Abbasid Research Articles

ڕۆڵی دادوەرەکان لە بواری سیاسی و سەربازی و کارگێڕی لە هەرێمی جەزیرەی فوراتی (٣٣٤-٥٩٠ک/ ٩٤٥-١١٩٣ز )

In different times of the authorities of Jazira Fwrati Region, Judges have played sisignificantoles in political events and resolving conflicts. This role sometimes played b positively and sometimes negatively even profProfessionallynot his mission, however, he would involved and become a part of the city’s problem. From that aspect, usually, they advised the authorities and their speeches have been taken into account in the political and military fields. Often, they had been sent as diplomatic envoys to the Abbasid Caliphate or the authorities of the Islamic State. The judges were prrepresenthe new authority begin to work, the judges participated in giving the confidconfidencee authority. Moreover, they played in the administrative field and they have high administrative ranks at different ttimes in the Jazira Fwrati Region. They are the assistant of the authorities to organize the administration field because the judges except for the judge’sopposition have several administrative positions and can manage them successfully.

Zubaidah Bint Ja’far and Her Effects in Cultural, Artistic, and Social Life in Her Period

Baghdad emerged as a thriving city in the early era of the Abbasids and renowned for its affluence and cultural advancement during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid. Notably, women belonging to the upper echelons of society, including but not limited to the caliph's consorts and concubines, assumed active roles in both society and politics. Zubaidah bint Ja’far, the wife of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid, was an influential woman who utilized her position to engage in philanthropic activities and contribute to the development of society. Their love story has become famous and Zubaidah, with her intelligence and beauty, fascinated the Caliph and influenced his decisions. Zubaidah was also recognized for her generosity towards scholars and poets. Her life and contributions to the era are documented in historical texts and literary works of the time, such as the Thousand and One Nights Tales. This study aims to examine the life and achievements of Zubaidah bint Ja'far during the Abbasid era, focusing on her contributions to politics, society, and literature. She played a significant role in the administration of the state alongside her husband, and served as inspiration for poems and tales in Thousand and One Nights collection. The analysis of the Thousand and One Nights Tales involved using a descriptive method and historical research to present how her personality is perceived by people of her time and emphasize her lasting legacy.

Islamic-Arab Morals, Virtues and Characters In Arabic-Tamil Novel “Madinatun Nuhas” Or “Tamirapattanam”

Madinatun Nuhas or Tamirapattanam holds the distinction of being the first Islamic novel written in India. It was penned in 1858 by Imam Al Aroos, utilizing both the Islamic-Arwi or Arabic-Tamil script and the Dravidian-Tamil script. This research article conducts a comprehensive study of Tamirappattanam, examining its style, contents, and the author himself. It analyzes this novel- highlighting Tamirappattanam as a pioneering Islamic novel. This article aims to establish a position for Islamic novels and literature, tracing the initial endeavors in India. Islamic literature, while not a cutting-edge domain, has deep roots in the history of Islam. This novel weaves together historical, legendary, and literary characters in a narrative infused with Islamic themes and values. The novel explores the unique power and dominion of Prophet Sulaiman, as well as the grandeur of the Abbasid Caliphate. It portrays Allah's bounty and supremacy while emphasizing the importance of Islamic morals and principles. The author skillfully combines art and literature to create a work that not only entertains but also imparts Islamic teachings to the Ummah. Through the use of real historical figures and legends, the novel presents a vivid representation of Islamic culture and values. It strikes a balance between sentiment and thought, offering a harmonious relationship between faith and moral values."Tamirappattanam" stands as a significant contribution to Islamic literature, showcasing the artistic prowess of the author in crafting a narrative that educates and inspires readers. It serves as a reminder of the enduring relevance of Islamic principles in shaping individual lives and society as a whole.

The influence of Pesian language on the Basrah Accent in the present and past

منذ القَدمِ تأثرتِ اللغة العربية والأدب العربي باللغة والثقافةِ الإيرانية، واستَمر هذا التأثر فِي العصور ولاسيّما في العصر العباسي، وظهر جلياً فِي النصوص التاريخية والعلمية والأدبية، ومن مظاهر هذا التأثير في الثقافة البصرية. والألفاظ المعرَّبة كثيرة تلفت الانتباه. موضوع هذا البحث هو التقصي وكشف معدل الألفاظ الفارسية المستعملة والأكثر تأثيراً في هذه المدينة العريقة والمجاورة، لمدينة خرمشهر الإيرانية، ومعرفة أنواع هذه الألفاظ، وذلك بالاستعانة بالمنهج الفنيّ اللغويّ والإحصائيّ، ومراجعة تلك النصوص، واستخراج الألفاظ الفارسية منها. إنًّ أكثر هذه الألفاظ الفارسية المستعملة بسيطة بعيدة عن التعقيد اللفظيّ کما إنّ أكثرها تقرئ بألفاظ مرکبة

The Abbasi's View Toward Reign 132-247 A.H./749-861 A.D. A Study for the Policy of the First Abbasid Era Caliphs in Stabilizing the State's Pillars and Legitimacy

This study deals with the religious aspects that the Caliphs of Bani Abbas worked to highlight to the public in an attempt to gain support to stand in the face of the opposition movements, especially the Alawites on the one hand, and in order to gain religious legitimacy for their caliphate in the hearts of the subjects on the other hand. The research dealt with the most prominent policies and methods they followed to achieve their political goals which they molded within a religious character.

The Dispute between the Nestorian Patriarch Timothy I and the Caliph al-Mahdi: Versions, Manuscripts, Editions and Translations

This paper serves as an introduction to the forthcoming translation of the disagreement between Patriarch Timothy I of the Church of the East and the Abbasid Caliph al-Mahdi. It provides the historical context of the text, discusses the importance of the debate for the study of Arab-Muslim polemics, and explores its dating. Author provided additional information about Syriac and Arabic manuscript traditions and presented an updated stemma of these manuscripts containing the dialogue text. Additionally, she thoroughly reviewed editions and translations of the dispute in both Syriac and Arabic, and systematically analyzed differences between all existing versions. A general comparison is presented between the Syrian original and the nearest Arabic translation, which serve as the foundational versions of this text.

Islamic Scholars’ Influence on Western Scientific Discourse During the Medieval Era

This study explores the substantial influence of Muslim scholars on the intellectual progress of Western society during the Medieval Era. By examining the dynamic relationship between Arab-Islam and European-Christianity, this research emphasizes the significant impact of Muslim scholars in various fields such as philosophy, science, astronomy, art, and literature. Utilizing historical methods, the study uncovers how Islam played a crucial role in shaping the development of scientific discourses in the West since the 11th century. Toledo and Sicily functioned as pathways for the Latinization of Arabic texts, extending initiatives from the Abbasid Caliphate period in the 8th century AD, particularly the translation of Greek texts into Arabic. Emphasizing the collaborative role between Islamic and Western civilizations, this research underscores that amid the historical realities of Islamic-Christian tension and conflict that marked the Middle Ages, interfaith interaction and cooperation could foster scientific progress. In this context, Islamic influence emerges as a key factor in comprehending the reciprocal exchange of ideas and knowledge that simultaneously moulded these two cultures.

The Cultural and Historical links between Turks and Afghans in the First Era of Islam

Though Turks and Afghans are located far off geographically yet it may not be perceived as a marker of friction between the two nations. The Islamic history in the middle Ages reveal that Islam has spread in the Turkish and Afghan regions amongst the indigenous tribes heralded a marked cultural and linguistic influence in the cited regions. The Turks' contact with the Islamic world started in the era of four Caliphs and the Umayyad dynasty reaching out to the western regions of the "Bab" region adjacent to Turkish territory in 22 AH. This contact resulted in the spread of Islam amongst the Turks and their men took part as part of Muslim army leading to propagation of Islam. Moreover, In the Abbasid era, the number of Turks assuming leadership positions had increased in the Muslim state. This contact sustained in the Islamic world to the East in the Turkish areas after the Muslims crossed the JIHUN River (Amu Darya) in 31 AH under the leadership of QUTAYBA Ibn Muslim. Thus Islam spread among the Turk Tribes under the rule of the SAMANI Governors where they spearheaded the extension of Muslim influence to Tirmiz, Bukhara, Samarkand and other Central Asian countries due to the simplicity of Islam. As for the Afghans' contact with Islam in the West, it began in the era of four Caliphs and the Umayyads eversince Herat was conquered in the year 23 AH; Jawzjan, Balkh and Takhar in the year 32 AH by Al-Ahnaf bin Qais from northern Afghanistan; Zabul in the year 43 AH and Kabul in 44 AH by Abd al-Rahman bin Samra. However the eastern areas of Afghanistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan, although Islam reached there in the first century, did not enter the Islamic rule. They remained either under the tribal control or were ruled by the Indian kings until the Ghaznavids took over through Prince Subuktagin in Ghazni in the last decade of the 4th century.There has remained direct contact between the Turks and Afghans after the displacement of the Turkish tribes to the Gazani state in the south of the Jihun River.The state sovereignty of the Turkish majority was due to their leadership positions and a large part of the military formation included the Turks and Afghans. Hence the two nations lived with a clear linguistic and cultural influence with hundreds of basic words in common as for instance the Turkish names for Afghan men and women and dozens of Turkish names for villages and cities. There are even common tribal traditions and customs between the two peoples. This research addresses the historically direct contact between the Turkish and Afghan tribes with cultural and social impact between the Turks and Afghans.

The Period of Progress of Islamic Civilization

The Islamic civilization's period of advancement from 600-1000 CE, often referred to as the Golden Age of Islam, represents a pivotal era in human history marked by unity in Islamic values, a strong moral foundation, and a cohesive identity among Muslims. This epoch reached its zenith during the times of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the Umayyad Dynasty, and the Abbasid Dynasty. Key factors, such as steadfast adherence to Islamic values, laid the groundwork for a robust moral foundation and a detailed Islamic legal system. Cultural heritage emerged as a primary driver for scientific development, with translation centers and universities fostering a dynamic intellectual environment. The Umayyad period witnessed territorial expansion into North Africa, the Middle East, and Spain, leaving a significant impact on cultural and social progress. Despite internal challenges, the Umayyad's success provided a basis for advancements in science, art, and architecture. The Abbasid Golden Age saw the establishment of the House of Wisdom, a translation center that amalgamated classical knowledge. The Abbasids became intellectual and cultural hubs, making strides in science, medicine, art, and architecture. Influential figures such as Ibn Rushd, Al-Ghazali, Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, and Ibn Sina made monumental contributions across various fields of study. In conclusion, the Islamic Golden Age demonstrated that the harmony between Islamic values, scientific development, and cultural appreciation served as the primary driving force, while future research prospects may explore practical applications in contemporary contexts, supporting positive developments in various aspects of human life.

The Status of Islamic Art and Architecture in the Ghaznavid Era

The Ghaznavids (1206-962 AD), a Turkic dynasty that ruled vast parts of eastern Iran, are named after their capital and the formation of their state in Ghazna (Ghaznin/Ghazni, located in present-day Afghanistan). After Sebüktigin (ruled 996-977 AD), the primary founder of the Ghaznavid state, his son Mahmud (ruled 1030-997 AD), who, by defeating the last Samanid ruler and conquering Sistan, Turkestan, Khwarazm, Makran, Sistan, and Kerman, elevated the state to its peak of glory. The Abbasid caliph al-Qadir (caliphate 1031-991 AD) confirmed his rule and granted him the title "Yamin al-Dawla." Mahmud’s victorious campaigns in India brought him immense wealth, power, and prestige and contributed to the spread of Islam and the flourishing of the Persian language in the Indian subcontinent. Due to factors such as the Ghaznavid rulers' religious zeal, the dominance of Sunni schools of thought—particularly the Hanafi school—and the prevalence of Ash'ari thought, along with the patronage of the Abbasid caliphate and the flourishing of Sufism, Islamic sciences such as jurisprudence, Hadith studies, Qur'anic knowledge, and literary sciences experienced significant growth. In the religious sphere, non-Sunni sects and religions, such as the Shiites, did not enjoy favorable conditions. Architecture and arts such as goldsmithing, inlaying, and the production of exquisite metalware, as well as industries like textile weaving and carpet making, saw remarkable progress during the Ghaznavid era.

Glorious Knowledge and Light: Exploration of the History of Islamic Education During the Abbasid Glory Period

Islamic education has an important role for every individual because Islamic education can be a means to lead people to live their lives on the right path. There was a time when Islamic education was said to have reached the peak of glory, the reason was because at that time a lot of science was growing and developing and many educational institutions were being established and developing rapidly. The peak of its glory was during the Abbasid dynasty, which was founded by Abu al-Abbas as-Saffah. It was called the Abbasid Dynasty because the founders and rulers of this dynasty were descendants of Abu Al-Abbas Bin Abdul Muththalib, uncle of the Prophet Muhammad. Our aim in writing this article is to draw conclusions about the glory of science and the changes and progress achieved through Islamic education at that time. This journal uses qualitative research methods with a descriptive type, namely the data collected will be written in the form of descriptions, illustrations rather than numbers. The results obtained in this research are about the sciences that grew and developed during the Abbasid dynasty and also changes, namely developments during the Abbasid reign, including in the fields of science, politics, military, economics, social and culture, and so on

Cultural Impact of Scholars in the Andalusian Emirate (138-442 AH / 756-1031 AD)

Scholars during the Islamic ages played a significant role in the development of society, culture, and various other fields including economy, science, literature and arts etc. With the fragmentation of Abbasid caliphate, various rulers became independent and formed parallel caliphates, and adopted their own approaches towards development. Andalusian emirate is one such independent kingdom in southern Spain, which disowned its diligence to the Islamic caliphate, and adopted its own approaches to the development of the region. Scholars during this period played a significant role in transfer of technology from foreign regions, leading innovation in various sciences such as agronomy, astrology, astronomy, mathematics, arts, philosophy etc. All these events led to a significant impact on the culture and society, which are discussed and presented in this paper.

Mustafa Demirci, Siyah Öfke: Ortaçağ İslâm Dünyasında Zenci Kölelerin İsyanı (869-883), Çizgi Kitabevi Yayınları, 3. Baskı, Konya 2021, 318 s. ISBN: 978-605-196-027-2*

During the Abbasîd period, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Demirci's monograph on the 'black rebellion' that took place between 869-883 A.D. and was led by the Shiite leader Ali b. Muhammad, titled "Black Rage: The Rebellion of Negro Slaves in the Medieval Islamic World (869-883)" by Prof. Dr. Mustafa Demirci is one of the most important studies both in terms of its subject matter and the author's approach and perspective on the subject. The study, which was prepared with a rich academic literature using basic sources and modern research on the subject, deals with issues such as the geography of the event, the causes and spread of the rebellion, the wars and warfare techniques to suppress the rebellion, the short and long-term effects of the damage left behind by the rebellion from an academic perspective in chronological order. The Negro rebellion started in the marshes of Basra in 869 as a result of Ali b. Muhammad (d. 883), who was originally white and claimed to be a descendant of the Prophet Ali (d. 883), organizing black slaves working under difficult conditions in the large farms in and around Basra, and the rebellion grew and spread in a short time. Muwaffak Billāh (843-891), the brother of the Abbasid Caliph Mu’temid Alallah’ın (843-892), who was assigned to suppress the rebellion, was victorious against the rebels after tough struggles, and the rebellion ended with the killing of the leader of the rebellion, Ali b. Muhammad, in 883.

Abbâsî Halifesi Mansûr (754-775)’un Mehdî (775-785)’ye Vasiyetleri ve Bunun Mehdî’nin Yönetim Anlayışına Etkileri

Abbâsî devletinin üçüncü halifesi olan Mehdî (775-785) döneminde Abbâsî devleti sınırları içerisinde kayda değer birçok olumlu gelişme görülmüştür. Doğal olarak bu olumlu ve nitelikli gelişmelerin fitilini ateşleyen kişi konumu gereği Mehdî olmuştur. Mehdî babası Mansur’un (754-775) katı ve sert politikasının aksine devlet çatısı altında yaşamasından ötürü son derece ılımlı ve yumuşak bir siyaset izlemeye özen göstermiştir. Sadece politik anlamda değil devletin imarına ilişkin olarak da oldukça üstün gayretler göstermiş olan Halife Mehdî, bu gayretlerinin deyim yerindeyse meyvesini somut anlamda toplamıştır. Bunun yanı sıra adaletin tesisine de bir hayli ehemmiyet veren Mehdî devlet içinde adalet mekanizmasını tesis etmiştir. Böylelikle hem devletin kurumlarında adaletsizliğin ortadan kalkmasının sonucu olarak liyakate dayalı gerçek bir kurumlaşmayı temin etmiş hem de devlet içinde adaletsizliğe bağlı olarak ortaya çıkma ihtimali olan kargaşa ortamının da önüne geçmiştir. Fakat burada ifade etmek gerekir ki Mehdî’nin yönetim anlamında takındığı bu idari veya siyasi tavrın itici gücü veya diğer bir ifadeyle en önemli müsebbibi babası Mansûr’un vasiyetnamesinde kendisine telkin ettiği birtakım önemli öğüt ve tavsiyelerdir. Biz de bu çalışmada babası Mansûr tarafından kendisine telkin edilen tavsiyelerin Mehdi’nin siyasetinde ne derece etkili olduğu ya da olmadığını tartışacağız.

Bukhar Khadat: the Princes of Bukhara Until the Year 301 AH / 913 AD

Objectives: This study aims to highlight the political significance of the Bukhara Khadat by translating their biographies, detailing their rule duration, their involvement in historical events, and their relationship with Arab rule after the conquest of Bukhara in the year 90 AH. It also examines their interactions with Arab Muslim rulers and their political and economic standing.
 Methods: The study employs a descriptive analytical approach that analyzes historical narratives and links them to significant historical events. The family's history is meticulously examined, primarily relying on Al-Narshakhi's "The History of Bukhara," completed in 358 AH (968 AD). This information is used to analyze the family's history in the context of recent historical events.
 Results: The study reveals that the Bukhara Khadat lineage held authority in Bukhara until 301 AH (913 AD). They played a vital role in the city's development, contributing to its urban and economic growth. They even minted coins bearing their images. Following the Arab conquest, the Bukhara Khadat collaborated with the conquerors, fostering amicable relations. They actively participated in the city's political and economic administration, assimilating into the Arab-Islamic culture.
 Conclusions: The study covers the biographies and rule periods of the nine rulers who governed Bukhara. It also explores the historical events they experienced and participated in alongside the Abbasid caliphate. Their political role ended with the accession of Samanid Prince Ismail and the integration of Bukhara into the Samanid emirate in 301 AH (913 CE).

PERSONIFICATION IN KALILA WA DIMNA AND METAPHOR IN 1001 NIGHTS WITHIN ABBASID ERA

This study examined literary works of the Abbasid era, focusing on narratives from 1001 Nights and Kalila Wa Dimna. It tried to contribute to the understanding of Abbasid literature. Through textual analysis and library research, the study explored the cultural and social dimensions of the era. It used a descriptive qualitative method. The findings revealed there were frequent use of personifications and metaphoric existed in both literary works, which enhanced characterization and conveyed moral lessons. The narratives from 1001 Nights and Kalila Wa Dimna provide captivating stories that entertain readers and offer insights into human experiences and wisdom. In conclusion, there were limitations in the reliability of the narratives and the subjective nature of the evaluation. Keywords: Abbasid era, 1001 Nights, Kalila Wa Dimna, personification, metaphor

Sejarah Peradaban Islam Sebagai Ilmu Pengetahuan

History encompasses the journey of human life in shaping the development of the world throughout time. Each history holds meaning and value, allowing humans to create their own history, and history, in turn, shapes humanity. Using history as a living material generates various analyses in the cultural atmosphere of that historical period. History repeats itself, bringing back old and similar events. History holds significance and provides meaning, wherein humans are like a world spinning around themselves. This research is a literature review or library research with a literature review of books, journals, and notes. The researcher solely relies on literary sources, engaging in activities such as reading, note-taking, and processing research materials. The result of this research is about the history of Islamic civilization as a field of knowledge. Knowledge rapidly flourished during the Abbasid Caliphate. This knowledge is divided into two categories: naqli (textual) and aqli (rational) sciences

Projecting a New Empire: Formats, Social Meaning, and Mediality of Imperial Arabic in the Umayyad and Early Abbasid Periods By Eugenio Garosi

<i>Projecting a New Empire: Formats, Social Meaning, and Mediality of Imperial Arabic in the Umayyad and Early Abbasid Periods</i> By <scp>Eugenio Garosi</scp>

Professor Younis As-Samarra'i as One of the Pioneers of the School of Editing Iraqi Poetic Diwans

Professor Younis Ahmad As-Samarra'i is one of the outstanding professors of Arabic, Abbasid literature at Baghdad University since the beginning of 1970s as a teacher, scholar, editor and author till his death in 2005 in Baghdad. He was concerned with human and intellectual heritage, researching in it, editing and publishing poetry of those poets whose manuscripts have not reached to us like many poets whose works were not collected because their manuscripts were lost., and like many treasures of the Arabian civilization which were lost because of wars, natural catastrophes, political upheavals and other reasons. There was an urgent need, therefore, to collect the uncollected scattered poetry, of outstanding figures who had influenced human thought, from its sources and introduce it to the reading public and to students, scholars and researchers. Such work needs great efforts, knowledge and patience to collect, edit, document, compare, knowledge of the historical background as well as experience in editing the heritage. All this is begun earlier by Professor Younis As-Samara'i after getting his PhD till his death. He has published and participated with many other Arab researchers in producing and publishing classical collections of Arabic poetry. The Iraqi school of editing poetry collections is characterized by effective participation in this regard by publishing hundreds of volumes. Professor Younis alone edited the works of more than twenty poets which accounts as more than twenty per cent of the poetry and prose productions of the Abbasid Period and published them in the outstanding journals and periodical and in separate volumes to enrich the Arabic library in general and the Abbasid library in particular and this will be the concern of this paper.

Al-Mawardi’s Paradigmatic Theory of Politics: Imamah or Khilaphah in Theory &amp; Practice

Abu al Hasan al Mawardi (364 - 450 AH/974 - 1058 CE) flourished at a time of political turmoil &amp; instability during Abbasaid Caliphate in Baghdad. He was one of the greatest of universal figurers in the history of Islamic culture &amp; heritage. His unique &amp; invaluable contribution was to develop the paradigmatic theory of politics of Imamah or Khilaphah mainly in terms of safeguarding religion for human justice &amp; showed the rules of administration of goverment in detail. He was a jurist par–excellence , a great scholar, a political thinker, a philosopher &amp; the statesman in true sense writing some of the most important books on Fiqh, Shariyah rules cum Administrative Law &amp; politics who shed the lasting impact upon his contemporary &amp; later thinkers equally. He was the man who made his age his own. Being the Qadhi-ul-Qujat he had to appoint &amp; reject the other Qadhis in different districts &amp; provinces in the Abbasid state &amp; empire. He systematically formulated the paradigmatic theory of Imamah or Khilafah in juristic pattern in Sunni Islam on the precedents of the early Islam &amp; it's polity for the first time in Muslim political thought in his most monumental work entitled "Al Ahkam as Sultaniyyah– The Ordinances of Government " in the mid 5th Hijra century. The Purpose of writing this book was to provide the contemporary khaliph(s) with the utmost attributes of a true Caliph individually for himself &amp; the basic principles, rules &amp; key provisions of justice to run the state - empire successfully, mainly coping with the then challenges coming from the Buwid's Ameers who were the power in fact against the tutal Abbasid Caliphs. Hence, Al Mawardi's prime aim was to integrate the administrative Power of the Vizierate &amp; the Caliphate of the Islamic Empire &amp; civilization to reach the purpose for which the Institution of Caliphate was first established in the Muslim Ummah. The objective of this paper is to examine the theory of Imamah or Khilafa of Al Mawardi &amp; reveal the necessary aspects of it as understood universally in it's true sense for an easy comprehension to the real contexts. The most of the research works &amp; the journals, particularly on his political thought &amp; philosophy written by both the orientalists &amp; the Islamic scholars &amp; thinkers particularly his “Ahkam” have been consulted. And the historical, analytical &amp; qualitative approaches used for the development of this paper. His theory of the Imamah is one of many possible theories of government-as there is no any single theory or political system in Islam– is to say in Sunni Islam– for it's ever space of dynamism in contexts.