Abbasid Research Articles

Did Ernst Herzfeld Find the Qaṣʿat Firʿawn (Pharaoh’s Bowl) in the Caliphal Palace at Samarra?

Ernst Herzfeld’s (1879–1948) papers on his excavation of the Abbasid city of Samarra, held at the National Museum of Asian Art Archives, include two maps indicating the existence of a large circular basin at the center of the square domed chamber south of the Caliphal Palace’s throne room. The details of this basin are provided in an orthographic drawing, and the captions of two photographs tersely attribute it to the palace. Now in the Madrasa al-Sharābiya in Baghdad, this basin has sometimes been identified as Qaṣʿat Firʿawn (Pharaoh’s Bowl), a large basin cited in medieval sources as having been part of the fountain of the Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil. Strangely enough, not the slightest mention of this basin has been found in the written records of the excavations or in the published reports. A careful examination of other documents in Herzfeld’s archives and publications, as well as a number of reports of the Iraqi Directorate General of Antiquities, has established that the basin must have been discovered under unknown circumstances at an unspecified location in the palace several years after Herzfeld’s excavation. Furthermore, the study of medieval textual sources and other data related to the basin has shown that the latter is not Qaṣʿat Firʿawn but might well have been a similar basin. Originally a Roman labrum, the basin in question was repurposed during the Abbasid period as part of a low fountain with a unique water-circulation system that bears some similarities to the fountains of Islamic Spain.

Implications of Islamic Education in The Era of The Kalifah Umar bin Khattab in Building Islamic Civilization

The aim of this research is to determine the implications of Islamic education during the time of Caliph Umar bin Khattab (624-644 AD) in building Islamic civilization. Khalidfa Umar was an intellectual and mujaddid of the classical era. During his time, Islamic government experienced transformation and great leaps through innovation, political reform and ideas in the nature of modern ijtihad; about law and fiqh, social society, religious moderation and others. Another character of Caliph Umar was his hobby of doing blusukan. The characters above show that Umar is a leader who is out of the box. The contribution of education during the time of Umar bin Khattab to the progress of Islamic civilization was at least through several of its policies, including (1) sending teachers or Islamic intellectuals with madrasas or halaqahs to all Islamic territories, from these madrasas producing new intellectuals in large numbers. (2) ordered the Islamic commander who conquered the territory to establish a mosque as an Islamic Center which would be used as a center for Islamic activities, namely as a place of worship and as a place for educational processes. Apart from that, Umar's rational characteristics and tradition of understanding texts using a textual approach have influenced the rationalistic thinking of subsequent Islamic intellectuals - some of whom contributed to the peak progress of Islamic civilization, especially during the Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad and the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt.

Konsep Islamisasi Sains Matematika dalam Pemikiran Al-Khawarizmi: Sebuah Kajian Teoritis

The progress of Western civilization's hegemony cannot be separated from the role of Muslim scientists in developing knowledge and science. But on the other hand, when Western scholars develop and apply the theories of Muslim scientists, they reject the Islamic values ​​contained therein. Therefore, this research aims to examine the concept of Islamization developed by al-Khwarizmi, a Muslim scientist who played an important role in the development of modern mathematics. The Islamic values ​​developed by Al-Khwarizmi can be seen in his discoveries, especially in the fields of algebra, arithmetic, algorithms, geography and others. This research uses library research by collecting data through books and journals, using descriptive methods and a systematic approach. The results of the research found that the Islamization values ​​developed by Al-Khwarizmi were the result of his tadabbur and tafakkur on the verses of the Koran. an which talks about roseits, determining days and months, and understanding the Qudsi hadith which talks about nothingness and contributed to determining the latitude and longitude of areas conquered by Islam during the Abbasid era under the Al-Makmun caliphate.

STABLE ISOTOPE AND RADIOCARBON DATING OF HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM ISLAMIC SETTLEMENT, KHIRBET AL-SHEIKH HUMAID, NABLUS, PALESTINE

ABSTRACTKhirbet Al-Sheikh Humaid is found 615 m above sea level in the central highlands of Palestine, northwest of the city of Nablus. During rescue excavations carried out at the site, part of a male human skull with a tooth attached was discovered. Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating and stable isotope analysis were performed on the tooth at the Hertelendi Laboratory in Debrecen, Hungary. Dating revealed the individual had lived in the time frame 900–1030 AD, which is within the Abbasid period (750–1258 AD). Dietary analysis gave information on the daily life of the inhabitants of the settlement, showing local agriculture provided a diet of legumes and vegetables.

Penguatan Motivasi Belajar Dan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa SMP Melalui Media Interaktif Quartet Cardgame Terintegrasi Augmented Reality Pada Materi Sejarah Ilmuwan Muslim

Learning motivation and critical thinking skills in studying history, especially Islamic history, have received less attention. Even though this is one of the indicators in realizing superior students who are faithful, intelligent, and skilled. The teacher's efforts in using media in PAI learning are also not optimal. The media used by the teacher is less effective because the media is still conventional. This is very challenging where learning media is an aspect of students that plays a major role in understanding the material. The historical material for the growth of knowledge during the Abbasid dynasty is one of the most important PAI materials for students to learn. During the Abbasid dynasty, Islam reached its limits in several fields, one of which was science. The importance of Islamic history material being studied by students made researchers implement learning media in the form of quartet cards (quartet card game). The method used in implementing the media consists of several stages, namely: 1) observation, 2) implementation of activities including: presentation of material and assistance to students, and (3) stages of activity evaluation. The quartet card game that is applied in learning is a quartet card game that is connected to an Augmented Reality-based application containing historical material about Muslim scientists. Based on the results of implementation in schools in the city of Surabaya, students feel more motivated to study Islamic history and their critical thinking skills increase after using the media quartet card game.

Islamic Education Educators during the Abbasid Dynasty (Analysis of Historical Studies of Islamic Education)

This research aims to find out the names of educators during the Abbasid Dynasty and to find out who the caliphs were during. The historical method consists of data collection, source criticism, interpretation and finally historiography. The research approaches used in this research are a geographic approach, a sociological approach, an educational approach and historical education. The results of this research are that the educators presented by the researchers were 14 people, namely: 1) Imam Abu Hanifah Rahimahullah (80-150 H/700-767 M), 2) Imam Malik Rahimahullah (93 -179 H/712-796 M), 3) Imam Syafi’i Rahimahullah (150-204 H/767-820 M), 4) Imam Ahmad Rahimahullah (164-241 H/781-856 M), 5) Imam Ad-Darimi Rahimahullah (181-255 H/798-869 M), 6) Imam Al-Bukhari Rahimahullah (194-256 H/810-871 M), 7) Imam At-Tarmidzi Rahimahullah (200-279 H/816-892 M), 8) Imam Abu Daud Rahimahullah (202-275 H/818-889 M), 9) Imam Muslim Rahimahullah (204-261 H/820-875 M), 10) Imam Ibnu Majah Rahimahullah (209-273 H/825-887 M), 11) Imam An-Nasaai Rahimahullah (215-303 H/830-906 M), 12) Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir Ath-Thabari Rahimahullah (224-310 H/839-923 M), 13) Imam Daarud Ad-Qudni Rahimahullah (306-385 H/919-995 M), dan 14) Imam Al-Baihaqi Rahimahullah (384-458 H/995-1.066 M).

The impact of Sufism on Iraqi society in the Abbasid era

يعتبر العصر العباسي عصر ربط بين علم الاقدمين ونهضة القرون الوسطى , حافظ على تراث وادب الفن ، تأتي هذه الدراسة محاولة للتعرف على أثر التصوف على المجتمع العراقي في العصر العباسي , ولبيان التأثير والوازع الديني للتصوف ومعرفة اسبابه على المجتمع العراقي في العصر العباسي. فقد انتشرت حركة التصوف في العالم الاسلامي في القرن الثالث الهجري كنزعات فردية تدعوا الى الزهد وشدة العبادة, ثم تطورت حتى صارت ظاهرة اسلامية ومنطلقاً مهما من منطلقات الاسلام , ومنذ نشأت أنجبت شخصيات اثرت في المجتمعات وتركت بصمات واضحة على التراث الديني, بعدما انتشروا في مشارق الارض ومغاربها. ولقد ظهر التصوف والاعتزال في العصر الأموي ونما وتطور في العصر العباسي الأول فلم يجدوا في الأمويين معارضة، ولما جاءت الدولة العباسية وكان سيل الإلحاد والزندقة، قد ظهر من حركات وتيارات ظهرت في هذا العصر فهي تدعو الى الحلول والإباحة وإفشاء المحرمات في قيم ومبادئ الإسلام وإدخال البدع وإفشاء النزاعات الفكرية التي طالما بنيت على اسس وعقائد وفلسفات ذات رؤى قديمة فكانوا قد تأثروا بها وعبدوها ، وهذا جعل الخلفاء العباسيون في عصرهم الأول أن يجدوا في المعتزلة سيفاً مسلولاً على هكذا أنشطة للإسلام وللسلطان العربي على أساس ذلك شنوا حرباً شعواء قادوها بالشكل المباشر وغير المباشر فاطلقوا على فكرهم. وقد انتشرت ظاهرة الزهد في المجتمع العباسي في ظل انتشار تيار مناقض له، هو المجون واللهو، إذ أن الغلو والتطرف في جانب معٌين يقابله غلو وتطرف في جانب يعاكسه تماماً.

Religious Policy of the Mamluk Sultan Baybars (1260–1277 AC)

This study focuses on the religious policy of the Mamluk Sultan Rukn al-Din Baybars (d. 1277), and its application throughout his rule in Egypt and Syria (Bilād al-Shām). This study also discusses the impact of this policy and its benefit for Muslims and Islam in general in the region. Dealing with the character of Baybars of Mamluk origin is very important in this study to obtain the required answers to the questions related to the Islamic character of Mamluk rule in the regions of the Middle East in the Middle Ages. Although Baybars’ background was as a slave (mamlūk), who was not familiar with the religion of Islam, he had to prove his ability to act as a leader of an Islamic state. Baybars worked to implement the principles of Islam according to the Quran and the tradition of the Prophet (sunna), thus exploiting his status as an Islamic leader and as Sultan during his reign. Baybars was strict in his religious policy toward those who committed forbidden acts according to the Islamic religion, and he was keen to punish them and implement the Sharīʿa as required, in cooperation with the ʿulamā. Baybars was given relevant degrees and titles he deserved by the revived Abbasid Caliph in Cairo, such as a “holy warrior” (Mujāhid), “partner of emir of believers/the Caliph” (Qasīm Amīr al-Mu’minīn), and other religious titles that testify his high-ranking religious status as defender of Islam.

The Golden Age of Islamic Intellectuals and The Development of Science During The Abbasid Dynasty

This paper aims to examine the era of Islamic intellectual packaging during the reign of Caliph Harun al-Rashid during the Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad. History has recorded that during the reign of the Abbasid dynasty, Muslims were truly at the peak of their glory and led world civilization at that time. The reign of the Abbasid dynasty was a "golden age" in the history of Islamic civilization, especially during the reign of Caliph Harun al-Rashid and al-Ma'mun. Harun al-Rashid is considered by historians to be the greatest and most brilliant caliph who brought the Abbasid dynasty to its golden age. He ruled for 23 years and made this dynasty achieve progress and glory in the fields of politics, economy, trade, science and Islamic civilization. This research concludes that the Abbasid Dynasty was the heyday of Islam in various fields, especially science and science. Islamic intellectual progress at that time was due to the caliph's love of science, the establishment of the Baitul Hikmah library, and the movement to translate various books and literature into and out of Arabic played a major role in shaping the Islamic intellectual world at that time.

Industries and crafts in Baghdad during the second Abbasid era 232-861 AD / 334 AH-946 AD

This study aims to address an important cultural heritage, which is the industrial and craft achievements in the city of Baghdad, who are the people of industries, crafts, and artisans who lived during the Second Abbasid Era (334-447 AH/945-1055 AD). Because this group played a role in political, economic and social stability at the same time. The study dealt with the issue of the regulations in place among craftsmen and craftsmen within sects that followed a specific professional hierarchy and binding rules for people of one craft. The study also addressed the economic and social role of craftsmen and the extent of its impact on political stability in the city of Baghdad. In summary; In the second Abbasid era, Iraq witnessed a development in industries and crafts, as several factors helped in its activity, including the availability of various raw materials, as well as commercial activity that provided the industry with raw materials, so multiple industries were established that included various cities, each of which specialized in A specific quality that you are famous for, each This helped the industry flourish at the internal and external levels, such that the Iraqi product reached different regions of the world.

THE ROLE OF SINDHIND ZIJ AS THE FIRST ISLAMIC ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATION TABLE IN INDIAN CIVILIZATION

Astronomy has developed in India since prehistoric times. However, astronomy’s first work appeared during the Vedanga Jyotisa era, written by Lagadha, the oldest literary book in India. Using qualitative methods with a library research approach, it was found that Indian astronomers researched Astronomy and wrote books. One of the books that first made Muslim scientists interested in the world of astronomy was the book Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, which was translated into Arabic by Al-Fazari (d. 796 AD) during the Caliphate of Al-Manṣūr from the Abbasid dynasty. Al-Fazari (d. 796 AD) became the first Muslim astronomer to compile Zij, with his calculations converted into the Hijri Calendar. After Al-Fazari (d. 796 AD) collected this Zij, other Zijs were born, which became the forerunners for the composition of the epimeris and other counts. Around the beginning of the 11th century, Al-Biruni (973-1048 AD) spread da'wah to India and introduced the study of Islamic astronomy in India.

Bayt Al-Hikmah: Pusat Kebijaksanaan dan Warisan Ilmu Pengetahuan Islam dalam Peradaban Abad Pertengahan

This article explores the role of Bayt Al-Hikmah as a monumental intellectual center during the Abbasid Dynasty. Built during the time of Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur, this center developed into a famous library during the reign of Harun al-Rashid and Al-Ma'mun. It functions not only as a library, but also as an educational institution, astronomical observatory, and translation center, housing a collection of more than 60,000 books from various languages and regions. Important factors influencing the development of Bayt Al-Hikmah included the caliph's love of science, extensive translation activities, use of paper, the presence of scientists from various regions, material support, and enthusiasm for studying Islamic teachings. Despite achieving glory, the summary of the Abbasid dynasty started from internal political conflict to the Mongol attack which resulted in the fall of the city of Baghdad and the destruction of Bayt Al-Hikmah. Even though this intellectual center collapsed, the scientific legacy it produced remains a testament to the glory of science at that time, even though it experienced a tragic end.

Al-Khawarizmi Serta Kontribusinya Untuk Perkembangan Sains Modern

The current development of science is the result of the knowledge development carried out by previous scientists, including Al-Khwarizmi. One of the Muslim scientists who lived during the Abbasid era. He is a leading Muslim scientist who made many contributions to human civilization. As a great figure of his time, Al-Khwarizmi produced many monumental works. This article discusses Al-Khwarizmi's biography and his contribution to the development of science in the modern era. To obtain this information, researchers conducted a literature review related to the topic. The results of the literature review show that Al-Khwarizmi made many contributions and thoughts in the fields of mathematics and astronomy which are very helpful for the benefit and development of science in the modern era.

Agriculture in al-Yamāma during the Abbasid Period*

Abstract Agriculture is a sine qua non for human societies as it provides the food that people need to live. This article will examine the state of agriculture in the region of al-Yamāma in central Arabia during the Abbasid period. It begins with a consideration of the factors affecting agriculture, including some that are uniquely important in the central Arabian context. Attention then turns to a discussion of land holdings and land grants, methods of irrigation, the different types of agriculture, and the crops cultivated. Dates are seen to be the most important agricultural commodity, followed closely by grains. Much less information is available regarding fruits and vegetables. The article relies solely on primary Arabic sources.

The Religious Situation of Non- Muslims in Tha Abbasid Caliphate During the Buayhi and Seljuki Periods

The Religious Situation of Non- Muslims in Tha Abbasid Caliphate During the Buayhi and Seljuki Periods

Taḥlīl Tārīkh Ansyiṭah al-Tarjamah fi Al-Ālam al-Islāmī

In this context, this discussion covers the history of translation in the Islamic world, which can be divided into various periods including the Ancient Greek-Roman period, the era of Martin Luther, ancient times, the early Middle Ages, the dawn of modern civilization, the Western cultural era, the early modern era, the industrial revolution era, the end of the second millennium, and the 21st century. This research is of a descriptive qualitative nature, using a historical analysis approach to understand and examine events, processes, or phenomena in a historical context. It aims to identify, analyze, and comprehend the changes and developments that have occurred in the field of translation over time in the Islamic world. The primary focus is on the Abbasid Dynasty, which ruled in Baghdad, and the significant role of translation in integrating foreign influences, such as Greek, Persian, and Indian, into Islamic intellectual culture. Translation of scientific, philosophical, and literary works from Greek, Persian, and Sanskrit into Arabic marked the initial step in the development of rich Arabic literature, including works by renowned figures like Aristotle and Plato. This period created a thriving center of Arabic literature and demonstrated the crucial role of translation in bringing forth a variety of intellectual insights.

The Samarra Mutiny of 256/869

ABSTRACT In 256 AH/869 CE, the rank-and-file of the Turkic-Central Asian military in Samarra, the Abbasid imperial centre, rose against their commanders and the caliphal court. This is according to al-Ṭabarī's third/ ninth-century Taʾrīkh (History). The present article discusses two related elements of the mutiny: the rise to influence and authority of members of the Samarran military command, and the resentment of the rank-and-file troops. The main topic, however, is collective action on the part of the troops. The issue is social (re)formation and solidarity on the part of enslaved and freed persons brought together by the circumstances of enslavement in a particular time and place, in this case third/ninth-century Abbasid Iraq. In treating the rebellion, the article draws briefly, in a comparative manner, on the work of scholars of imperial Rome, early medieval Europe, and the antebellum U.S. South. Drawing on what al-Ṭabarī tells us of the mutiny, the article also considers the history of enslavement and unfreedom in early Islamic-era society more broadly. The mutiny serves in this sense as a case study in the history of slavery in early Islamic society.

The role of scientific debates in eliminating sectarian fanaticism and intellectual extremism (The Abbasid era is a model)

The role of scientific debates in eliminating sectarian fanaticism and intellectual extremism (The Abbasid era is a model)

The economic factor and its effect of the authority system

The appearance of the economic factor on the authority and citizens after the increase of civilization and welfare of economic situation of the domesticated tribal which started to establish system of authority and build castles, walls and cities for protecting itself from the outside attacks and assaults. This research entitled “the economic factor and its effect of the authority system”, the Kurdish emirates during the Abbasid era as an example. Which is analyzed per Ebn Khaldon theory. The research consists of two sections, in the first section we spoke about three points, which are, first the appearance the rank of Amir between the tribal leaders as the earliest stages of authority. Second the establishment of the rank of Minister to improve the administration and citizen life situation and other administration related work like collecting taxes. Third the establishment of the Judge rank which was one of the socialized positions to retrieve people rights and prohibit people to assault each other’s rights, and to do religious and social affairs. In the second section, we spoke about the place of Amir ruling, including the castles which was a symbol to improved political and economic situation. Also, the cities which was an important stage for the movement of Kurds from Urban to cities, and the appearance of the desire construction and prosperity specially by the Amirs and also building royal mansions.

Evidence of the influence of the Iliad on Arabic literature

This paper explores the influence of the Iliad text which composed during VIII century B.C on Arabic Literature by focusing on four main points, first: how the Arab poets knew the text of the Iliad and how they tried to borrow lines from it, especially during Abbasid era, secondly: what is the relationship between Iliad and the Arab folk biography, and also the relationship between Oral narration and improvisation on both literatures. Thirdly: the influence of the Iliad on the Concept of Arabic tournament appeared in Antara's character who mixed between love and courage in his poems. Finally: the influence of the Iliad on modern Arabic literature, by discussing the different evidence that modern poets took from the Iliad once by using opening dictions, expressions, myths, characters and so on.