Effects Of Aberrations Research Articles

IRAK2-NF-κB signaling promotes glycolysis-dependent tumor growth in pancreatic cancer.

Metabolic reprogramming has emerged as a core hallmark of cancer, and cancer metabolism has long been equated with aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, hypoxia and the hypovascular tumor microenvironment (TME) are major hallmarks of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), in which glycolysis is imperative for tumor cell survival and proliferation. Here, we explored the impact of interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 2 (IRAK2) on the biological behavior of PDAC and investigated the underlying mechanism. The expression pattern and clinical relevance of IRAK2 was determined in GEO, TCGA and Ren Ji datasets. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies were employed to investigate the cellular functions of IRAK2 in vitro and in vivo. Gene set enrichment analysis, Seahorse metabolic analysis, immunohistochemistry and Western blot were applied to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that IRAK2 is highly expressed in PDAC patient samples and is related to a poor prognosis. IRAK2 knockdown led to a significant impairment of PDAC cell proliferation via an aberrant Warburg effect. Opposite results were obtained after exogenous IRAK2 overexpression. Mechanistically, we found that IRAK2 is critical for sustaining the activation of transcription factors such as those of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family, which have increasingly been recognized as crucial players in many steps of cancer initiation and progression. Treatment with maslinic acid (MA), a NF-κB inhibitor, markedly attenuated the aberrant oncological behavior of PDAC cells caused by IRAK2 overexpression. Our data reveal a role of IRAK2 in PDAC metabolic reprogramming. In addition, we obtained novel insights into how immune-related pathways affect PDAC progression and suggest that targeting IRAK2 may serve as a novel therapeutic approach for PDAC.

Functional Analysis of an Intronic FBN1 Pathogenic Gene Variant in a Family With Marfan Syndrome.

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder that canonically affects the ocular, skeletal, and cardiovascular system, in which aortic tear and rupture is the leading cause of death for MFS patients. Genetically, MFS is primarily associated with fibrillin-1 (FBN1) pathogenic variants. However, the disease-causing variant in approximately 10% of patients cannot be identified, partly due to some cryptic mutations that may be missed using routine exonic sequencing, such as non-coding intronic variants that affects the RNA splicing process. We present a 32-year female with typical MFS systemic presentation that reached to a clinical diagnosis according to the revised Ghent nosology. We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) but the report failed to identify known causal variants when analyzing the exonic sequence. However, further investigation on the exon/intron boundaries of the WES report revealed a candidate intronic variant of the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene (c.248-3 C>G) that predicted to affect the RNA splicing process. We conducted minigene splicing analyses and demonstrated that the c.248-3 C>G variant abolished the canonical splicing site of intron 3, leading to activation of two cryptic splicing sites and causing insertion (c.248-1_248-2insAG and c.248-1_248-282ins). Our study not only characterizes an intronic variant to the mutational spectrum of the FBN1 gene in MFS and its aberrant effect on splicing, but highlights the importance to not neglect the exon/intron boundaries when reporting and assessing WES results. We point out the need of conducting functional analysis to verify the pathogenicity of intronic mutation, and the opportunity to re-consider the standard diagnostic approaches in cases of clinically diagnosed MFS with normal or variant of unknown significance genetic results.

Study the length of inner bore of dipole lens and its optical and magnetic properties

In this research, several designs of innovative bipolar lenses were designed in terms of the geometry of the bipolar lens, in which the length of the inner bore of the designed lenses was changed in order to improve its performance. /m) and the study of its properties, that is, the investigation into the study of each marker included calculating it is axial magnetization as well as magnetic flux density using the finite element method (FEM) the magnetic and optical properties, where the effect of aberration on it (spherical and chromatic aberration) as well as the focal length was studied, where it was found that the best design is the lens when the bore length is (27 mm) in terms of less aberration and focal length.

Learning to autofocus in whole slide imaging via physics-guided deep cascade networks.

Whole slide imaging (WSI), is an essential technology for digital pathology, the performance of which is primarily affected by the autofocusing process. Conventional autofocusing methods either are time-consuming or require additional hardware and thus are not compatible with the current WSI systems. In this paper, we propose an effective learning-based method for autofocusing in WSI, which can realize accurate autofocusing at high speed as well as without any optical hardware modifications. Our method is inspired by an observation that sample images captured by WSI have distinctive characteristics with respect to positive / negative defocus offsets, due to the asymmetry effect of optical aberrations. Based on this physical knowledge, we develop novel deep cascade networks to enhance autofocusing quality. Specifically, to handle the effect of optical aberrations, a binary classification network is tailored to distinguish sample images with positive / negative defocus. As such, samples within the same category share similar characteristics. It facilitates the followed refocusing network, which is designed to learn the mapping between the defocus image and defocus distance. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves superior autofocusing performance to other related methods.

3D time-lapse imaging of a mouse embryo using intensity diffraction tomography embedded inside a deep learning framework.

We present a compact 3D diffractive microscope that can be inserted directly in a cell incubator for long-term observation of developing organisms. Our setup is particularly simple and robust, since it does not include any moving parts and is compatible with commercial cell culture containers. It has been designed to image large specimens (>100×100×100µm3) with subcellular resolution. The sample's optical properties [refractive index (RI) and absorption] are reconstructed in 3D from intensity-only images recorded with different illumination angles produced by an LED array. The reconstruction is performed using the beam propagation method embedded inside a deep-learning network where the layers encode the optical properties of the object. This deep neural network is trained for a given multiangle intensity acquisition. After training, the weights of the neural network deliver the 3D distribution of the optical properties of the sample. The effect of spherical aberrations due to the sample holder/air interfaces are taken into account in the forward model. Using this approach, we performed time-lapse 3D imaging of preimplantation mouse embryos over six days. Images of embryos from a single cell (low-scattering regime) to the blastocyst stage (highly scattering regime) were successfully reconstructed. Due to its subcellular resolution, our system can provide quantitative information on the embryos' development and viability. Hence, this technology opens what we believe to be novel opportunities for 3D label-free live-cell imaging of whole embryos or organoids over long observation times.

Onboard Orbit Determination for Deep-Space CubeSats

In this work, an orbit determination algorithm suitable for CubeSats onboard implementation is developed, which simulates optical autonomous navigation accomplished by a stand-alone platform. An extended Kalman filter featuring line-of-sight acquisitions of planets is selected as the state estimator, and its performances are tested on a Raspberry Pi, whose characteristics are comparable to a miniaturized onboard computer. An improvement of the solution accuracy is performed by correcting the planetary light-time and aberration effects as well as by exploiting the optimal beacons selection strategy to acquire the external observations. Moreover, the numerical precision of the estimator is improved through the implementation of factorization techniques and nondimensionalization strategies. The results are presented for a sample Earth–Mars transfer, where the time slot for the navigation campaign involves 2 h every 10 days. At final time, the probe position and velocity are estimated with a accuracy of 360 km and 0.04 m/s, respectively.

Analytical techniques for polarimetric imaging of accretion flows in the Schwarzschild metric

Emission from an accretion disk around compact objects, such as neutron stars and black holes, is expected to be significantly polarized. The polarization can be used to put constraints on the geometrical and physical parameters of the compact sources – their radii, masses, and spins – as well as to determine the orbital parameters. The radiation escaping from the innermost parts of the disk is strongly affected by the gravitational field of the compact object and the relativistic velocities of the matter. The straightforward calculation of the observed polarization signatures involves a computationally expensive ray-tracing technique. At the same time, having fast computational routines for direct data fitting is becoming increasingly important in light of the currently observed images of the accretion flow around the supermassive black hole in M 87 by the Event Horizon Telescope and infrared polarization signatures coming from Sgr A*, as well as the upcoming X-ray polarization measurements by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer and enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission. In this work, we obtain an exact analytical expression for the rotation angle of the polarization plane in the Schwarzschild metric accounting for the effects of light bending and relativistic aberration. We show that the calculation of the observed flux, polarization degree, and polarization angle as a function of energy can be performed analytically with a high level of accuracy using an approximate light-bending formula, eliminating the need for the precomputed tabular models in fitting routines.

Blue-Light Filtering Intraocular Implants and Darker Irises Reduce the Behavioral Effects of Higher-Order Ocular Aberrations

PurposeHigher order ocular aberrations (e.g. entopic scatter) arising from cornea and lens, decreases retinal image contrast by dispersing part of the image-forming optics over a broad retinal surface. Selective filtering of the light that is most susceptible to aberration (high-energy “blue” light) may reduce some of the behavioral effects. This was tested by comparing the performance of a blue-light filtering (BLF) vs a clear intraocular lens implant (IOL).Methods52 participants with IOL (BLF: AlconSN60AT; clear: AlconSA60AT; N = 98 test eyes; M = 67.33 ± 7.48 years; 58.8% Female; 25.5% non-White) were recruited. Our outcome measure was based on the minimum resolvable distance between two points of light (two-point thresholds), formed using broadband xenon or isolated short-wave energy (425 nm). Iris color was measured by visual inspection and comparison against standard images.ResultsIn the broadband condition, patients with BLF IOL had smaller two-point thresholds (M = 17.17 ± 5.71 mm; F[1,48] = 2.60; p = 0.045) than clear controls (M = 20.93 ± 10.22 mm). Similar improvements were found in the short-wave condition (MBLF=17.02 ± 5.30; Mclear=21.42 ± 10.99; p = 0.04). In the contralateral broadband comparison, eyes with the BLF had significantly smaller two-point thresholds (M = 18.10 ± 10.47 mm; t = −2.90, p < 0.001) than the clear IOL (M = 20.89 ± 10.61 mm). Similar effects were seen in the short-wave condition (MBLF=18.23 ± 9.88; Mclear = 21.06 ± 10.47; p = 0.001). Darker iris color was related to reduced scatter across IOL types, in both shortwave (F[2,48] = 4.62, p = 0.02) and broadband (F[2,48] = 5.27, p = 0.009) conditions.ConclusionsAnterior screening, be it by a darker iris or a BLF IOL, is directly related to decreases in two-point light thresholds.

Label-free metabolic and structural profiling of dynamic biological samples using multimodal optical microscopy with sensorless adaptive optics

Label-free optical microscopy has matured as a noninvasive tool for biological imaging; yet, it is criticized for its lack of specificity, slow acquisition and processing times, and weak and noisy optical signals that lead to inaccuracies in quantification. We introduce FOCALS (Fast Optical Coherence, Autofluorescence Lifetime imaging, and Second harmonic generation) microscopy capable of generating NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime, second harmonic generation (SHG), and polarization-sensitive optical coherence microscopy (OCM) images simultaneously. Multimodal imaging generates quantitative metabolic and morphological profiles of biological samples in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Fast analog detection of fluorescence lifetime and real-time processing on a graphical processing unit enables longitudinal imaging of biological dynamics. We detail the effect of optical aberrations on the accuracy of FLIM beyond the context of undistorting image features. To compensate for the sample-induced aberrations, we implemented a closed-loop single-shot sensorless adaptive optics solution, which uses computational adaptive optics of OCM for wavefront estimation within 2 s and improves the quality of quantitative fluorescence imaging in thick tissues. Multimodal imaging with complementary contrasts improves the specificity and enables multidimensional quantification of the optical signatures in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, fast acquisition and real-time processing improve imaging speed by 4–40 × while maintaining enough signal for quantitative nonlinear microscopy, and adaptive optics improves the overall versatility, which enable FOCALS microscopy to overcome the limits of traditional label-free imaging techniques.

Heavy metal-induced lipogenic gene aberration, lipid dysregulation and obesogenic effect: a review

Heavy metal-induced lipogenic gene aberration, lipid dysregulation and obesogenic effect: a review

SEM Nano: An Electron Wave Optical Simulation for the Scanning Electron Microscope.

The simulation program “SEM Nano” is introduced to explain and visualize probe formation in field-emission scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). The program offers an easy and intuitive graphical user interface (GUI) to provide input in terms of understandable SEM parameters and visualization of the output. The simulations are based on wave optics treatment of the electron beam in the SEM column. Based on input parameters provided by the user, the spatial intensity distribution of electrons is calculated at the specimen by incorporating the effects of diffraction, aberrations, coherence, and noise. Given the specimen structure signal (So), the program has the capability to produce an image of the specimen using the electron probe intensity distribution. Finally, a feature is provided to reconstruct the electron probe intensity from the noisy image using a Wiener filter-based deconvolution.

Matching convolved images to optically blurred images on the retina.

Convolved images are often used to simulate the effect of ocular aberrations on image quality, where the retinal image is simulated by convolving the stimulus with the point spread function derived from the subject's aberrations. However, some studies have shown that convolved images are perceived far more degraded than the same image blurred with optical defocus. We hypothesized that the positive interactions between the monochromatic and chromatic aberrations in the eye are lost in the convolution process. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated optical and visual quality with natural optics and with convolved images (on-bench, computer simulations, and visual acuity [VA] in subjects) using a polychromatic adaptive optics system with monochromatic (555 nm) and polychromatic light (WL) illumination. The subject's aberrations were measured using a Hartmann Shack system and were used to convolve the visual stimuli, using Fourier optics. The convolved images were seen through corrected optics. VA with convolved stimuli was lower than VA through natural aberrations, particularly in WL (by 26% in WL). Our results suggest that the systematic decrease in visual performance with visual acuity and retinal image quality by simulation with convolved stimuli appears to be primarily associated with a lack of favorable interaction between chromatic and monochromatic aberrations in the eye.

Childhood trauma exposure and personality traits in schizophrenia patients

Childhood trauma in schizophrenia (SCZ) is associated with aberrant neurobiological downstream effects and cognitive deficits that markedly hinder patient outcome and functioning. However, the relationship between specific forms of childhood abuse and the tendency for certain personality traits in patients with SCZ has not been comprehensively studied yet. We recruited 374 SCZ patients and screened for history of physical abuse (PA), emotional abuse (EA), sexual abuse (SA), physical neglect (PN) and emotional neglect (EN) using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and measured personality traits using the NEO Five-Factor inventory. Using CTQ cut-off scores, the prevalence of EA, PA, SA, EN and PN was 60.7%, 42.0%, 37.7%, 64.2% and 54.3% respectively. Exposure to any form of childhood abuse was associated with increased neuroticism. Exposure to EA, SA, PN and EN was correlated with decreased agreeableness and conscientiousness scores. PN, EN and PA exposure was associated with decreased openness while EA, PN and EN exposure was associated with decreased extraversion. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between all forms of childhood abuse and trait neuroticism whereas negative correlations were found between certain forms of childhood abuse and all other personality traits. Exposure to specific forms of childhood abuse was associated with specific personality traits in patients with SCZ.

Potential continuous zooming scheme based on high-power broadband laser

Continuous zooming is efficient in mitigating the cross-beam energy transfer effect and improving implosion hydrodynamic efficiency in the application of inertial confinement fusion. In this paper, a novel continuous zooming scheme is proposed, based on the chromatic aberration effect of the lens groups to gradually reduce the size of the focal spot at the target position by focusing the broadband laser pulse. This scheme is simulated theoretically on the Shenguang-II upgrade (SG-II UP) facility, and the results show that the focal spot size is positive and linear for the beam wavelength. When the fundamental wave bandwidth was 5 nm, the focal spot radius was reduced by 15.21% without changing the geometric parameters of the SG-II upgrade, and the focal spot radius was reduced by 27.73% after optimization. In addition, the conversion efficiency is compensated for in the harmonic converter. This paper supports a new perspective for the realization of high-power laser zooming.

Elliptical-Shaped Fresnel Lens Design through Gaussian Source Distribution

A novel three-dimensional elliptical-shaped Fresnel lens (ESFL) analytical model is presented to evaluate and maximize the solar energy concentration of Fresnel-lens-based solar concentrators. AutoCAD, Zemax and Ansys software were used for the ESFL design, performance evaluation and temperature calculation, respectively. Contrary to the previous modeling processes, based on the edge-ray principle with an acceptance half-angle of ±0.27° as the key defining parameter, the present model uses, instead, a Gaussian distribution to define the solar source in Zemax. The results were validated through the numerical analysis of published experimental data from a flat Fresnel lens. An in-depth study of the influence of several ESFL factors, such as focal length, arch height and aspect ratio, on its output performance is carried out. Moreover, the evaluation of the ESFL output performance as a function of the number/size of the grooves is also analyzed. Compared to the typical 1–16 grooves per millimeter reported in the previous literature, this mathematical parametric modeling allowed a substantial reduction in grooves/mm to 0.3–0.4, which may enable an easy mass production of ESFL. The concentrated solar distribution of the optimal ESFL configuration was then compared to that of the best flat Fresnel lens configuration, under the same focusing conditions. Due to the elliptical shape of the lens, the chromatic aberration effect was largely reduced, resulting in higher concentrated solar flux and temperature. Over 2360 K and 1360 K maximum temperatures were found for ESFL and flat Fresnel lenses, respectively, demonstrating the great potential of the three-dimensional curved-shaped Fresnel lens on renewable solar energy applications that require high concentrations of solar fluxes and temperatures.

Effects of Optical Aberrations on Localization of Minflux Super-Resolution Microscopy

Effects of Optical Aberrations on Localization of Minflux Super-Resolution Microscopy

Characterization of the Ultrasound Localization Microscopy Resolution Limit in the Presence of Image Degradation.

Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) has been able to overcome the diffraction limit of ultrasound imaging. The resolution limit of ULM has been previously modeled using the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB). While this model has been validated in a homogeneous medium, it estimates a resolution limit, which has not yet been achieved in vivo. In this work, we investigated the effects of three sources of image degradation on the resolution limit of ULM. The Fullwave simulation tool was used to simulate acquisitions of transabdominal contrast-enhanced data at depth. The effects of reverberation clutter, trailing clutter, and phase aberration were studied. The resolution limit, in the presence of reverberation clutter alone, was empirically measured to be up to 39 times worse in the axial dimension and up to 2.1 times worse in the lateral dimension than the limit predicted by the CRLB. While reverberation clutter had an isotropic impact on the resolution, trailing clutter had a constant impact on both dimensions across all signal-to-trailing-clutter ratios (STCR). Phase aberration had a significant impact on the resolution limit over the studied analysis ranges. Phase aberration alone degraded the resolution limit up to 70 and 160 [Formula: see text] in the lateral and axial dimensions, respectively. These results illustrate the importance of phase aberration correction and clutter filtering in ULM postprocessing. The analysis results were demonstrated through the simulation of the ULM process applied to a cross-tube model that was degraded by each of the three aforementioned sources of degradation.

Beamline design with weak-focusing magnetic field for applications of laser-driven proton beams

&lt;sec&gt;With the development of high-power laser technology, laser plasma acceleration has developed rapidly due to its excellent acceleration structure. Nearly one-hundred-MeV proton beams and several GeV electron outputs are obtained. The laser-driven proton beams have excellent quality of μm-scale sizes and ps-scale pulse lengths. Owing to the existence of the accelerating laser field, direct application is difficult, so the proton beams need to be transmitted to the application terminal through the beamline. However, the wide energy spectrum and large divergence angle bring difficulties in transmitting the beam. The weak focusing in the constant gradient magnetic field is neglected in the transmission of laser-driven particle beams because of the relatively weak focusing force. But weak focusing has special advantages: simultaneous focusing in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, energy analysis in the horizontal direction, focusing force in the horizontal and vertical direction distributed by the field index &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;, and smaller influence of chromatic aberration effect.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;In this paper, we propose the beam transmission with weak-focusing magnet. The requirements for the focusing of proton beams with the same energy and different divergence angles in the &lt;i&gt;X&lt;/i&gt; direction and &lt;i&gt;Y&lt;/i&gt; direction in the weak-focusing magnetic field are explored by studying the linear beam dynamics of the beams. Then the conditions of precise energy analysis for particle beams with large divergence angle can be determined. For beams with 2% energy spread, the lengths of the drift space before and after the weak-focusing magnet and deflection radius are scanned to find out the minimum beam size and the shortest pulse length after transmission. It is found that a certain combination of drift space and deflection radius can minimize the beam size or the pulse length. Focusing and energy selection can be achieved while compressing the pulse length and effectively reducing the size of the beamline, which has significant advantages. When the deflection radius is 0.65 m, the proton beam with 20 MeV energy, 2% energy spread, and an initial divergence angle of ±50 mrad has the root-mean-square size of 108 μm in both the &lt;i&gt;X&lt;/i&gt; direction and the &lt;i&gt;Y&lt;/i&gt; direction, and a pulse length of 154 ps at the application terminal.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;Comparing with common beam transmission elements such as quadrupole lenses and deflection magnets, the laser-accelerated ion beam benefits from the integration of focusing and energy analysis of weak-focusing magnetic fields (focusing and energy analysis exist at the same time and continuously change with deflection angle), as well as the horizontal and vertical focusing forces can be distributed by the magnetic field index &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; (the larger the &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;, the stronger the focusing force in the vertical direction is and the weaker the focusing force in the horizontal direction). When the proton beam is transmitted in a weak-focusing magnetic field, the advantages of the focusing element and the energy selection element are combined, so the influence of the chromatic aberration effect can be reduced, the pulse length can be compressed, and the beamline size can be effectively reduced.&lt;/sec&gt;

MicroRNA and Alternative mRNA Splicing Events in Cancer Drug Response/Resistance: Potent Therapeutic Targets.

Cancer is a multifaceted disease that involves several molecular mechanisms including changes in gene expression. Two important processes altered in cancer that lead to changes in gene expression include altered microRNA (miRNA) expression and aberrant splicing events. MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play a central role in regulating RNA silencing and gene expression. Alternative splicing increases the diversity of the proteome by producing several different spliced mRNAs from a single gene for translation. MiRNA expression and alternative splicing events are rigorously regulated processes. Dysregulation of miRNA and splicing events promote carcinogenesis and drug resistance in cancers including breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal, ovarian and leukemia. Alternative splicing may change the target mRNA 3′UTR binding site. This alteration can affect the produced protein and may ultimately affect the drug affinity of target proteins, eventually leading to drug resistance. Drug resistance can be caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The interplay between miRNA and alternative splicing is largely due to splicing resulting in altered 3′UTR targeted binding of miRNAs. This can result in the altered targeting of these isoforms and altered drug targets and drug resistance. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence of cancer drug resistance poses a substantial challenge in the management of the disease. Henceforth, molecular alterations have become highly attractive drug targets to reverse the aberrant effects of miRNAs and splicing events that promote malignancy and drug resistance. While the miRNA–mRNA splicing interplay in cancer drug resistance remains largely to be elucidated, this review focuses on miRNA and alternative mRNA splicing (AS) events in breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal and ovarian cancer, as well as leukemia, and the role these events play in drug resistance. MiRNA induced cancer drug resistance; alternative mRNA splicing (AS) in cancer drug resistance; the interplay between AS and miRNA in chemoresistance will be discussed. Despite this great potential, the interplay between aberrant splicing events and miRNA is understudied but holds great potential in deciphering miRNA-mediated drug resistance.

Measurement of multiple phase maps for wide-area aberration correction by switchable optical configuration

We demonstrate a method of aberration correction for a wide field of view (FOV). To handle spatially varying aberrations, we divide the imaging FOV into multiple segments and determine the associated multiple phase maps (MPMs) that can compensate for the blurry focus. After applying the MPMs to the corresponding segment of the aberrated image, the entire field of view is recovered by recombining all of the image segments. The remaining spatial distortion is subsequently rectified using an inverse geometrical transformation (IGT) that can flatten the curved image space. To obtain information for aberration correction, our setup is designed to have a switchable configuration so that the MPMs and the IGT can be obtained by imaging the Fourier plane and the image plane, respectively. With these sequential processes, we can obtain an aberration-free image over an area of 937×937 µm2 at a microscopic resolution. In comparison, the degradation of the uniformity of the Strehl ratio over the entire FOV is 2.09 times lower than when using only a single PM. Because our method utilizes reflection geometry, it can potentially be used to mitigate the effect of aberrations in many existing imaging modalities.