ABC Model Research Articles

The ABC-DA system (v1.4): a variational data assimilation system for convective-scale assimilation research with a study of the impact of a balance constraint

Abstract. Following the development of the simplified atmospheric convective-scale “toy” model (the ABC model, named after its three key parameters: the pure gravity wave frequency A, the controller of the acoustic wave speed B, and the constant of proportionality between pressure and density perturbations C), this paper introduces its associated variational data assimilation system, ABC-DA. The purpose of ABC-DA is to permit quick and efficient research into data assimilation methods suitable for convective-scale systems. The system can also be used as an aid to teach and demonstrate data assimilation principles. ABC-DA is flexible and configurable, and is efficient enough to be run on a personal computer. The system can run a number of assimilation methods (currently 3DVar and 3DFGAT have been implemented), with user configurable observation networks. Observation operators for direct observations and wind speeds are part of the current system, and these can, for example, be expanded relatively easily to include operators for Doppler winds. A key feature of any data assimilation system is how it specifies the background error covariance matrix. ABC-DA uses a control variable transform method to allow this to be done efficiently. This version of ABC-DA mirrors many operational configurations by modelling multivariate error covariances with uncorrelated control parameters, each with special uncorrelated spatial patterns. The software developed performs (amongst other things) model runs, calibration tasks associated with the background error covariance matrix, testing and diagnostic tasks, single data assimilation runs, and multi-cycle assimilation/forecast experiments, and it also has associated visualisation software. As a demonstration, the system is used to tackle a scientific question concerning the role of geostrophic balance (GB) to model background error covariances between mass and wind fields. This question arises because although GB is a very useful mechanism that is successfully exploited in larger-scale assimilation systems, its use is questionable at convective scales due to the typically larger Rossby numbers where GB is not so relevant. A series of identical twin experiments is done in cycled assimilation configurations. One experiment exploits GB to represent mass–wind covariances in a mirror of an operational set-up (with use of an additional vertical regression (VR) step, as used operationally). This experiment performs badly where error accumulates over time. Two further experiments are done: one that does not use GB and another that does but without the VR step. Turning off GB impairs the performance, and turning off VR improves the performance in general. It is concluded that there is scope to further improve the way that the background error covariance matrices are represented at convective scale. Ideas for further possible developments of ABC-DA are discussed.

Cost of red blood cell transfusion; evaluation in a French academic hospital.

The economic impact of Patient blood management (PBM) must be assessed beyond the acquisition cost of blood products alone. The estimate of indirect costs may vary depending on the organization and the elements taken into account. The transposition of data from the literature into a specific local context is therefore delicate. The objective of this work was to evaluate the overall cost of red blood cell concentrate (RBC) transfusion from a French healthcare establishment point of view. We carried out an activity based costing analysis in our hospital for the year 2018. The steps of the transfusion process and additional costs were detailed and cumulated (resource consumption, labor time, frequency) to populate the ABC model. Several scenarios were developed focusing either on RBC, all blood products or the surgical activity, and a univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted. The average total cost of transfusion, including acquisition cost, was 339,64 euros per RBC transfused. The cost of administration was 138.41 euros/RBC. Focusing only on surgical activities increased this cost (152.43 euros) while taking all blood products into account reduced it (92.49 euros). The difference in our results with the literature confirms the local variability in the cost of transfusion, which may affect the economic impact of PBM. Our study related to the specific context of a single French institution has limitations that a multicenter study would clarify in order to carry out economic modelling of transfusion optimization and alternatives and to guide the choice of PBM strategies at the national level.

Internal quantum efficiency in 6.1 Å superlattices of 77% for mid-wave infrared emitters

Two new superlattices with high internal quantum efficiency at high injection, InAs/AlGaInSb and InAs/GaInSb/InAs/AlAsSb, are presented and compared with state-of-the-art InAs/GaSb and InAs/InAsSb superlattices. The internal quantum efficiency peaks at 44% and 77% for the InAs/AlGaInSb and InAs/GaInSb/InAs/AlAsSb samples, respectively, which suggests that they are excellent candidates for high-efficiency mid-wave infrared LEDs. These values have been measured without invoking the ABC model to eliminate the assumption of Boltzmann statistics. The calculated superlattice band structures are used qualitatively to explain the internal quantum efficiency results.

Suppression of B function by chimeric repressor gene-silencing technology (CRES-T) reduces the petaloid tepal identity in transgenic Lilium sp.

Some monocotyledonous plants, including liliaceous, amaryllidaceous and iridaceous ones, produce flowers with petaloid tepals in whorls 1 and 2 organs. For explaining the molecular mechanism of two-layered petaloid tepal development, the modified ABC model has been proposed, in which B class genes are expressed in whorl 1 organs as well as in whorls 2 and 3 organs. We have previously obtained results strongly support the modified ABC model by chimeric repressor gene-silencing technology (CRES-T)-mediated suppression of B function in the liliaceous plant Tricyrtis sp. In the present study, we introduced a CRES-T construct derived from the B class gene of Tricyrtis sp. (TrihDEFa-SRDX) into Lilium sp. in order to examine the effect of suppressing B function on the floral organ identity. Flowers of transgenic plants did not open fully and had pale pink-colored tepals with decreased numbers of papillae on the adaxial side in whorls 1 and 2 compared with those of non-transgenic plants. No apparent morphological alterations were observed in whorls 3 and 4 organs. Both the amount of total anthocyanins and the expression levels of endogenous flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes (LhMYB12, LhbHLH2, LhCHS, LhF3H, LhF3’H, LhDFR and LhANS) decreased in whorls 1 and 2 organs of transgenic plants compared with non-transgenic plants. In addition, the expression levels of endogenous B class genes (LFDEF, LFGLOA and LFGLOB) decreased in transgenic plants and the level was negatively correlated with the degree of morphological alteration. Thus suppression of B function may reduce the identity of petaloid tepals in whorls 1 and 2 of transgenic Lilium sp.

Efficiency droop in green InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes: Degradation mechanisms and initial characteristics

This paper describes a comprehensive analysis of the degradation mechanisms of green InGaN based high-power LEDs. The combination of electrical, optical and thermal measurement allows a separation of the degradation mechanisms and their influence on the performance of the devices. The results show that the LEDs have parasitic diodes in their initial state, which influence increases over the aging period. In addition, the recombination coefficients are calculated using the ABC model, which show an increase in the non-radiative recombination coefficients (ASRH and C) during stress time. The degradation causes a current-dependent decrease in the external quantum efficiency. Furthermore, a shift of the peak wavelength can be observed, which is due to a change of internal electric fields as well as to the increase of the Shockley-Read-Hall coefficient ASRH.

Soybean AP1 homologs control flowering time and plant height.

Flowering time and plant height are key agronomic traits that directly affect soybean (Glycine max) yield. APETALA1 (AP1) functions as a class A gene in the ABCE model for floral organ development, helping to specify carpel, stamen, petal, and sepal identities. There are four AP1 homologs in soybean, all of which are mainly expressed in the shoot apex. Here, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) - CRISPR-associated protein 9 technology to generate a homozygous quadruple mutant, gmap1, with loss-of-function mutations in all four GmAP1 genes. Under short-day (SD) conditions, the gmap1 quadruple mutant exhibited delayed flowering, changes in flower morphology, and increased node number and internode length, resulting in plants that were taller than the wild type. Conversely, overexpression of GmAP1a resulted in early flowering and reduced plant height compared to the wild type under SD conditions. The gmap1 mutant and the overexpression lines also exhibited altered expression of several genes related to flowering and gibberellic acid metabolism, thereby providing insight into the role of GmAP1 in the regulatory networks controlling flowering time and plant height in soybean. Increased node number is the trait with the most promise for enhancing soybean pod number and grain yield. Therefore, the mutant alleles of the four AP1 homologs described here will be invaluable for molecular breeding of improved soybean yield.

Актуализация подходов к распределению косвенных затрат в бухгалтерском учете субъектов малого предпринимательства сферы оптовой торговли

Цель: анализ затрат субъектов малого предпринимательства выступает важнейшим инструментом управления затратами, позволяет оценить тенденции изменения их уровня, установить причины отклонения фактических затрат от плановых (стандартных), выявить резервы их снижения. Для субъектов малого предпринимательства сферы оптовой торговли на первое место выступают аспекты поиска объективных методик распределения косвенных затрат в бухгалтерском учете для предотвращения искажения конечной себестоимости товарных групп. Обсуждения: эффективность системы управления затратами зависит от организации их учета и анализа, что определяется формой и методами учета затрат, степенью автоматизации учетных процессов торговой организации, уровнем планирования и нормирования затрат, наличием внутренней отчетности, содержащей информацию о выявленных отклонениях, причинах их образования, принимаемых мерах по их устранению. Наиболее актуализируется вопрос о существовании множества баз распределения косвенных затрат, относящихся к различным учетным моделям, которые имеют свои преимущества и недостатки. В работе поднимается вопрос об исследовании различных методов распределения: «котловой метод», распределение пропорционально выручки от продажи, функционально-стоимостное калькулирование. Перед руководством торговой организации поднимается ряд вопросов, решение которых способствует поиску объективных методик распределения затрат, а именно зачем использовать методики распределения затрат, какие положительные аспекты в области управления затратами получит экономический субъект, какие недостатки имеют существующие методики распределения. В настоящем исследовании осуществлялся поиск ответов на эти вопросы в ходе внедрения ABC-модели в сферу оптовой торговли. Результаты: в исследовании продемонстрирован процесс реализации функциональностоимостного калькулирования в учетной практике субъектов малого предпринимательства. Акцентировано внимание на решении недостатков и проблем внедрения модели, продемонстрирована возможность расчета рентабельности клиентов и товарных групп, предложена схема построения аналитического учета на счете 44 «Расходы на продажу».

Comparison of X-Ray and Proton Irradiation Effects on the Characteristics of InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Wells Light-Emitting Diodes

The effects of the white-light X-ray and 170-keV proton beam irradiation on the electrical and optical characteristics of the InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are analyzed and compared. Different from the negative effects of the proton irradiation, the X-ray irradiation shows positive effects on the LEDs' performance. In detail, after the 100 Mrad(Si) X-ray irradiation, the p-n junction resistance decreases from the original 2.51 to 2.08 Ω, the light output power increases from 170 to 203 mW (at a forward voltage of 3.2 V), and the maximal external quantum efficiency (EQE) increases from 56.7% to 61.8%. Based on the ABC model fittings, both the Shockley-Read-Hall recombination rate and the radiative recombination rate in the MQWs are improved by the X-ray irradiation. The Hall effect measurements reveal the chemical bond breaking of the Mg-H complex in the p-type GaN. Therefore, the improvement of the LED by the X-ray irradiation should be caused by the chemical bond variations of the defect-related complex in the MQWs and the Mg-H complex in the p-type GaN.

Revealing the importance of light extraction efficiency in InGaN/GaN microLEDs via chemical treatment and dielectric passivation

Chemical etching and Al2O3 dielectric passivation were used to minimize nonradiative sidewall defects in InGaN/GaN microLEDs (mesa diameter = 2–100 μm), resulting in an increase in external quantum efficiency (EQE) as the LED size was decreased. Peak EQEs increased from 8%–10% to 12%–13.5% for mesa diameters from 100 μm to 2 μm, respectively, and no measurable leakage currents were seen in current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics. The position and shape of EQE curves for all devices were essentially identical, indicating size-independent ABC model (Shockley–Read–Hall, radiative, and Auger recombination) coefficients-behavior that is not typical of microLEDs as the size decreases. These trends can be explained by enhancement in light extraction efficiency (LEE), which is only observable when sidewall defects are minimized, for the smallest LED sizes. Detailed ray-tracing simulations substantiate the LEE enhancements.

Promoting Preschoolers’ Mental-Emotional Conceptualization and Social Understanding: A Shared Book-Reading Study

ABSTRACT Research Findings: The current study explored the impact of a brief, small-group, shared book-reading (SBR) intervention on preschoolers’ expression of thoughts and emotions and their social understanding. To structure discourse around the book, we adapted Ellis’s ABC model, which focuses on understanding activating events (A), related beliefs (B), and emotional consequences (C). Participants included 116 Arab-Israeli children (M = 75 months, SD = 0.28), who were randomly divided into intervention and comparison groups. Over five SBR meetings, small groups of children in the intervention group were exposed to a book’s text rich in mental and emotion terms and discussion of the characters’ thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and situations and consequences. The comparison group text and discussions focused on the book’s plot, characters, and actions. We found that the intervention group significantly improved in their expression of emotion terms, and their ability to connect thoughts to emotions, define social problems, and generate solutions. Practice & Policy: The ABC model provides a readily available language with which to connect book characters’ thoughts and emotions, focus on social situations and consequences, and connect these elements to children’s lives. This intervention can promote preschoolers’ socio-emotional understanding within the typical group context of SBR in preschools.

Impact of defects on Auger recombination in c-plane InGaN/GaN single quantum well in the efficiency droop regime

We study the impact of non-radiative defects on Auger recombination in c-plane InGaN/GaN single quantum wells (SQWs) in the efficiency droop regime using high injection time-resolved photoluminescence. The defect density in the SQW is controlled by tuning the thickness of an InAlN underlayer. When the defect density is increased, apart from Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) and standard Auger recombination, introducing an extra defect-assisted Auger process is required to reconcile the discrepancy observed between the usual ABC model and experimental data. We derive a linear dependence between the SRH coefficient and the bimolecular defect-assisted Auger coefficient, which suggests that the generated defects can act as scattering centers responsible for indirect Auger processes. In particular, in defective SQWs, the defect-assisted Auger recombination rate can exceed the radiative one. Our results further suggest that the defect-assisted Auger recombination is expected to be all the more critical in green to red III-nitride light-emitting diodes due to their reduced radiative rate.

The ABC Model: Commentary from the Perspective of the Two Pyramids Model of Radicalization

ABSTRACT In this commentary, I compare the ABC model of radicalization with the Two Pyramids model of radicalization. Both models distinguish radicalization of opinion from radicalization of action. Beyond this agreement are questions about the concepts deployed in advancing the ABC model and research issues relating to applications of the two models. I conclude with an optimistic assessment of recent progress in research on terrorism, including the suggestion that deradicalization of action may be forwarded by giving up on deradicalization of opinion.

Groups' warmth is a personal matter: Understanding consensus on stereotype dimensions reconciles adversarial models of social evaluation

As proponents of two theories of social evaluation, we disagree whether people spontaneously differentiate societal groups' conservative-progressive beliefs (distinct claim of the agency-beliefs-communion or ABC model) or warmth/communion (distinct claim of the stereotype content model or SCM). Our adversarial collaboration provides one way to resolve this debate. Examining people from four continents who differentiated groups in their country (N = 2356), we found lower consensus on groups' warmth/communion compared to agency/~competence and beliefs (Studies 1–4). Consensus on groups' warmth/communion was lower because people differed in self-rated agency and beliefs, and they inferred groups' warmth/communion from perceived similarity in agency and beliefs between the groups and the self (Studies 5–8). Previous ABC studies only examined consensual differentiation of groups and thereby did not find evidence for spontaneous differentiation of groups' warmth/communion. Instead, we next examined non-consensual (personal) differentiation of groups: People spontaneously differentiated groups by their agency/~competence, beliefs, and also warmth/communion (Studies 7 and 8). Based on these data, the ABC model and SCM concede that people spontaneously differentiate groups' warmth/communion and beliefs, respectively, providing one way to resolve the models' debate.

Dissection of the Arabidopsis HUA-PEP gene activity reveals that ovule fate specification requires restriction of the floral A-function.

Ovules are essential for sexual plant reproduction and seed formation, and are fundamental for agriculture. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing ovule development is far from complete. In Arabidopsis, ovule identity is determined by homeotic MADS-domain proteins that define the floral C- (AG) and D- (SHP1/SHP2, STK) functions. Pre-mRNA processing of these genes is critical and mediated by HUA-PEP activity, composed of genes encoding RNA-binding proteins. In strong hua-pep mutants, functional transcripts for C- and D-function genes are reduced, resulting in homeotic transformation of ovules. Thus, hua-pep mutants provide an unique sensitized background to study ovule morphogenesis when C- and D-functions are simultaneously compromised. We found that hua-pep ovules are morphologically sepaloid and show ectopic expression of the homeotic class-A gene AP1. Inactivation of AP1 or AP2 (A-function genes) in hua-pep mutants reduced homeotic conversions, rescuing ovule identity while promoting carpelloid traits in transformed ovules. Interestingly, increased AG dosage led to similar results. Our findings strongly suggest that HUA-PEP activity is required for correct C and D floral functions, which in turn prevents ectopic expression of class-A genes in ovules for their proper morphogenesis, evoking the classic A-C antagonism of the ABC model for floral organ development.

Gerência do cuidado às pessoas com úlceras venosas sob a perspectiva da qualidade em saúde

Este estudo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a gerência do cuidado às pessoas com úlceras venosas sob a perspectiva da qualidade em saúde. Trata-se de um estudo teórico-reflexivo, ancorado na perspectiva da qualidade da saúde proposta por Avedis Donabedian e no Modelo ABC presente no documento intitulado “Simplifying venous leg ulcer management. Consensus recommendations” que preza por otimizar a gestão das úlceras venosas. As reflexões apresentadas neste estudo apontam que a gerência do cuidado deve ir além do que é proposto no modelo ABC, devendo por intermédio de tecnologia gerencial abordar as esferas biopssiocossocial e espiritual, de modo a tornar o cuidado holístico, bem como promover inovações que alicercem a qualidade em saúde. Ante o exposto, entende-se que a gerência do cuidado associada à qualidade de saúde das pessoas com úlceras venosas utiliza-se de tecnologia gerencial sem ponderar o cuidado em toda sua complexidade e especificidade, sendo premente pensar em proporcionar o melhor bem estar possível diretamente associado à qualidade de vida.

Lateral and Torsional Vibration Monitoring of Multistack Rotor Induction Motors

In this article, both the lateral and torsional vibrations in multistack rotor induction motors (IM) are modeled in the same framework, and the corresponding precursors in the current waveform are analyzed in detail. Due to the very large rotor length-to-diameter ratio, rotor vibrations can become a major issue in these types of high-torque motors. In order to monitor the vibration components, the lumped mass-spring model for the rotors and couplings is developed to calculate the natural frequencies and torsional-mode shapes of the mechanical system. To model the electrical part, stator windings are split up into several identical windings that are connected in series and correspond to each rotor stack. Since the torsional vibration does not remarkably affect the winding symmetry, the dq model for each section is sufficient to describe the motor behavior during torsional oscillation. Similarly, for the lateral vibration, the mechanical system is modeled in all lateral directions and all modes. Due to the loss of symmetry, the abc model is used for each rotor and stator. In this modeling approach, all inductances (self and mutual of stator and rotor and the mutual inductances between the stator and rotor) are needed. To mimic the effect of lateral vibrations on the motor inductances, a new approach is developed using winding function theory. In this model, all inductances are formulated as a function of eccentricity severity and angle, and a new analytical IM model is developed to show the effects of lateral vibration. Finally, the experimental results are presented and compared with the analytical results.

Ectopic expression of Chrysanthemum CDM19 in Arabidopsis reveals a novel function in carpel development

Abstract Background APETALA3 (AP3) has significant roles in petal and stamen development in accordance with the classical ABC model. Results The AP3 homolog, CDM19, from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Jinba was cloned and sequenced. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that CDM19 is of DEF/AP3 lineage possessing the characteristic MIKC-type II structure. Expression analysis showed that CDM19 was transcribed in petals and stamens of ray and disc florets with weak expression in the carpels. Ectopic expression of CDM19 in Arabidopsis wild-type background altered carpel development resulting in multi-carpel siliques. CDM19 could only partially rescue the Arabidopsis ap3‐–3 mutant. Conclusions Our results suggest that CDM19 may partially be involved in petal and stamen development in addition to having novel function in carpel development. How to cite: Githeng’u SK, Ding L, Zhao K, et al. Ectopic expression of Chrysanthemum CDM19 in Arabidopsis reveals a novel function in carpel development. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.03.001 .

Systematic Investigation of Spontaneous Emission Quantum Efficiency Drop up to 800 K for Future Power Electronics Applications

Future high-density power electronics applications may require high-temperature optoelectronic devices for gate drive. Thus, a systematic study of optoelectronic material from 10 to 800 K has been performed to understand the potential of the high-temperature operation of optoelectronic devices. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) of indium gallium nitride/gallium nitride multiple quantum wells was studied. The integrated PL intensity dropped by an order of magnitude at 800 K compared to 10 K. The spontaneous emission quantum efficiency was calculated from the power-law relation linking the integrated PL signal and the excitation pump power. The validation of the traditional ABC model for solid-state lighting is extended to 800 K. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of developing high-temperature optoelectronic devices, which have operating temperatures over 500 K.

Heat and mass transfer in Maxwell fluid in view of local and non-local differential operators

Study of heat and mass transfer in Maxwell fluid is carried out near a vertical plate. It is proven in many already published articles that the heat and mass transfer does not really or always follow the classical mechanics process that is known as memoryless process. Therefore, the model using classical differentiation based on the rate of change cannot really replicate such dynamical process very accurately; thus, a different concept of differentiation is needed to capture such process. Very recently, new classes of differential operators were introduced and have been recognized to be efficient in capturing processes following the power law, the decay law and the crossover behaviors. For the study of heat and mass transfer, we applied the newly introduced differential operators to model such flow. The Laplace transform, inversion algorithm and convolution theorem were used to derive the exact and semi-analytical solutions for all cases. The obtained analytical solutions were plotted for different values of fractional order $$\alpha $$ , Maxwell fluid parameter $$\lambda $$ , thermal Grashof number Gr, mass Grashof number Gm, Prandtl number Pr and Schmidt number Sc on concentration and velocity fields. In comparison, velocity of Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative is greater than that of Caputo and Caputo–Fabrizio for $$\alpha $$ , $$\lambda $$ , Gr and Gm. With the increase in Pr and Sc, there is a decrease in velocity. For fractional parameter, the effect of concentration field for ABC model is more than for C and CF. Moreover, from the present solutions already published results were found as limiting cases.

Temperature-Dependent Carrier Recombination and Efficiency Droop of AlGaN Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes

We investigate temperature-dependent carrier transfer and efficiency droop on AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. The Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination and carrier leakage are highly associated with the poor thermal stability. The existence of Auger recombination and carrier leakage is identified by the m-power method. A modified ABC model with an additional term f(n) related to carrier leakage is employed to analyze the evolution of multiple recombination mechanisms. The SRH process strongly suppresses both Auger recombination and carrier leakage at low currents. At high currents, the latter two processes are responsible for the efficiency droop and exhibit an anti-correlation upon temperature.