5G Mobile Devices Research Articles

Empowering 5G Mobile Devices With Network Softwarization

The fifth generation of mobile wireless networks (5G) will provide an infrastructure with abundant and reliable connectivity for innovative and complicated applications. In 5G, 5G mobile devices, which will have improved computing resources for such applications, play an essential role. However, the network stack of 5G devices may continue to be borrowed from 4G legacy operating systems, thereby degrading user experience. In this paper, we posit that 5G users should have flexibility in utilizing networks and gain more awareness of network selection. To this end, we exploit network softwarization technologies to empower 5G devices. We then devise 5GSoft, a novel softwarized networking stack on each 5G mobile device. 5GSoft includes wireless virtualization to relax the dependence on hardware, thereby enabling sharing and multiple access. The 5GSoft device can concurrently exploit surrounding wireless networks using software-defined networking. Finally, the 5GSoft device is aware of network selection for each application process by applying network namespace. Qualitative evaluation of 5GSoft, in comparison to other approaches, highlights its effectiveness in terms of awareness and flexibility provision. Moreover, real experiments show that the virtualization in 5GSoft has negligible overhead.

A Dual-Band and Low-Cost Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Mobile Communications

This paper investigates the numerical and experimental analysis of a low-cost and dual-band microstrip patch antenna for the fifth generation (5G) mobile communications. The numerical analysis of the proposed antenna is performed using the computational electromagnetic simulator (CEMS) software which is based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and CST software which is based on the finite integration technique (FIT). The performance of the proposed antenna designed and fabricated on a low-cost FR-4 substrate is verified with the simulated and measured results. The antenna operates at dual frequency bands which are 24 and 28 GHz. The antenna maximum gain values are 3.20 dBi and 3.99 dBi in the x-y plane at 24 and 28 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna provides almost omni-directional patterns suitable for 5G mobile communication devices.

Predicting Power Density of Array Antenna in mmWave Applications With Deep Learning

In this paper, we present a method for obtaining the power density value, which is the standard for radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) human exposure from mmWave mobile devices, using a deep learning network. An mmWave mobile communication device that uses an array antenna requires a large number of phase conditions for covering a wide communication range. However, the power density values must be repeatedly obtained every time the phase conditions are changed, which incurs a lot of time and cost. For implementing the process seamlessly, we present a deep learning network that can input the phase conditions of the mmWave array antenna and simultaneously obtain the power density results for the phase conditions of the array antenna as an output. For a $4\times 1$ array patch antenna, which is commonly used in 5G mobile communication devices, the phases of the antenna were changed, and 5,832 electric and magnetic field data were acquired, which were then converted to power density values and learned thereafter. We examined whether appropriate power density values were output when inputting arbitrary phase sets of array antennas for the learned deep learning network. With the learned deep learning network, it was confirmed that when inputting unlearned phases for a $4\times 1$ array antenna, the power density values similar to the actual simulation were quickly obtained as output.

Next-Generation Self-Assembled Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive Developed Using Solder Powder for Electrical Micro-Bonding in the Emerging IT Industry

The importance of the IT industry is becoming more and more prominent as it gradually changes to a non-face-to-face society after the COVID-19, and the next-generation smart devices of 5G mobile communication, micro LEDs, and wearable devices are emerging as the leading of the IT industry. Along with the development of these devices, limitations and problems of the Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive Film (ACF) used as a connection material for Film on Film (FOF), Chip on Glass (COG), Chip on Film (COF), and Film on Glass (FOG) are emerging. [1-5]

A Compact Substrate Integrated Waveguide Notched-Septum Polarizer for 5G Mobile Devices

In this letter, a compact substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) notched-septum polarizer is designed, manufactured, and tested. Metalized slots are used instead of vias in proximity to the notches to improve polarization purity. An impedance matching bandwidth of 7.9% at 29 GHz and transmission coefficient of better than $-$ 1.6 dB are demonstrated. The axial ratio is less than 3 dB over a bandwidth of 4.5% at 29 GHz (sufficient for 5G). An implementation of the polarizer in an array antenna was measured to validate its reliability in antenna applications. Given its performance and small form-factor (length of $\lambda _o$ /7 at 29 GHz), the proposed polarizer may be a good option for SIW circularly polarized endfire antennas in 5G mobile devices.

Adaptive 5G Architecture for an mmWave Antenna Front-End Package Consisting of Tunable Matching Network and Surface-Mount Technology

Adaptive 5G architecture consisting of three functional sections (four antenna components, tunable matching network (TMN), and radio frequency (RF) front-end package) is proposed, analyzed, and verified. In the 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum, the RF performance is highly dependent on the specific antenna package technology. However, compact antenna packages, oftentimes, result in undesired interference between the antenna elements. This eventually leads to severe RF performance degradation. For the first time in the literature, an mmWave 5G RFIC and the TMN are integrated for efficient operation that is applicable to real-life 5G mobile devices. Moreover, the proposed antenna-in-package (AiP) architecture enables independent frequency control at multiple frequencies. The proposed solution is simulated and measured at the system level. As a result, the devised AiP solution exhibits a simulated effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 22.05–23.96 dBm at the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of 50% by applying the conducted power of 17 dBm (per channel), and the peak gain of the antenna exhibits 13.7 dBi at 27 GHz (state A) and 12.6 dBi at 28 GHz (state B) with an amplifier having an output power of 5 dBm.

Prospects for the Development of Global Satellite Communication Constellations in the Context of New Services in the Telecommunications Market

A technique for assessing the market of advanced global telecommunication networks, including the space segment, as global coverage communication megaconstellations is considered. According to our results, the worldwide traffic consumption by 5G mobile devices by 2022 will be almost 8.5 EB/month. The possible cost of deploying a megaconstellation of communications to provide broadband Internet access at any place in the world can range from $5 to $50 billion, depending on service requirements. We have shown that modern and prospective space communications constellations can be integrated into a new-generation global telecommunication infrastructure. Deployment of a constellation of 600 or more devices with a cost of almost $10 billion can provide traffic transit from base stations in remote areas delivering the population with broadband Internet through 5G networks.

An Efficient Implementation and Analysis of Tail-Biting Convolution Coding Algorithm for OFDM Based System in Terms of Speed, Memory and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Using DSP

Fourth Generation (4G) mobile communication system uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). With this technique, high data rate demands are achieved. Tail biting Convolution Coding (TBCC) avoids the data rate loss, hence it is widely used error control coding algorithm in OFDM and other various wireless communication technologies. But, OFDM has increased Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). High PAPR signal consumes more power and makes system power inefficient. To gain supercomputing performance in terms of Speed, Memory and Power on mobile devices, an efficient implementation of algorithms on Digital Signal Processing (DSP) processor is an essential requirement. This requirement becomes more stringent for Fifth Generation (5G) mobile devices. For this, wide scope of knowledge as well as skills are required to understand the algorithm, DSP architecture, instruction set, optimization and performance measurement. In this article, we have implemented TBCC algorithm using Bit by Bit (BYB) and Look Up Table (LUT) approaches on Freescale StarCore SC140 based DSP platform and proposed an efficient algorithm implementation methodology by comparing the machine cycles and memory requirement. We have used coding rate (R) = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 and constraint length (K) = 5 and K = 9 for implementation of TBCC. Using our proposed LUT approach, we have achieved average 45.82% Computational Complexity Reduction Ratio (CCRR) in machine cycles compared to BYB approach. Proposed LUT approach increases the TBCC execution speed. Our developed fixed point routines can be used for any K ≤ 9. TBCC is also analyzed for PAPR to get an overall profiling results and three dimensional optimization of TBCC algorithm in terms of Speed, Memory and Power.

Wake-Up Scheduling for Energy-Efficient Mobile Devices

Recently, discontinuous reception mechanisms (DRX) and wake-up schemes (WuS) have been proposed to enhance the energy efficiency of 5G mobile devices and prolong the battery lifetime. The existing DRX and WuS use commonly pre-configured parameters that cannot be adjusted dynamically. In this paper, a novel wake-up scheduling (WuSched) concept is introduced to further improve the energy efficiency of WuS-enabled mobile devices while controlling the buffering delay in a dynamic manner. The main idea of WuSched is to use a fixed configuration of the wake-up scheme and adjust the scheduling of the wake-up signals dynamically based on actual traffic arrivals. For this purpose, two different optimization approaches of the wake-up scheduling concept are proposed, analyzed, and compared, namely offline and online wake-up schedulers (WuSched-Offline and WuSched-Online). First, the WuSched-Offline is analyzed analytically for Poisson traffic arrivals and optimized (offline) to balance the average delay and power consumption. Second, the WuSched-Online is proposed to take online decisions based on traffic prediction, which is able to deal with general and more complex traffic models. Towards this end, we develop a framework for the prediction of packet arrivals based on recurrent neural networks. Numerical results show that both wake-up schedulers outperform the ordinary WuS-based system where wake-up scheduler is not deployed. In particular, for predefined delay requirements of video streaming, audio streaming, and mixed traffic flow, the WuSched-Online reduces the power consumption of the baseline WuS by up to 36%, 28% and 9%, respectively. Results also show that the WuSched-Offline has slightly better energy efficiency than the WuSched-Online in the case of Poisson packet arrivals, as it is optimized for that, while its power consumption is slightly higher than that of the WuSched-Online scheduler for realistic traffic scenarios.

Frequency-Adjustable Planar Folded Slot Antenna Using Fully Integrated Multithrow Function for 5G Mobile Devices at Millimeter-Wave Spectrum

This article describes a low-profile frequency-adjustable planar folded slot antenna (PFSA) system that is applicable to real-life smartphone platforms at the millimeter-wave (mmWave) 5G spectrum. Critical challenges that are attributed from the frequency discrepancy between sub-6 GHz and mmWave 5G are discussed. The multithrow topology is used to minimize the distortion of the far-field radiation pattern due to the beam squint while adjusting the resonant frequency between 27.95 and 28.65 GHz. The presented methodology entails using a multithrow switch chip directly on the transmission line, which enables a bistate function. The proposed methodology is exemplified into a 28 GHz $1 \times 4$ subarray. Measured and simulated results confirm that the frequency-adjustable PFSA features a 2.6-time enhanced impedance bandwidth and an average peak gain of 6.3 dBi while maintaining identical antenna volume in comparison to the previously reported PFSA.

Wake-Up Radio Based Access in 5G Under Delay Constraints: Modeling and Optimization

Recently, the concept of wake-up radio based access has been considered as an effective power saving mechanism for 5G mobile devices. In this article, the average power consumption of a wake-up radio enabled mobile device is analyzed and modeled by using a semi-Markov process. Building on this, a delay-constrained optimization problem is then formulated, to maximize the device energy-efficiency under given latency requirements, allowing the optimal parameters of the wake-up scheme to be obtained in closed form. The provided numerical results show that, for a given delay requirement, the proposed solution is able to reduce the power consumption by up to 40% compared with an optimized discontinuous reception (DRX) based reference scheme.

Wake-Up Radio Based Access in 5G Under Delay Constraints: Modeling and Optimization

Recently, the concept of wake-up radio based access has been considered as an effective power saving mechanism for 5G mobile devices. In this article, the average power consumption of a wake-up radio enabled mobile device is analyzed and modeled by using a semi-Markov process. Building on this, a delay-constrained optimization problem is then formulated, to maximize the device energy-efficiency under given latency requirements, allowing the optimal parameters of the wake-up scheme to be obtained in closed form. The provided numerical results show that, for a given delay requirement, the proposed solution is able to reduce the power consumption by up to 40% compared with an optimized discontinuous reception (DRX) based reference scheme.

Design and Performance Comparison of Rotated Y-Shaped Antenna Using Different Metamaterial Surfaces for 5G Mobile Devices

In this paper, a rotated Y-shaped antenna is designed and compared in terms of performance using a conventional and EBG ground planes for future Fifth Generation (5G) cellular communication system. The rotated Y-shaped antenn... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

Application of New Hybrid Jaya Grey Wolf Optimizer to Antenna Design for 5G Communications Systems

The new expected fifth generation (5G) communication systems will serve users with data rates of several Gbps and will allow running new applications in mobile devices. In order to do so, several design challenges have to be met. One of these is the antenna design and fabrication for the 5G mobile devices, especially in the millimeter wave frequencies. In this paper, we address the above issue by designing two different antennas for 3.7 and 26 GHz. We apply a design procedure based on a new proposed evolutionary algorithm, the Grey Wolf Optimizer-Jaya (GWO-Jaya), which combines features from both GWO and Jaya. We evaluate the new algorithm on a set of widely exploited benchmark functions. We design both antennas using the new proposed algorithm. Moreover, we evaluate their performance characteristics through fabrication and measurements. Both antennas are circularly polarized at an acceptable bandwidth and also exhibit wide-band behavior. In both cases, simulation and measurement results are in good agreement.

Mm‐wave power control

mm‐wave power control

Investigation of Wideband Substrate-Integrated Vertically-Polarized Electric Dipole Antenna and Arrays for mm-Wave 5G Mobile Devices

In this work, a mm-Wave vertically-polarized electric dipole array solution for 5G wireless devices is presented. The dipole is fabricated using vias in a standard PCB process to fit at the phone or tablet edges featuring wideband operation with broad half-power beamwidth in the elevation plane (HPBWELEV), high gain and high front-to-back radiation ratio (F/B). For enhanced gain, parasitic-vias are added in front of the dipole as directors. To improve HPBW without sacrificing gain, the directors are implemented as V-shaped bisection parasitic-vias. A via-fence surrounds the dipole structure to suppress back radiation and enhance F/B. The dipole is connected to a parallel-strip line (PS) which is interfaced to the main SIW feed through a novel SIW-to-PS transition. Thorough investigation, optimization, and parametric study are provided for each design parameter of the proposed structure. A single dipole, $2\times 1$ , and $4\times 1$ arrays were designed and fabricated showing close agreement between the simulated and measured results. The single-dipole operates over 7.23-GHz bandwidth with stable radiation performance. The $4\times 1$ array achieves HPBWELEV of 133.1°, F/B of 36.6-dB, cross-polarization less than −39.6-dB and 12.61-dBi gain with 95.8% radiation efficiency. The low cost, compactness, and good performance of the proposed dipole make it a competing candidate for the future 5G mobile devices transceivers.

A Novel 28 GHz Beam Steering Array for 5G Mobile Device With Metallic Casing Application

The design of a novel practical 28 GHz beam steering phased array antenna for future fifth generation mobile device applications is presented in this communication. The proposed array antenna has 16 cavity-backed slot antenna elements that are implemented via the metallic back casing of the mobile device, in which two eight-element phased arrays are built on the left- and right-side edges of the mobile device. Each eight-element phased array can yield beam steering at broadside and gain of >15 dBi can be achieved at boresight. The measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth of the proposed cavity-backed slot antenna element was approximately 27.5–30 GHz. In addition, the impacts of user’s hand effects are also investigated.

Location-Aware Mobile Intrusion Detection with Enhanced Privacy in a 5G Context

The paper proposes a location-aware mobile Intrusion Prevention System (mIPS) architecture with enhanced privacy that is integrated in Managed Security Service (MSS). The solution is envisaged in a future fifth generation telecommunications (5G) context with increased but varying bandwidth, a virtualised execution environment and infrastructure that allows threads, processes, virtual machines and storage to be migrated to cloud computing services on demand, to dynamically scale performance and save power. 5G mobile devices will be attractive targets for malicious software, and this threat will in some cases change with location. Mobile devices will store more sensitive information and will also be used to a larger extent for sensitive transactions than they typically do today. In addition, a distributed execution environment in itself gives raise to some new security challenges. In order to handle these security challenges, we have proposed the location-aware mIPS architecture, which benefits from a distributed execution environment where processor intensive services can be outsourced to Cloud hosting providers. The mIPS supports querying location threat profiles in a privacy-preserving way, and ensures that mIPS alerts sent to the the first-line MSS are anonymised. We finally perform an analysis of potential strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approach.