metabolites. In addition, the number of secondary components was higher in the aboveground parts than in the belowground parts, showing a different pattern, and the same accumulation pattern of compounds involved in C and N metabolism was observed in individual plant tissues, but the high rate of photosynthesis and energy metabolism in WG provided energy for the biosynthesis of secondary compounds. Furthermore, artificial neural network models explained the variation in the secondary compounds very well via the combination of several different metabolites from WG and AG. Finally, C and N metabolism plays a key role in secondary compound biosynthesis in specific tissues and cultivation conditions and highlights large-scale metabolite patterns in WG and AG.

Differential Metabolite Accumulation in Different Tissues of Gleditsia sinensis under Water Stress and Rehydration Conditions

Gleditsia sinensis Lam. is a woody species that can tolerate various drought conditions and has been widely used in all aspects of life, including medicine, food, cleaning products, and landscaping. However, few reports have focused on the regulatory mechanism of the drought response in G. sinensis. To understand the metabolic basis of the Gleditsia sinensis drought response, different tissues were subjected to a rehydration/dehydration treatment and subsequently analyzed using untargeted and targeted metabolomics profiling depending on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass (LC-MS) analytical platforms, respectively. Eight sugars, twelve amino acids, and twenty phenolic compounds were characterized. Metabolites showing a significant increase or decrease under drought stress were considered to be the key metabolites of interest for a better understanding of the drought tolerance mechanisms. The GC-MS-identified compounds were shown to undergo tissue-specific regulation in response to drought stress. Moreover, the C6C3C6 and C6C3 structures were identified by LC-MS as phenolic metabolites, which revealed their drought-response association. Significant physiological parameters were measured, including overall plant development, and the results showed that antioxidant systems could not be completely restored, but photosynthetic parameters could be recovered. The results of this research provide insight into biochemical component information mechanism of drought resistance in G. sinensis.

Application of rapeseed residue increases soil organic matter, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity and mitigates cadmium pollution risk in paddy fields

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a winter oil crop and biodiesel resource that has been widely cultivated in the southern part of China. Applying rapeseed residue (RSD) to summer rice fields is a common agricultural practice under rice−rapeseed double cropping systems. However, in Cd−contaminated paddy fields, the influence mechanisms of this agricultural practice on the migration and distribution of Cd fractions in soil are not clear. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out to analyse the changes in soil pH, organic matter (OM), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), enzyme activity (urease (UA), acid phosphatase (ACP), and dehydrogenase (DH)), Cd distribution fractions, and Cd concentration in rice tissues after RSD application. The results showed that RSD treatment significantly increased the soil OM and MBC concentrations and UA, ACP, and DH activities, decreased the soil acetic acid−extractable fraction of Cd (ACI–Cd), and increased the reducible fraction of Cd (Red–Cd). The formation of stable organic complexes and chelates upon application of RSD is a result of the high affinity of Cd for soil OM. The activities of soil ACP, DH and MBC can well reflect Cd ecotoxicity in soil, particularly the DH activity. In addition, RSD application was helpful in inducing iron plaque formation. The “barrier” effect of iron plaque resulted in reduced Cd accumulation in different tissues of rice. The health risk of rice consumption also decreased as a result of RSD application; it decreased by 0.89–30.0% and 24.1–51.7% in the two tested fields. Overall, the application of RSD was increased soil OM, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity, and these changes was instrumental in reduce the risk of cadmium pollution in rice fields.

ATP7B knockout disturbs copper and lipid metabolism in Caco-2 cells.

Intestinal cells control delivery of lipids to the body by adsorption, storage and secretion. Copper (Cu) is an important trace element and has been shown to modulate lipid metabolism. Mutation of the liver Cu exporter ATP7B is the cause of Wilson disease and is associated with Cu accumulation in different tissues. To determine the relationship of Cu and lipid homeostasis in intestinal cells, a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of ATP7B (KO) was introduced in Caco-2 cells. KO cells showed increased sensitivity to Cu, elevated intracellular Cu storage, and induction of genes regulating oxidative stress. Chylomicron structural protein ApoB48 was significantly downregulated in KO cells by Cu. Apolipoproteins ApoA1, ApoC3 and ApoE were constitutively induced by loss of ATP7B. Formation of small sized lipid droplets (LDs) was enhanced by Cu, whereas large sized LDs were reduced. Cu reduced triglyceride (TG) storage and secretion. Exposure of KO cells to oleic acid (OA) resulted in enhanced TG storage. The findings suggest that Cu represses intestinal TG lipogenesis, while loss of ATP7B results in OA-induced TG storage.

Mercury remediation potential of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. for clean-up of flyash contaminated sites

Apart from Hg mining, coal and its by-products were also recognised as one of the major sources of Hg contamination for the environment causing severe health hazard for human and wildlife. Present study investigates phytoremediation potential (PRP) of Hg from flyash (FA) using Brassica juncea. The plants were grown under five different combinations: garden soil (GS) (0% FA + 100% GS), FA25 (25% FA + 75% GS), FA50 (50% FA + 50% GS), FA75 (75% FA + 25% GS) and FA100 (100% FA + 0% GS), and their biometric growth and Hg accumulation in different tissues were observed every month upto 90 days of exposure duration. With increase in time duration, Hg accumulation also increased and mainly accumulated in root followed by stem > leaf however, for FA50 it was root > leaf > stem. Among FA treated combinations, the relative elongation ratio of root and shoot, and their dry biomass increased with increase in time and were significantly higher for FA25 and FA50 combinations. With increase in percentage of FA and exposure duration, the Hg accumulation also increased (R2 > 0.964) and thus Hg content in substrate decreased (R2 > 0.852). The bioconcentration factor of root was enhanced with exposure duration however no changes were observed for TF suggesting maximum phytostabilization potential (0.58 mg Hg kg−1 plant−1). Non-detrimental effect of Hg and higher PRP of 2.62 mg Hg kg−1 plant−1 suggests Indian mustard as a promising accumulator species for phytoremediation of FA-contaminated sites when grown on equal proportion of FA and GS, and can show higher PRP if exposed for longer duration.

Neutron activation analysis as a tool for tracing the accumulation of silver nanoparticles in tissues of female mice and their offspring

The silver accumulation in different tissues of female mice and their offspring after prolonged oral administration of silver nanoparticles to the females during pregnancy and lactation was investigated. Silver content in different organs (blood, liver, brain, kidney and lungs) was determined by means of neutron activation analysis. According to the obtained data silver nanoparticles are able to reach and cross the placental barrier and blood-to-brain barrier in both mice female and their offspring. In mice female the highest silver concentration was determined in lungs, followed by brain, liver, kidney and blood. In offspring silver bioaccumulation changed in the following order lungs > brain > blood > liver > kidney. The average specific mass content of silver which crossed the blood–brain barrier was 373 ± 75 ng (for female) and 385 ± 57 ng (for offspring). The obtained results are important for studies in developmental and reproductive toxicity of nanomaterials.

ВМІСТ ФЕРУМУ, МАНГАНУ, КОБАЛЬТУ, ЦИНКУ ТА КУПРУМУ В ОРГАНІЗМІ РИБ ІЗ РІЧОК СЕРЕТ, СТРИПА І ЗОЛОТА ЛИПА

The content of individual metals in carp, crucian carp, perch and pike tissues from small rivers of Western Podillya is investigated. It is shown, that for different metals there are individual patterns of accumulation in different tissues of the organism. However, the general tendencies that determine cellular transformations in fish are: tissue-specific cell localization, due to their morphology, chemical composition and membrane activity; chemical activity of metal ion, especially complexing ability with proteins and low molecular weight metabolites; concentration of ions, which affects the total ionic homeostasis in the organism. The maximum level of accumulation of the Mangan, Ferum and Copper in the tissues of fishes from Strypa, Cobalt, and Zinc in the tissues of fishes from Seret river is noted. In the Zolota Lypa river, in the vast majority of cases, accumulation of the minimum amount of metals in tissues of investigated species of fish took place, which may be due to the low bioavailability of metals for both predatory fish and benthophages.Pollution of internal reservoirs, including fishing, is one of the limiting factors for the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and their bioproductivity. The study of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of accumulation and distribution of metals in fish tissues under conditions of contamination of water ecosystems is one of the main conditions for the development of effective means of increasing the organism's resistance to new conditions of existence.

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Three Glucosinolate Transporter (GTR) Genes from Chinese Kale.

Chinese kale is a native vegetable in Southern China and the flowering stalk is the most commonly used edible part due to its high glucosinolate content and other nutritional qualities. The GTR protein played important roles in the glucosinolate transport process. In this study, three BocGTR1 genes were cloned from Chinese kale for the first time. Their gene structure, physicochemical properties, signal peptides, transmembrane structures, functional domains, second and third-order protein structures, and phylogenetic relationships were predicted. The expression levels of BocGTR1a and BocGTR1c were much higher than those of BocGTR1b in various tissues, especially in leaves and buds. In addition, the expression patterns of three genes were examined under various abiotic stresses or hormone treatment, including those induced by wounding, heat stress, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, salt, and MgCl2 treatment. BocGTR1a and BocGTR1c were strongly induced by wounding and heat stress. The expression of BocGTR1a and BocGTR1c was significantly silenced in plants transformed by RNAi technology. Total glucosinolate content was significantly decreased in mature leaves and increased in roots of RNAi-transformed plants compared to wild-type plants. In addition, we found that BocGTR1a and BocGTR1c may participate in glucosinolate accumulation in different tissues with a selection for specific glucosinolates. These results indicated that BocGTR1a and BocGTR1c may be the key genes involved in the glucosinolate accumulation in different tissues of Chinese kale.