Absorption Window Research Articles

Formulation & In Vitro Evaluation of Effect of Polymer in Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System Using Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride as A Model Drug

Gastro-retentive dosage form offer many advantages having absorption from upper gastrointestinal tract and improve the bioavailability of medications that are characterized by a narrow absorption window. A new gastro-retentive floating drug delivery system was developed for ciprofloxacin preferably once daily. The design of the delivery system was based on the sustained release formulation with floating and swelling features in order to prolong the gastric retention time of the drug delivery system. Final formulations were prepared and optimized by Box-Behnken design by using HPMC K100M and Carbopol 934 as a polymers and sodium bicarbonate as a gas generating agent. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. The prepared formulations were evaluated for hardness, weight variations, thickness, swelling index, in-vitro buoyancy, drug content and drug release study. The effect of polymer (HPMC K100M and Carbopol 934) concentration on drug release profile and swelling index was evaluated. The in-vitro dissolution study showed that the drug release profile could be sustained by increasing the concentration of polymers (HPMC K100M and Carbopol 934). Result of swelling index showed that increasing the concentration of polymers, increases the swelling index of tablet. The optimized formulations containing 12.36 % of HPMC K100M, 7.47 % of Carbopol 934 and 18.66% of Sodium bicarbonate with citric acid in the ratio of 2:1 sustained the drug release upto 12 hours, following Higuchi model of drug release and drug release mechanism was non-fickian diffusion. This study proves that using HPMC K100M and Carbopol 934 as a matrix polymer in combination with Sodium Bicarbonate as a gas generating agent can be used to develop sustained release floating tablets of Ciprofloxacin.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED-RELEASE FLOATING MATRIX TABLETS OF VALGANCICLOVIR HYDROCHLORIDE

Objective: The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate the formulated sustained-release floating matrix tablets of valganciclovir hydrochloride to produce a stable and bioavailable dosage form. Methods: The tablets were prepared using hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers such as ethyl cellulose, Hydroxy-propyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and Povidone. The formulations were subjected to evaluation characteristics such as drug content, hardness, friability, floating lag time, total floating time, and In vitro drug dissolution studies. Results: The formulation composition and method of manufacturing are novel for this particular active moiety and robustness was assessed using a central composite design. All the formulation trials exhibited more than 90% of drug release in 12 h duration, with a floating lag time of more than 11 h, and drug content was found more than 90% across the batches. The hardness and friability profiles were found to be uniform across the batches. The preliminary evaluation confirms the received drug is pure and FTIR results show that the drug and excipients are compatible. The hardness and friability profiles were found consistent across the batches. All the formulation trials of central composite design have shown more than 90% of drug release in 12 h duration, with a floating lag time of more than 11 h, and drug content was found more than 90% across the batches. Conclusion: The formulated valganciclovir hydrochloride sustained release floating matrix tablets showed an increased GRT with a sustained release for 12 h, thereby allowing a better window for absorption and consequently improving the drug's therapeutic effect.

New absorption window into composite dark matter and large scale structure

New absorption window into composite dark matter and large scale structure

Gastroretentive Drug Delivery Systems with improved Floating and Swelling Capabilities

For medications with an absorption window in the stomach and upper part of small intestine, a controlled drug delivery system with a longer stomach residence duration can be particularly useful. Rapid gastrointestinal transit may cause drug delivery system above the absorption zone to only partially release drug, which would reduce the supplied dose's effectiveness. The main drawbacks are linked to the non-uniformity of drug absorption across the alimentary canal and the inter- and intra-subject variability of gastro-intestinal transit time. The bioavailability of medications is predicted to be improved by floating delivery systems, which are designed to stay buoyant on the gastric contents for an extended period of time. Floating in combination with swellable system gaining attention due to their wide applicability in the targeting of drugs to stomach. These floating and swellable tablet have the advantage that they remain buoyant and swells to 2-3 folds in gastric fluid.

Kerr nonlinearity assisted magnetically induced transparency in cavity magnon polaritons.

We investigate optical transmission in cavity magnon polaritons and discover a complex multi-window magnetically induced transparency and a bistability with magnetic and optical characteristics. With the regulation of Kerr nonlinear effects and driven fields, a complex multi-window resonant transmission with fast and slow light effects appears, which includes transparency and absorption windows. The magnetically induced transparency and absorption can be explained by the destructive and constructive interference between different excitation pathways. Moreover, we demonstrate the bistability of magnons and photons with a hysteresis loop, where magnetic and optical bistabilities can induce and control each other. Our results pave a new way, to the best of our knowledge, for implementing a room-temperature multiband quantum memory.

Tailoring of Visible to Near-Infrared Active 2D MXene with Defect-Enriched Titania-Based Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Green H2 Generation.

A wide solar light absorption window and its utilization, long-term stability, and improved interfacial charge transfer are the keys to scalable and superior solar photocatalytic performance. Based on this objective, a noble metal-free composite photocatalyst is developed with conducting MXene (Ti3C2) and semiconducting cauliflower-shaped CdS and porous Cu2O. XPS, HRTEM, and ESR analyses of TiOy@Ti3C2 confirm the formation of enough defect-enriched TiOy (where y is < 2) on the surface of Ti3C2 during hydrothermal treatment, thus creating a third semiconducting site with enough oxygen vacancy. The final material, TiOy@Ti3C2/CdS/Cu2O, shows a broad absorption window from 300 to 2000 nm, covering the visible to near-infrared (NIR) range of the solar spectrum. Photocatalytic H2 generation activity is found to be 12.23 and 16.26 mmol g-1 h-1 in the binary (TiOy@Ti3C2/CdS) and tertiary composite (TiOy@Ti3C2/CdS/Cu2O), respectively, with good repeatability under visible-NIR light using lactic acid as the hole scavenger. A clear increase of efficiency by 1.53 mmol g-1 h-1 in the tertiary composite due to NIR light absorption supports the intrinsic upconversion of electrons, which will open a new prospective of solar light utilization. Decreased charge-transfer resistance from the EIS plot and a decrease in PL intensity established the improved interfacial charge separation in the tertiary composite. Compared to pure CdS, H2 generation efficiency is 29.6 times higher on the noble metal-free tertiary composite with an apparent quantum efficiency of 12.34%. Synergistic effect of defect-enriched TiOy formation, creation of proper dual p-n junction on a Ti3C2 sheet as supported by the Mott-Schottky plot, significant NIR light absorption, increased electron mobility, and charge transfer on the conductive Ti3C2 layer facilitate the drastically increased hydrogen evolution rate even after several cycles of repetition. Expectantly, the 2D MXene-based heterostructure with defect-enriched dual p-n junctions of desired interface engineering will facilitate scalable photocatalytic water splitting over a broad range of the solar spectrum.

Enhanced gastric residence time of acyclovir by floating raft formulation using box-behnken design

This research paper reports enhancing Acyclovir's gastric residence time by implementing a raft-forming drug delivery system. Because acyclovir is a narrow absorption window drug, it has a poor bioavailability of 10–20 % and a short half-life (t1/2) of 2.5 h. The guar gum and GMS-based floating raft formulation retain the drug in the stomach for an extended period by enhancing GRT. The Box-Behnken design is used to optimize the amount of guar gum, glyceryl monostearate, and calcium carbonate and to study how they affect the in vitro gelation time, viscosity, and in vitro drug release. The ratio of drug and excipients in guar gum (1:0.5), GMS (1:1.25) based FRF suspension containing sodium citrate (0.25 %), carbopol (0.1 %), and calcium carbonate (1:1.5). Seventeen runs were developed through the Box-Behnken design to study all the optimal interactions between variables and responses through a polynomial equation. The optimized formulation is then characterized using various physicochemical tests such as rheological analysis, in vitro drug release, kinetic drug release, and in vitro permeation studies. The in vitro gelation time, viscosity, and in vitro drug release time of optimized FRF are 12 s, 1090 cps, and 88 % at 24 h, respectively. The flux and permeability coefficient of the optimized batch have a higher value indicating higher permeability of acyclovir. The FRF follows non-fickian diffusion as a drug release mechanism. The results show that the raft-forming drug delivery system significantly enhances the absorption of Acyclovir by prolonging drug release and also improving its gastric residence time in the stomach. This research contributes to the field of drug delivery systems by providing a novel approach for improving the therapeutic efficacy of acyclovir and potentially other drugs with similar characteristics.

Improved gastric residence time of famotidine by raft-forming drug delivery system using DOE.

This study investigated the raft-forming suspension of famotidine as an anti-reflux formulation to improve the oral bioavailability of narrow absorption window drugs by enhancing gastric residence time (GRT) and preventing gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Various combinations of raft-forming agents, such as Tragacanth gum (TG), guar gum (GG), and xanthan gum (XG), were evaluated alongside sodium alginate (SA) to develop an effective raft. Preformulation studies and preliminary screening were conducted to identify the most suitable raft-forming agent, and GG was chosen due to its mucilaginous properties. The formulation was optimized using a 32 full factorial design, with the quantities of GG and SA as independent factors and apparent viscosity and in-vitro drug release (%) as dependent factors. The in vivo floating behavior study was performed for optimized and stabilized formulation. Among the tested batches, F6 was selected as the optimized formulation. It exhibited desirable characteristics such as adequate raft weight for extended floating in gastric fluid, improved apparent viscosity, and a significant percentage of drug release at 12h. A mathematical model was applied to the in-vitro data to gain insights into the drug release mechanism of the formulation. The stability of the suspension was assessed under accelerated conditions, and it demonstrated satisfactory stability. The formulation remains floating in the Rabbit stomach for more than 12h. It concludes that the developed formulation has enhanced bioavailability in the combination of GG and SA. The floating layer of the raft prevents acid reflux, and the famotidine is retained for an extended period of time in the gastric region, preventing excess acid secretion. The developed formulations are effective for stomach ulcers and GERD, with the effect of reducing acid secretion by H2 receptor antagonists.

Extending the absorption of Cs2AgBiCl6 double perovskite to the near infra-red region by copper doping

In this study, we establish the synthesis of Cu doped Cs2AgBiCl6 lead-free double perovskite using three different methods. Cu doping results in extending the absorption window of high bandgap Cs2AgBiCl6 double perovskite to NIR region.

Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System: Latest Approach towards Novel Drug Delivery

Various efforts have been undertaken to enhance the bioavailability and clinical performance of oral drug formulations. In pursuit of improving the therapeutic effectiveness of medications that are susceptible to degradation in alkaline pH environments, possess a limited window for absorption within the stomach, and readily dissolve under acidic conditions, a diverse range of gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) have been innovatively designed and developed. As a result, the stomach’s physiological state and the various factors that influence GRDDS will be discussed. As a rule, this survey will enlighten and coordinate enumerating scientists in arranging, plan, and planning the GRDDS.

Development of a multi-component gastroretentive expandable drug delivery system (GREDDS) for personalized administration of metformin

ABSTRACT Objectives Efficacy and compliance of type II diabetes treatment would greatly benefit from dosage forms providing controlled release of metformin in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In this respect, the feasibility of a new system ensuring stomach-retention and personalized release of this drug at its absorption window for multiple days was investigated. Methods The system proposed comprised of a drug-containing core and a viscoelastic umbrella-like skeleton, which were manufactured by melt-casting and 3D printing. Prototypes, alone or upon assembly and insertion into commercially-available capsules, were characterized for key parameters: thermo-mechanical properties, accelerated stability, degradation, drug release, deployment performance, and resistance to simulated gastric contractions. Results Each part of the system was successfully manufactured using purposely-selected materials and the performance of final prototypes matched the desired one. This included: i) easy folding of the skeleton against the core in the collapsed administered shape, ii) rapid recovery of the cumbersome configuration at the target site, even upon storage, and iii) prolonged release of metformin. Conclusions Composition, geometry, and performance of the system developed in this work were deemed acceptable for stomach-retention and prolonged as well as customizable release of metformin in its absorption window, laying promising bases for further development steps.

Single crystals and optical ceramics based on solid solutions of AgCl – AgBr – AgI system

The development of infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) optical materials is work, that is connected with prospective applications in wide-spectral systems, medicine, IR and THz techniques. This work is focused on the development of new optical materials based on silver halides in the AgCl – AgBr – AgI system, selection of technological modes, preparation of single crystals and optical ceramics and investigation of their optical properties. The phase diagram of the AgCl – AgI system was refined, and a new phase diagram of AgCl – AgBr0.7I0.3 was investigated and constructed. In both diagrams, homogeneity and heterogeneity regions were found. In the AgCl – AgI diagram, the homogeneity region covers the concentration range from 0 to 7 mol. % AgI in AgCl, and the heterogeneity region from 7 to 98 mol. % AgI in AgCl. The phase diagram of AgCl – AgBr0.7I0.3 shows two regions of homogeneity in the concentration ranges of 0–49 and 78–100 mol. % AgBr0.7I0.3 in AgCl and one heterogeneous region from 47 to 87 mol. % AgBr0.7I0.3 in AgCl. In both systems in the regions of homogeneity it is possible to grow single crystals of the cubic NaCl crystal structure, space group Fm3m. For compositions of heterogeneous regions, it is possible to synthesize two-phase optical ceramics based on the cubic phase Fm3m and the hexagonal β-modification of AgI of wurtzite type (P63mc). The results of studies of phase diagrams of AgCl – AgI and AgCl – AgBr0.7I0.3 allowed us to determine the concentration ranges in the quasi three-component isothermal section of the AgCl – AgBr – AgI system. The obtained results allowed us to determine the compositions and select optimal technological modes, according to which single crystals of AgCl0.85Br0.10I0.05, AgCl0.72Br0.19I0.09, AgCl0.58Br0.29I0.13, AgCl0.97I0.03 and AgCl0.94I0.06 compositions were grown and optical ceramics of AgCl0.14Br0.60I0.26 composition were synthesized. The structure of the materials was determined by SEM analysis. The studied transmission ranges showed that single crystals and optical ceramics transmit radiation in the range from 0.48 to 41.7 μm and more with a maximum transparency level of up to 83 %. There are no absorption windows in the transmission spectra of the materials, which allows the developed optical materials to be used in the specified spectral ranges as transmission optics.

Preparation and evaluation of floating drug delivery system (fdds) containing an antiviral drug

Acyclovir, an antiviral drug has low oral bioavailability of about 15-30%. It shows more absorption in the upper gastro intestinal tract. The main objective is to evaluate the potential of floating alginate beads as a drug carrier for acyclovir to prolong gastric residence time of drug in its absorption window. Floating beads were prepared from sodium alginate solution containing CaCO3 as gas-forming agent using Ionotropic gelation method. To overcome the limitation of drug leaching during preparation and to have improved sustained release characteristics, alginate beads were prepared with the addition of polymers like Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M), Eudragit RL 100 and Xanthan gum. Beads were also prepared by using Pectin (polyelectrolyte) containing cross linking solution. The compatibility of drug with the polymer was confirmed through the FT-IR studies. The prepared beads were evaluated for percentage drug loading, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology and in vitro release characteristics to know the effect of addition of these polymers to alginate solution and the addition of Pectin to cross linking solution. Pectin treated beads prepared with Xanthan gum &amp; Pectin not only showed improved percentage drug loading but also exhibited sustained drug release in the pH 1.2. So these floating alginate beads may act as a promising carrier for acyclovir to improve its oral bioavailability.

Formulation and Evaluation of Azithromycin Dihydrate Based In situ Gel as Floating Drug Delivery System

Floating Drug Delivery Systems have been used to overcome some of the problems like low oral absorption of drugs with narrow absorption window as it has an advantage of sustained release of drugs over a prolonged period of time. In-situ gels are the novel approach in the context of floating drug delivery systems. The aim of this present study was to develop an oral stomach specific floating in-situ gel of Azithromycin dihydrate. In-situ gelling system was prepared by dissolving different concentrations of polymers like sodium alginate, xanthan gum in the de-ionized water already prepared with sodium citrate at 60°C to 90°C. After the heating with continuous stirring the formulation was cooled below the temperature of 40°C with the addition of certain amount of drug and calcium carbonate which acts as gas generating agent. All the formulations showed pH in the range of 6.1 to 6.7, drug content was found to be in the range of 97.29% to 99.27%. Floating lag time was less than 1 minute for all the formulations and the duration of floatation was more than 24 hours for the combination of polymers. Appearance and measurement of water uptake by the gel was also good. Stability studies were also done and was found to be at normal phase at different temperatures and at interval of times. Although, F9 showed the maximum properties of an in-situ gel with increased gastric retention time with low slowly release of the drug. Drug release was found to be decreasing as the concentration of polymer increases. However, it was concluded that the in-situ gelling system of Azithromycin dihydrate could be prepared in various concentrations of different polymers and the combination of polymers to increase the patient compliance and reduction in the frequency of dosing of the drug with the increased gastric residence time for the drug in the stomach.

Numerical analysis of the Brewster-electrical duo-effect for multi-resonance tuning in THz absorber

The excitation and tuning of multiple resonances with narrow spectral width based on Brewster's effect is possible in an ultrathin dual-band terahertz absorber. The angular variation establishes a monotonic relation with the frequency of some generated resonances offering tunability. Moreover, burying a graphene ring resonator beneath the metallic ring splits the resonance for providing the triple narrow absorption windows. The electrical modulation offers the feature of independent tunability in the generated third absorption band. Thus, the frequency ratio of the upper to lower spectral absorption peak can be modulated by the electrically tunable Fermi energy of graphene. Engraving the graphene resonator also enhances the incident angle based tunability by affecting a greater number of Brewster generated resonance peaks. The narrow line shape of the triple band absorption can enable refractive index sensing and the detection of extraneous elements in localized analyte samples. The detection of imidacloprid pesticide in wheat flour is performed by the implemented sensor. The numerical analysis is done for the design and analysis of the absorber structures to report the above facts.

Development and assessment of gastro retentive floating tablets of celiprolol using natural polymers

Gastro retentive floating tablets are a promising drug delivery system for improving the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of orally administered drugs, particularly those with a narrow absorption window in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we aimed to develop and evaluate gastro retentive floating tablets of Celiprolol using natural polymers. The tablets were formulated by incorporating a combination of natural polymers, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium alginate, to achieve buoyancy and sustained drug release. Various formulation parameters, such as polymer concentration, drug-to-polymer ratio, and effervescent agents, were optimized to attain desired tablet characteristics. The prepared tablets were evaluated for their physical characteristics, floating behavior, drug release profile, and drug stability. The optimized formulation demonstrated excellent floating properties, with a floating lag time of less than 60 seconds and a floating duration of more than 12 hours. In vitro drug release studies revealed sustained release of Celiprolol from the tablets over a period of 12 hours. The drug release kinetics followed the Higuchi model, suggesting diffusion as the predominant mechanism. Stability studies indicated that the floating tablets maintained their physical and drug release characteristics over a period of six months under accelerated storage conditions. Overall, the developed gastro retentive floating tablets of Celiprolol using natural polymers showed promising characteristics in terms of floating behavior, sustained drug release, and stability. This formulation has the potential to improve the therapeutic outcomes of Celiprolol by enhancing its bioavailability and ensuring prolonged drug exposure in the gastrointestinal tract. Further in vivo studies are warranted to validate the efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of these tablets for potential clinical applications in the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular condition.

Facts and Features of Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System

Oral drug delivery has gained a lot of popularity because of patient compliance and the simplicity of administration. It only provides a small number of benefits for medications with poor bioavailability because of inadequate digestion and absorption in the latter stages of the GI tract. In this scenario, GRDDS have emerged as a preferred choice for drug administration with unique qualities such as a narrow absorption window, avoiding metabolism, instability in high alkaline pH, and improved solubility in low pH. In this present review, we discuss the Merits and demerits, the physiology of the stomach, and factors affecting the grdds. Various gastrointestinal technologies, including floating, non-floating, expandable, superporous hydrogel; Bioadhesive, magnetic, and raft system, as well as their applications, is outlined. In addition, potential future developments on this technology to minimise stomach emptying rate in both fasting and fed stages are highlighted. In the end, this review might assist formulation scientists and researchers in designing the GRDDS.

Unleashing the power of solar light: WO3 nanorods decorated onto BiVO4 dendrites for tetracycline detoxification and water splitting.

The coupling of different oxide materials in a nanohybrid enables the customization of their optical and charge transport properties, leading to improved interfacial charge segregation and migration. In this study, BiVO4/WO3 (BVW), a sunlight-driven photocatalyst with distinct mole ratios was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal approach. The resultant catalyst exhibits a nanorods shape morphology decorated onto dendrite-like matrix and is studied for photocatalytic elimination of tetracycline (TC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) H2 production. The effect of illumination time, solution pH, photocatalyst concentration, and mole ratios of BiVO4 to WO3 on the photocatalytic abatement of TC were tested sequentially as effective operating factors. Under optimal condition, 3:1 BiVO4:WO3 (31BVW) nanohybrid demonstrated a maximum degradation efficacy of 96.2% (rate constant ~0.0241 min-1), which is much better than its individual components and commercial TiO2-P25 (50.9%). The resultant by-products of TC decomposition were analyzed using GC-MS to explain the degradation mechanism. Moreover, as a photoanode, 31BVW showed a high photocurrent density of 0.64 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs RHE and a steady photocurrent for ~6 h under chronoamperometry study at1.23 V vs RHE. However, bare BiVO4 and WO3 exhibited the photocurrent density of 0.001 mA/cm2, and 0.015 mA/cm2, respectively at 1.23 V vs RHE. The Mott-Schottky analysis of 31BVW confirms their n-type behavior, with a calculated flat band potential of -0.067 V. The hydrogen production rate was theoretically calculated as 4.56 mmolcm-2 s-1 from chronoamperometric measurements. The photocatalyst's efficacy in TC degradation was further established via its reusability upto 7 cycles. Post degradation characterization of catalyst confirms its stability in lieu of practical usage. Comparative studies with existing literature revealed the superiority of reported photocatalysts in both applications. Overall, the binary BVW photocatalyst shows great potential for removing detrimental contaminants as well as H2 production via PEC water splitting due to efficient charge separation, reduced recombination, high surface area, and widen absorption window of the nanohybrid.

Model-based optimization of controlled release formulation of levodopa for Parkinson’s disease

Levodopa is currently the standard of care treatment for Parkinson’s disease, but chronic therapy has been linked to motor complications. Designing a controlled release formulation (CRF) that maintains sustained and constant blood concentrations may reduce these complications. Still, it is challenging due to levodopa’s pharmacokinetic properties and the notion that it is absorbed only in the upper small intestine (i.e., exhibits an “absorption window”). We created and validated a physiologically based mathematical model to aid the development of such a formulation. Analysis of experimental results using the model revealed that levodopa is well absorbed throughout the entire small intestine (i.e., no “absorption window”) and that levodopa in the stomach causes fluctuations during the first 3 h after administration. Based on these insights, we developed guidelines for an improved CRF for various stages of Parkinson’s disease. Such a formulation is expected to produce steady concentrations and prolong therapeutic duration compared to a common CRF with a smaller dose per day and a lower overall dose of levodopa, thereby improving patient compliance with the dosage regime.

Artificial neural network-based inverse design of metasurface absorber with tunable absorption window

Although the development of graphene broadband terahertz (THz) absorbers is relatively mature, studies focusing on modulating the absorption window remain limited. Existing research has mainly concentrated on achieving absorption window switching via the phase transition of materials like vanadium dioxide (VO2). However, this method typically allows for switching within two specific windows, lacking the capacity for arbitrary and flexible regulation. This study introduces a novel approach involving a bilayer graphene metasurface absorber (BGMA) to address this limitation, which allows arbitrary manipulation of the absorption windows. To facilitate rapid and accurate selection of the structural parameters, an artificial neural network (ANN)-based inverse design method is employed, which achieves a tunable absorption bandwidth of 6.70 THz with an error amount to 0.59%. Through in-depth mechanistic analyses, it is demonstrated that the BGMA can achieve tunable absorption between a low-frequency broadband absorption (L-FBA) mode and a high-frequency broadband absorption (H-FBA) mode. This tunability arises from the transition between graphene localized surface plasmon resonance and graphene surface plasmon resonance. Overall, the outcomes of this study underscore the remarkable tunable performance of the BGMA achieved through ANN-based inverse design. This innovation holds significant promise for applications in security detection, and object stealth.