5G Signals Research Articles

A Vehicle–Ground Integration Information Network Scheme Based on Small Base Stations

The transmission bandwidth of a vehicle–ground connection is low when an EMU (electric multiple unit) is running in a high-speed scenario. To this end, this paper focuses on the need to solve the problem of the poor bandwidth of the vehicle–ground integration information network, and proposes a vehicle–ground integration information network scheme for EMUs based on small base stations. Based on the existing wi-fi system of the EMU, in order to realize the coverage of the 5G signal in the carriage, this paper—through the deployment of the technical characteristics of 5G—sinks the customized UPF (user plane function) and MEC (mobile edge computing) to the train carriage, and expands the internet channels of the train carriage. Relying on the technologies of MEC and CDN (content delivery network) for high-speed railways, network extension service products can satisfy passengers’ needs around network rate and delay. On the one hand, this can relieve the pressure of the network backhaul and save the bandwidth resources of the vehicle–ground integration information network. On the other hand, it can help operators to reduce the investment of network construction, operation, and maintenance. As a result, the proposed scheme can inspire the products that match the extended service needs of the passenger, realize the technical and innovation value of the 5G mobile network, and achieve business model innovation in high-speed mobile scenarios.

Acquisition performance of B1I abounding with 5G signals

The widespread 5G base stations can be potential jammers for the vulnerable BeiDou B1I receivers due to its low power. Therefore, a novel analytical model is derived for the 5G signal to evaluate its impact on acquisition performance under three decision methods. The good agreement between the Monte Carlo method (MCM) through software defined receiver (SDR) and the derived expressions validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. It can be found that the receivers exhibit varied responses for different 5G waveforms and decision strategies. The receiver also shows the least endurances for some kind of 5G waveforms, however, this kind of adverse effect can be cancelled by a reduced interference signal ratio (ISR), an increased integration time or a larger accumulation times.

Evaluation of 5G Coexistence and Interference Signals in the C-Band Satellite Earth Station

Fixed Satellite Services (FSS) used to be alone at the C-Band spectrum in most countries. Since the deployment of 5G in many countries (i.e., 3.3–3.6 GHz), FSS is not the exclusive system in the C-Band anymore. In order to minimize the detrimental interference for the FSS to allowable levels, regional exclusion zones of maximum radiated power in 5G base stations (BS) are proposed and evaluated. In this paper, a measurement campaign has been carried out, and an analysis of the interference has been studied. A filtering model, namely Filter to Remove Broadband Interference 5G (FIREBRING), is proposed and analyzed concerning the carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N). Moreover, this paper focuses on the evaluation of the 5G interference into the FSS. The proposed solution deployed an Low-Noise Block (LNB) with a band frequency of 3.7 to 4.2 GHz to test the satellite down-conversion signal at the receiver. The paper offered a complete analysis of the 5G signal, taking into account the implications of out-of-band emissions, potentially LNB saturation into FSS receiver, and the repercussions of the deployment of the 5G BS active antenna systems. With the LNB and down-converter in place, it can be found that the signal interference between 1.450 GHz and 1.550 GHz, is nearly 18 dB.

Wavelength & mm-Wave Flexible Converged Optical Fronthaul With a Low Noise Si-Based Integrated Dual Laser Source

A widely tunable hybrid InP-Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> dual laser module (DLM) with low linewidth and relative intensity noise (RIN) is used to develop a wavelength and frequency flexible optical fronthaul system for high-capacity wireless networks. The wavelength flexible (over C-band) delivery of 5G signals over an analog radio-over-fiber (A-RoF) system, incorporating wireless transmission at 60 GHz is demonstrated. A phase noise (PN) and frequency offset (FO) cancelling receiver is used to overcome phase/frequency noise from the DLM due to thermal fluctuations, and this reduces the received (error vector magnitude) EVM to as low as 5%. Using the same DLM we demonstrate the mm-wave frequency flexible (over sub-V-band) delivery of 5G and WiGig signals over a simplified converged fronthaul link. The experimental results show excellent performance with bit error ratio (BER) values as low as 8.46×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> and 1.11×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> , and lowest EVMs of 2.4% and 6.1%, achieved for sub-V-band 5G and WiGig signals, respectively. In addition to highlighting the high flexibility of the DLM, this work also presents an approach to deploy this source in future optical-wireless access networks paving way for beyond 5G and 6G technologies.

4G Signal Propagation at Ground Level

The primary purpose of this article is to demonstrate experimentally and explain theoretically (based on physics-based literature and empirical-based industry-standard models) that, in the limit where the receiver height vanishes above an imperfectly conducting plane such as the surface of the Earth, the propagation characteristics of 4G (800 MHz) signals in a typical cellular wireless setup behave very simply as the two-ray-plane Earth model, with approximately 40 dB/decade of signal loss, for almost the entire cell, in contrast to the more common case of finite height receivers with more complex path loss scaling with distance from the transmitter to the receiver. The simple reason behind this is that the &#x201C;breakpoint&#x201D; distance, beyond which all models predict this power law, vanishes as the height of the receive antenna vanishes, leading to the unified theory of signal propagation for ground-level receivers in the microwave regime.

Optical CS-DSB Schemes for 5G mmW Fronthaul Seamless Transmission

This paper describes the experimental demonstration of the hybrid optical/millimeter wave signal generation and transmission over combined optical fiber and free space optics fronthaul network with a seamless antenna link. An electrical bandpass filter is used to filter out the spectrum after photodetection in order to realize the seamless antenna transmission. The successful transmission of 64/256-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) 5G signal with up to 200 MHz bandwidth is presented by using two different setups: one is based on two Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZM) and the other employs a directly modulated laser (DML) to provide more cost efficient fronthaul solution. The DML based approach reveals mildly better performance in comparison to the MZMs in terms of higher achieved signal-to-noise ratio and lower error vector magnitude (EVM). More specifically, the best signal-to-noise ratio and EVM achieved with the DML based setup has been 31.5 dB and 3. 3%, respectively, compared to 30.3 dB and 3.8% with the MZMs based setup while transmitting 256-QAM signal with 100 MHz bandwidth. However, both setups kept the EVM well below the given 9% and 4.5% limit for 64- and 256-QAM, respectively.

Employing a Wireless Sensing Network for AIoT Based on a 5G Approach

In this paper, wireless sensing networks are considered in the context of the 5G communication architecture in order to ensure the transmission efficiency of the sensed data transmitted by the system. The various types of environmental sensors are very diverse. Wireless sensing networks may include many different types of sensing devices or data related to images or pattern transmission, among others, and are often limited by the problem of insufficient network bandwidth. By using 5G communications for data transmission, the problem of limited network bandwidth can be solved. In addition to the use of 5G transmission, when the NB-IoT method is used within the 5G network environment, it is much more efficient than that under the original LTE network conditions. Therefore, using 5G to transmit data provides the advantages of high transmission efficiency and data integrity. In this paper, in addition to analyzing the development of 5G technology, the proposed approach uses MATLAB software to simulate the generation of 5G signals under various parameter settings representing a range of conditions. Finally, our approach discusses the use of a 5G communication module, including driver installation and data transmission testing. At present, the 5G network architecture is still under construction worldwide. According to the transmission speed test data obtained in this study, the transmission efficiency of 5G is better than that of precursor generations.

Research on an Urban Low-Altitude Target Detection Method Based on Image Classification

With the expansion of the civil UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) market, UAVs are also increasingly being used in illegal activities such as espionage and snooping on privacy. Therefore, how to effectively control the activities of UAVs in cities has become an urgent problem to be solved. Considering the urban background and the radar performance of communication signals, a low-altitude target detection scheme based on 5G base stations is proposed in this paper. A 5G signal is used as the external radiation source, the method of transceiver separation is adopted, and the forward-scattered waves are used to complete the detection of UAV. This paper mainly analyzes the principle of forward scattering detection in an urban environment, where the forward-scattered wave of a target is stronger than the backward-reflected wave and contains both height difference and midline height information on the target. Based on the above theory, this paper proposes a forward-scattered wave recognition algorithm based on YOLOv3-FCWImageNet, which transforms the forward-scattered wave recognition problem into a target detection problem and accomplishes the recognition of forward-scattered waves by using the excellent performance of algorithms in the field of image recognition. Simulation results show that FCWImageNet can distinguish two different low-altitude targets effectively, and realize the monitoring and classification of UAVs.

Passive beamformer based remote beamforming scheme for radio-over-fiber systems: Experimental demonstration using 28-GHz band reflectarray

This paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates a passive beamformer based remote beamforming scheme for millimeter-wave band radio-over-fiber systems. The proposed scheme can control the beam direction of remote radio units (RRUs) from the central station (CS); it yields extremely simple RRUs for flexible and cost-effective deployment. The proposed scheme sets a passive beamformer such as beamforming network, reflector, or lens in the RRU and different wavelengths are assigned to each input port of the passive beamformer. This configuration offers remote beam switching by just carrier wavelength switching at CS. Multi-beam operation can be also realized simply by using multiple wavelengths simultaneously. Experiments on a 28 GHz band reflectarray are conducted. The feasibility of remote beam switching by wavelength switching is confirmed. 5G signal transmission over 20 km of single-mode fiber and 6.3 m air link is successfully achieved with error vector magnitude values of 2.71–3.55%, which satisfies the 3GPP requirements of 8%.

Generation and Analysis of 5G Downlink Signal

The evolution of wireless communication technology has provided a viable important concept for the next-generation wireless mechanism. The Technology may provide a variety of services for different terminals, such as voice and multimedia data services through a mobile phone, as well as improved packet delivery across cellular networks. Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) is the most recent radio air interface designed for next-generation wireless communication networks to fulfill the increasing needs of connected devices. It is built to enable a variety of situations, including increased large machine-to-machine communications, mobile broadband, and ultra-reliable low-latency communications. The 5G NR signal is generated and analyzed using the various parameters in the waveform generator app in MATLAB. The downlink scenario is considered. The modulation used here for the generation of 5G signal is 16 QAM and 64 QAM modulation technique.

Design and Synchronization Procedures of a D&F Co-Operative 5G Network Based on SDR Hardware Interface: Performance Analysis.

Software defined radio (SDR) is a commonly used platform for its ease of operation and cost-effectiveness for the development and testing of real wireless communication systems. By supporting high transmission rates and enabling fast and cost-effective deployments, mainly in millimeter-wave (mmWave), the co-operative 5G network has been standardized by 3GPP Release 16. In this paper, a decode-and-forward (D&F) co-operative hardware network is proposed as one of the key technologies for future 5G/6G wireless networks. The proposed system consists of an emulated base station processing unit (gnodeB), a D&F protocol and the user equipment (UE). In particular, the design of the D&F relay node is based on an MIMO layer 2 relay technology. A testbed based on an SDR platform and Matlab software, in which the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) transmission, physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), and downlink shared channel (DL-SCH) for transport channel coding, according to the 3GPP standardized 5G downlink signal, has been designed. The key performance indicators (KPIs), namely EVM, BER, and throughput, were measured for 5G signals with 64-QAM and 256-QAM modulation schemes. The obtained results show that the D&F co-operative 5G network achieves substantially improved KPIs in the communication between the gnodeB and the UE in an outdoor-to-indoor scenario. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the D&F protocol presents a good performance and behavior being compared to one commercial equipment.

Radio Sensing Using 5G Signals: Concepts, State of the Art, and Challenges

Radio sensing has become increasingly important, as the demand for “smartness” is drastically increasing. Unlike conventional sensing, radio sensing uses existing radio signals or devices to passively sense the ambient environment for low cost and wide deployment. In this article, a comprehensive overview of radio sensing using the recent fifth-generation (5G) signals is provided. 5G systems have many merits, such as high frequency, large bandwidth, massive antenna array, and dense network, making them ideal for radio sensing. In the overview, basic theories and concepts of 5G radio sensing are first introduced. Then, different state-of-the-art 5G sensing works are discussed based on their applications. These applications show that 5G radio sensing represents a step change in radio sensing. After that, several open challenges in 5G radio sensing are illustrated with relevant insights. These insights manifest that 5G radio sensing has great potentials to explore.

Label-Free Study of the Global Cell Behavior during Exposure to Environmental Radiofrequency Fields in the Presence or Absence of Pro-Apoptotic or Pro-Autophagic Treatments.

It remains controversial whether exposure to environmental radiofrequency signals (RF) impacts cell status or response to cellular stress such as apoptosis or autophagy. We used two label-free techniques, cellular impedancemetry and Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM), to assess the overall cellular response during RF exposure alone, or during co-exposure to RF and chemical treatments known to induce either apoptosis or autophagy. Two human cell lines (SH-SY5Y and HCT116) and two cultures of primary rat cortex cells (astrocytes and co-culture of neurons and glial cells) were exposed to RF using an 1800 MHz carrier wave modulated with various environmental signals (GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications, 2G signal), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, 3G signal), LTE (Long-Term Evolution, 4G signal, and Wi-Fi) or unmodulated RF (continuous wave, CW). The specific absorption rates (S.A.R.) used were 1.5 and 6 W/kg during DHM experiments and ranged from 5 to 24 W/kg during the recording of cellular impedance. Cells were continuously exposed for three to five consecutive days while the temporal phenotypic signature of cells behavior was recorded at constant temperature. Statistical analysis of the results does not indicate that RF-EMF exposure impacted the global behavior of healthy, apoptotic, or autophagic cells, even at S.A.R. levels higher than the guidelines, provided that the temperature was kept constant.

Pre-filtered and post-filtered 1-bit delta sigma modulator for fronthaul downlinks

The fifth generation (5G) mobile fronthaul transmission system is being investigated, and one potential solution is to use 1-bit bandpass delta–sigma modulation, thus a bandpass filter (BPF) can be used to convert a digital 1-bit signal back to original analog RF signal at remote radio units. It is inevitable that this bandpass filter can induce phase and amplitude distortion to the signal, which may severely distort the signal integrity. In this work, two novel delta sigma modulators (DSM), called pre-filtered and post-filtered DSM, are proposed to compensate for the above both phase and amplitude distortion. The two designs are verified by using both simulation and experimentation with radio-over-fiber (RoF) links up to 20 km. The 5G signal used in the simulation and experimentation is a 200 MHz 64-QAM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing signal centered at 2.5 GHz. An error vector magnitude is improved by up to ∼19 dB using the above two DSMs.

Kalman Filter-Based Integrity Monitoring for GNSS and 5G Signals of Opportunity Integrated Navigation

A Kalman filter-based receiver autonomous integrity monitoring algorithm (RAIM) is proposed to exploit sequential measurements from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and cellular 5G signals of opportunity (SOPs), to ensure safe vehicular navigation in urban environments. To deal with frequent threats caused by multipath and non-line-of-sight conditions, an innovation-based outlier rejection method is introduced. Next, a fault detection technique based on solution separation test is developed, and the quantification of protection levels is derived. Experimental results of a ground vehicle traveling in an urban environment, while making pseudorange measurements to GPS satellites and cellular 5G towers, are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Incorporating 5G signals from only 2 towers is shown to reduce the horizontal protection level (HPL) by 0.22 m compared to using only GPS. Moreover, the proposed method is shown to reduce the HPL and vertical protection level (VPL) by 84.42% and 69.63%, respectively, over the snapshot advanced RAIM (ARAIM).

Ambient Backscatter Communications in Mobile Networks: Crowd-Detectable Zero-Energy-Devices

In this paper, we introduce the new concept of Crowd-Detectable Zero-Energy-Devices. Such devices harvest solar or ambient light energy to power themselves, backscatter ambient waves to communicate, and are detected simultaneously by a smartphone connected to the network, and by the network itself, as long as the device is close to the considered smartphone. Such a device is a promising sustainable solution for the future of the Internet of Things. We describe an example of use case: asset tracking with zero added energy, zero new signals and zero new infrastructure in the network, thanks to the anonymous and transparent participation of smartphones connected to the wireless network. We then present our first prototypes of such devices that backscatter TV, 4G and 5G signals, and show our first experiments in challenging conditions and environments.

Cognitive Opportunistic Navigation in Private Networks With 5G Signals and Beyond

A receiver architecture is proposed to cognitively extract navigation observables from fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) signals of opportunity. Unlike conventional opportunistic receivers which require knowledge of the signal structure, particularly the reference signals (RSs), the proposed cognitive opportunistic navigation (CON) receiver requires knowledge of only the frame duration and carrier frequency of the signal. In 5G NR, some of these RSs are only transmitted on demand, which limits the existing opportunistic navigation frameworks to signals which are on <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">always-on</i> ; hence, limiting the exploitable RS bandwidth. To exploit the full available bandwidth and improve ranging accuracy, the proposed CON receiver is designed to estimate all the RSs contained in the transmitted signals corresponding to multiple 5G base stations, (i.e., gNBs). Navigation observables (pseudorange and carrier phase) are subsequently derived from the estimated RSs. The proposed receiver operates in two stages: (i) acquisition and (ii) tracking. The acquisition stage of the CON receiver is modeled as a sequential detection problem where the number of gNBs and their corresponding RSs and Doppler frequencies are unknown. The generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) test for sequentially detecting active gNBs is derived and used to estimate the number of gNBs and their RSs. In order for the receiver to refine and maintain the Doppler and RS estimates provided by the acquisition stage, tracking loops are designed. A sufficient condition on the Doppler estimation error to ensure that the proposed GLR asymptotically achieves a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) is derived. The output of the tracking loops, namely carrier phase and code phase, are then used to estimate the receiver’s position. Extensive experimental results are presented demonstrating the capabilities of the proposed CON receiver with real 5G signals on ground and aerial platforms, with an experiment showing the first navigation results with real 5G signals on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigating using the CON receiver over a 416 m trajectory with a position root mean-squared error (RMSE) of 4.35 m.

Acquisition performance of B1I abounding with 5G signals

The widespread 5G base stations can be potential jammers for the vulnerable BeiDou B1I receivers due to its low power. Therefore, a novel analytical model is derived for the 5G signal to evaluate its impact on acquisition performance under three decision methods. The good agreement between the Monte Carlo method (MCM) through software defined receiver (SDR) and the derived expressions validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. It can be found that the receivers exhibit varied responses for different 5G waveforms and decision strategies. The receiver also shows the least endurances for some kind of 5G waveforms, however, this kind of adverse effect can be cancelled by a reduced interference signal ratio (ISR), an increased integration time or a larger accumulation times.

Расчет ослабления сигнала сетей сотовой связи 5G для частот диапазона FR1

The paper presents a model for the propagation of a radio signal of a fifth-generation cellular communication system, taking into account the unevenness of the terrain. The aim of the study is to assess the signal power level on the receiving side of the fourth and fifth generation cellular communication system when the signal propagates over uneven terrain in the frequency bands FR1 (2.6 GHz), FR1 (4.9 GHz). When estimating the power of the radio signal on the receiving side in the model, the values of the height map of the of Tomsk city, obtained in the course of the SRTM3 program, were used as uneven terrain. The presented radio signal propagation model is the Longley Rice ITM (Irregular Terrain Model). For this model, the main expressions are given that determine the resulting signal attenuation, as well as expressions that describe the geometry of the propagation path. The article reflects the main factors that determine the propagation of centimeter waves characteristic of the fifth generation cellular communication system, presents the results of modeling the propagation of the fifth 5G and fourth 4G generation cellular signal using the example of various scenarios for the location of a subscriber terminal and a base station in the Tomsk city. The simulation was carried out for two frequency bands FR1 (4.9 GHz) of the 5G network and FR1 (2.6 GHz) of the 4G network. As a result of the simulation, the values of the attenuation of the signal power level during propagation along the given paths were obtained, and also, taking into account the parameters of the transceiver equipment, the values of the signal power on the receiving side were calculated. Based on the data obtained, a comparative assessment of the communication range for 4G and 5G systems was made.

Campus Quality of Services Analysis of Mobile Wireless Communications Network Signal among Providers in Malaysia

Wireless communication is very important in this generation where todays 5G internet connection is still unconfirmed and 4G communication is still needed. Network in Malaysia has been supported by many telecommunication companies and the Quality of Services is still poor supported especially in the campus area. This research presents a performance analysis of Quality of Services for 4G wireless Communication among Providers supported in a campus area in Malaysia. A 4G Nemo Outdoor wireless analyzer was used to collect the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) signal data based on the identified campus road maps. Digi and U-Mobile Network was identified and compared as two telecommunications providers in the testing. The identified road maps were analyzed along the routes while testing signals are collected while driving. It is identified that Digi supports better for the Mobile broadband network which shows an excellent of 1% and good connections of 29 % and 0% signal loss in the drive areas. RSRP signal for U-Mobile shows there is 8% signal loss and the connections provided only at the Mid-Cell for 43% and Cell Edge connections for 48%. This concludes that the 4G signal strength in the campus area having average signal strength, but some medium signal strength is also identified based on the road locations. This research is significant for QoS of supports mobile network in a campus area.