5G IoT Research Articles

Compact Multiport MIMO Antenna System for 5G IoT and Cellular Handheld Applications

A low-profile, compact, four-element, eight-port multiple-input--multiple-output and diversity antenna for 5G Internet of Things and cellular handheld applications is presented in this letter. This antenna structure contains four antenna elements, which are same in its configuration. The antenna ground dimensions are taken similar to a modern mobile handset, i.e., 60 mm × 120 mm. The four antenna elements are situated at four corners of antenna ground structure. Each antenna element has two feeding ports, thus making a total of eight-port antenna. A single antenna element has two feeding plates, which are placed perpendicular to one another so that they become cross polarized, thus exploiting polarization diversity, whereas spatial diversity also exists between different antenna elements. For reducing mutual coupling between different antenna ports, slots are cut in ground plane, including a small strip etched along the entire length of ground plane and rectangular slots cut in ground plane under every antenna element. The minimum bandwidth attained by all eight ports for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> < –10 dB is more than 1.4 GHz from 2.4 GHz to more than 3.8 GHz, which testify that it covers majority of frequency bands allocated for 5G sub-6 GHz spectrum. The isolation obtained between different ports has a minimum value of –13 dB, and the maximum value goes below –30 dB. For the covered frequency bands by this antenna structure, the correlation coefficient is found to be below 0.03, whereas the measured peak gain is in the range of 3.2--5 dB.

Lagrange's multiplier based resource management for energy efficient D2D communication in 5G networks

Device to device communication is the predominantly renowned trait for the 5G network and IoT applications. In the work, proposed novel joint low power/energy efficient resource allocation with mode selection for the D2D communication underlay in-band with transmit power, interference, data rate constraints are investigated with formulation of a novel problem which integrates the three major modules (resource management, mode selection, and power management) of D2D communication into one. To achieve the low power/energy efficient resource allocation with mode selection, we formulate novel optimization problem with objective of maximizing the energy efficiency using the subtractive form method to solve fractional objective function and form an iterative algorithm. The formulated fractional optimization problem is transformed into min–max problem and solved by the Lagrange dual function with low transmit power, interference, data rate constraints as a lagrange multipliers via an iterative process to achieve the optimal low power. Numerical analysis exemplifies and validates the optimal low power and the energy efficient characteristics of the novel proposed algorithm with all constraints to ensure the quality of the communication for the D2D communication, 5G, and IoT applications with the industrial need of low power/energy efficient devices to promote the conservation of energy and green communication.

Intelligent Government Control System Construction Based on 5G IoT

This paper presents an in‐depth analysis of the construction of an intelligent government control system in the context of 5G IoT. The research has conducted performance tests and network tests on the samples of the components which debugged the problems that occurred during the tests and analyzed and improved the system. The system designed in this study is not only easy to maintain but also very reliable and safe, with a high level of accuracy, and can be used for remote “five remote” and management of switchgear and other related power equipment. Based on this model, a dual middleware PaaS service selection algorithm is proposed, and a utility evaluation strategy is used to load balance the PaaS service. The test results show that the DMPS algorithm has a high selection accuracy and load balancing capability. Combined with the experience of local government investment and financing platform financing risk management and control practices, the financing risk control system established through the study is made more feasible. From the development history of local government investment and financing platforms, we study local government investment and financing platforms from the perspective of historical development and explore the root causes of their high financing risks and possible defects in the management process of daily work. Concerning the existing laws and regulations, practical operation norms, the framework of the local government investment and financing platform system, and other objective conditions, we start to build a financing risk control system for local government investment and financing platforms from both practical and operational management aspects, to find a financing risk control system that is in line with the regulations and effective. Finally, the system will be put into practice, and the effectiveness of the system will be tested by using the simulation operation method, and the results will be adjusted in time for the shortcomings of the system. The system is expected to help local government investment and financing platforms to reduce their risks so that they can provide better services for urban infrastructure construction and become a solid link in the economic development chain.

A comprehensive survey on 5G enabled edge assisted Intelligent Internet of Things framework: issues and challenges

Wireless communication has grown to be one of the most demanded technologies of today and is important in digitalization and ultimately will contribute to the building of a smart society. With the rapid growth of the mobile internet, Fifth Generation (5G) wireless networks are expected to provide 1000 times the data throughput of what we experience today. With the advancement in IoT technology, more devices are being connected to each other and this massive connectivity needs to be supported by 5G. This paper provides an in-depth overview on 5G 1-IoT, then related components are introduced, the interaction among them, the techniques used, namely big-data mining, deep-learning and reinforcement learning. Then the role of Augmented Reality and 5G edge computing in loT is discussed. The focus shifts to the widespread applications of IoT in our daily-lives ranging from full-fledged smart homes to industrial machines and smart cars. Finally the paper concludes with the advantages and limitations related to 5G IoT such as security, trust management and privacy.

3D Rapid-Prototyped 21-31-GHz Hollow SIWs for Low-Cost 5G IoT and Robotic Applications

This article presents, for the first time, new design and fabrication techniques for Hollow Substrate Integrated Waveguides (HSIWs), demonstrated in the nominal frequency from 21 to 31 GHz, for use in wireless communication applications such as 5G, IoT and robotics. The design and fabrication techniques introduced in this paper feature: 1) the use of low-cost rapid prototyping additive manufacturing based on polymer jetting (PJ), and 2) the use of commercially available through-substrate copper via transitions. In contrast to the conventional SIW designs and fabrications, this new approach does not rely on through-substrate via fabrication, hence avoiding some difficult manufacturing steps, such as through-substrate etching, via formation and via metallization, which are considered complex and expensive to implement. The 3D printed HSIWs in this article can achieve a propagation loss of lower than 1.56 Np/m (13.55 dB/m), which is considered one of the results with the lowest propagation loss achieved to date, when compared to the state-of-the-art.

RETRACTED: Industrial structure technology upgrade based on 5G network service and IoT intelligent manufacturing

Abstract A network-based physical manufacturing system, manufacturing intelligence trends, and is widely recognized worldwide. Throughout the development trend of CPMS, the critical question is the Internet industry automation, intelligent connection, real-time monitoring, coordination, and control of one of the characteristics. Also, a large amount of data in the manufacturing process and the permeate producing advanced technology applications. However, the third generation mobile networks (3G) CPMS is required due to the high data rate, high reliability, high coverage, and low latency, which hinders the development by the 4G communication technology and the other embodiments of CPMS. In the future, as advanced radio transmission techniques, 5G has a great potential to promote IoT and CPMS. Depending on the architecture and 2.5G wireless communications technologies' characteristics, the 5G-IIoT based architecture has been proposed three general application modes. 5G, namely, how to implement advanced manufacturing solutions and production techniques, differ because of the different environment. It will be introduced. Mobile Broadband, mass model communication are used to improve ultra-high reliability and low latency communication. Also, analyze the characteristics based on the 5G IoT, a significant technology, and challenges.

SPATIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TELECOMMUNICATION SATELLITES VISIBLE ABOVE THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

This paper deals with the general technical, spatial, and temporal characteristics of satellite telecommunications systems. Particular attention was paid to the peculiarities of the territory of the Republic of Serbia in terms of implementation and use of modern satellite telecommunication infrastructure. The overview shows how and on which way to use various satellite telecommunication systems to configure and exploit next-generation networks, especially modern communications such as 5G technology and IoT. Their work cannot be imagined without the high speeds and high frequencies that allow us to transmit a wealth of information - from short messages/news to HD video on a mobile phone. We need either a base station network or in the case of the high seas or areas where the base station system is difficult to imagine, we need satellite communication. The paper presents data that give a numerical and graphical overview of geostationary satellites visible from the territory of the city of Belgrade, depending on the orbital position and the associated angle of azimuth and elevation, which would also be valid for the leading territory of Serbia.

Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Information Security in 5G IoT Environments

The development of the telecommunication networks observed in present and future time is impressive. Today we witness rapid implementation of 5G networks. We can say that this actually is the moment when (artificial intelligence) AI enters at small door but in the beyond 5G world it is expected to have the prime role in smart operation, management and maintenance of non-software defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV) and especially at SDN and NFV aware networks. Number of standardization body’s and work groups are focused in a way to create a framework that will define the future use of AI and security standards necessary to exist in order to create health environment for the next generation telecommunication infrastructure. In the wireless world AI/Machine learning (ML) has great potential to shake the way we operate and to become foundation of the transformation that leads to the next industrial revolution. Network virtualization gives flexibility and freedom of the telco operators to choose the hardware and network topology they need for AI/ML platforms and big data sets. 5G and IoT create positive environment for AI and ML development and usage. As the network requirements are developed and the number of the users raises, gains are expected to grow with the number of variables and the interactions among them so it becomes impossible to relay on humans to control the network for increased number of variables and this is why AI with ML and automation become beneficial and necessity to run the future networks. AI generally is defined as capacity of mind or ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills while ML is defined as learning that does not require explicit programming. Combined usage of AI and ML can optimize almost any component of the wireless network, this does not mean that it should be used everywhere mainly because at the end of the day the cost benefit analysis of its usage must be positive. Smart operation, management and infrastructure maintenance (SOMM) networks are defined as: Intelligent, data driven, integrated and agile. Today AI is introduced but in future it will represent the network engine. It is interesting to mention that network security must be upgraded because the network will provide services for massive number of IoT devices that will have variety of functions and requests. AI/ML can improve the security services and to be used in order to elevate them at advanced level. In this text we focus our attention at AI/ML and security scenarios defined for IoT in 5G environment.

Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Information Security in 5G IoT Environments

The development of the telecommunication networks observed in present and future time is impressive. Today we witness rapid implementation of 5G networks. We can say that this actually is the moment when (artificial intelligence) AI enters at small door but in the beyond 5G world it is expected to have the prime role in smart operation, management and maintenance of non-software defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV) and especially at SDN and NFV aware networks. Number of standardization body’s and work groups are focused in a way to create a framework that will define the future use of AI and security standards necessary to exist in order to create health environment for the next generation telecommunication infrastructure. In the wireless world AI/Machine learning (ML) has great potential to shake the way we operate and to become foundation of the transformation that leads to the next industrial revolution. Network virtualization gives flexibility and freedom of the telco operators to choose the hardware and network topology they need for AI/ML platforms and big data sets. 5G and IoT create positive environment for AI and ML development and usage. As the network requirements are developed and the number of the users raises, gains are expected to grow with the number of variables and the interactions among them so it becomes impossible to relay on humans to control the network for increased number of variables and this is why AI with ML and automation become beneficial and necessity to run the future networks. AI generally is defined as capacity of mind or ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills while ML is defined as learning that does not require explicit programming. Combined usage of AI and ML can optimize almost any component of the wireless network, this does not mean that it should be used everywhere mainly because at the end of the day the cost benefit analysis of its usage must be positive. Smart operation, management and infrastructure maintenance (SOMM) networks are defined as: Intelligent, data driven, integrated and agile. Today AI is introduced but in future it will represent the network engine. It is interesting to mention that network security must be upgraded because the network will provide services for massive number of IoT devices that will have variety of functions and requests. AI/ML can improve the security services and to be used in order to elevate them at advanced level. In this text we focus our attention at AI/ML and security scenarios defined for IoT in 5G environment.

WITHDRAWN: Intelligent Logistics Cost Control based on 5G Network and IOT Hardware System

This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been withdrawn at the request of the Editor in Chief. Subsequent to acceptance of this special issue paper by the responsible Guest Editor Sundhararajan Mahalingam, the integrity and rigor of the peer-review process was investigated and confirmed to fall beneath the high standards expected by Microprocessors & Microsystems. There are also indications that much of the Special Issue includes unoriginal and heavily paraphrased content. Due to a configuration error in the editorial system, unfortunately the Editor in Chief did not receive these papers for approval as per the journal's standard workflow.

Pilot Contamination Attack Detection for 5G MmWave Grant-Free IoT Networks

Grant-free random access is an emerging technology for providing massive connectivity for 5G massive machine-type communications (mMTC), where non-orthogonal pilot sequences are used to simultaneously detect active users and estimate channels. However, grant-free 5G IoT networks are vulnerable to pilot contamination attacks (PCA), where the attacker can send the same pilots as legitimate IoT users to harm the active user detection and channel estimation. To defend against this attack, in this article, we propose a physical-layer countermeasure based on the channel virtual representation (CVR). CVR can emphasize the unique characteristics of mmWave channels that are sensitive to the location of the sender. This can be utilized to counter PCA no matter if the attacker's pilots are superimposed to that of the victim or not. Based on this observation, to achieve an efficient PCA detection, a single-hidden-layer multiple measurement (SHMM) Siamese network is employed. This solution tackles the challenges of channel randomness and massive connectivity in mMTC IoT networks, and supports small sample learning. Simulation results evaluate and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed detection scheme under various scenarios. The detection accuracy can approach 99% with 128 antennas at the receiver and reach above 95% even with only 50 training samples.

Polyaniline supercapacitor electrode and carbon fiber graphene oxide: Electroactive properties at the charging limit

Electroactive materials have presented increasingly relevant application potentials as energy storage, because of the use of 5G technologies, artificial intelligence, IoT and batteries for electric vehicles. The objective of this work was to evaluate their electroactive properties in different potential applications and to test the electrode charge limit for energy storage devices. Structural carbon fiber composite materials coated by electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline with graphene oxide were obtained. The electrodes were characterized by GCD (with and without cutoff), FEG, FTIR, Raman, CV, EIS and 4 probes. The electrodes can be classified with supercapacitive properties according to the Ragone Diagram and applied to different potential variations reaching a charging limit (potential limit that stores the largest amount of charge). Mapping of specific power and energy during cycling reveals that the GO electrode confers structural stability to the PANI and maintains the material’s electroactive properties elevated over 500 cycles.

Optimization of secure wireless communications for IoT networks in the presence of eavesdroppers

The problem motivates this paper is that securing the critical data of 5G based wireless IoT network is of significant importance. Wireless 5G IoT systems consist of a large number of devices (low-cost legitimate users), which are of low complexity and under strict energy constraints. Physical layer security (PLS) schemes, along with energy harvesting, have emerged as a potential candidate that provides an effective solution to address this issue. During the data collection process of IoT, PHY security techniques can exploit the characteristics of the wireless channel to ensure secure communication. This paper focuses on optimizing the secrecy rate for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) IoT system, considering that the malicious eavesdroppers can intercept the data. In particular, the main aim is to optimize the secrecy rate of the system under signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), energy harvesting (EH), and total transmits power constraints. We model our design as an optimization problem that advocates the use of additional noise to ensure secure communication and guarantees efficient wireless energy transfer. The primary problem is non-convex due to complex objective functions in terms of transmit beamforming matrix and power splitting ratios. We have considered both the perfect channel state information (CSI) and the imperfect CSI scenarios. To circumvent the non-convexity of the primary problem in perfect CSI case, we proposed a solution based on the concave-convex procedure (CCCP) iterative algorithm, which results in a maximum local solution for the secrecy rate. In the imperfect CSI scenario, we facilitate the use of S-procedure and present a solution based on the iterative successive convex approximation (SCA) approach. Simulation results present the validations of the proposed algorithms. The results provide an insightful view that the proposed iterative method based on the CCCP algorithm achieves higher secrecy rates and lower computational complexity in comparison to the other algorithms.

An Adaptive Authenticated Data Structure With Privacy-Preserving for Big Data Stream in Cloud

With the rapid development of 5G network, big data and IoT, data in many environments is often continuously and dynamically generated with high growth rates, just like stream. Thus, we call it big data stream, which plays an increasingly important role in all walks of life. However, how to verify its authenticity becomes a challenge when this big data stream in an untrusted environment such as cloud platform, for it faces the problems just like delay-sensitive, unpredictable data size and privacy leaks caused by third-party audits. To solve these problems, we propose a new authenticate data structure named privacy-preserving adaptive trapdoor hash authentication tree (P-ATHAT) by introducing trapdoor hash and BLS signature to the Merkle hash tree. The P-ATHAT scheme realizes real-time verification of data stream and can dynamically expand its structure as the data stream arrives. These characteristics not only shorten the authentication path but also solve the single point failure problem of the conventional authentication trees and enhance the robustness of the scheme. Moreover, we construct a homomorphic verification scheme above tree structure to solve the privacy leakage problem in third-party audit. Finally, security analysis and detailed experimental evaluation are performed on the proposed scheme, both results demonstrate that it is desirable for big data stream authentication and privacy-preserving in practical application.

Spatial characterization of telecommunication satellites visible above the Republic of Serbia

This paper deals with the general technical, spatial, and temporal characteristics of satellite telecommunications systems. Particular attention was paid to the peculiarities of the territory of the Republic of Serbia in terms of implementation and use of modern satellite telecommunication infrastructure. The overview shows how and on which way to use various satellite telecommunication systems to configure and exploit next-generation networks, especially modern communications such as 5G technology and IoT. Their work cannot be imagined without the high speeds and high frequencies that allow us to transmit a wealth of information - from short messages/news to HD video on a mobile phone. We need either a base station network or in the case of the high seas or areas where the base station system is difficult to imagine, we need satellite communication. The paper presents data that give a numerical and graphical overview of geostationary satellites visible from the territory of the city of Belgrade, depending on the orbital position and the associated angle of azimuth and elevation, which would also be valid for the leading territory of Serbia.

Secure D2D Communication for 5G IoT Network Based on Lightweight Cryptography

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a direct means of communication between devices without an intermediate node, and it helps to expand cell coverage and to increase radio frequency reuse in a 5G network. Moreover, D2D communication is a core technology of 5G vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, which is an essential technology for autonomous driving. However, typical D2D communication in an 4G network which is typical telecommunication network has various security challenges including impersonation, eavesdropping, privacy sniffing, free-riding attack, etc. Moreover, when IoT technology emerges with 5G networks in massive machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) application scenarios, these security challenges are more crucial and harder to mitigate because of the resource-constrained nature of IoT devices. To solve the security challenges in a 5G IoT environment, we need a lightweight and secure D2D communication system that can provide secure authentication, data confidentiality/integrity and anonymity. In this paper, we survey and analyze existing results about secure D2D communication systems in terms of their security considerations and limitations. Then, we lastly propose a secure D2D communication system to address the aforementioned security challenges and the limitations of the existing results. The proposed secure D2D communication was designed based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and lightweight authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) ciphers to cover resource-constrained IoT devices.

Modelos sociopolíticos en disputa. El caso del bloqueo a Huawei

No puede establecerse con claridad de qué manera el desarrollo digital moldeará las relaciones económicas y sociales del mundo interconectado, sobre todo en vistas a la inminente revolución aparejada a la aparición de redes 5G e internet de las cosas. Lo que está claro, es que los valores y pilares bajo los que se fundan se encuentran en abierta discusión y disputa. En esta breve comunicación, tomando como punto de partida el actual enfrentamiento comercial y tecnológico entre Estados Unidos y Huawei, se tratará de identificar y caracterizar dos modelos sociopolíticos enfrentados que resuelven a su manera el eje de relaciones entre individuos, gobiernos y compañías. En particular, se ahondará en el reconocimiento de dos escenarios diferentes. Por un lado, Occidente, donde pueden encontrarse a grandes compañías como Google y Facebook siendo interpeladas por actores del ámbito civil, judicial y político, y donde pesan importantes acusaciones de competencia desleal y manipulación de datos privados; y, por otro lado, China, donde las autoridades «protegen» a sus 800 millones de internautas para la explotación de unas pocas compañías en lo que puede entenderse como un peligroso modelo de integración vertical.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Research on key technologies of service quality optimizationfor industrial IoT 5G network for intelligent manufacturing

5G and industrial IoT are both cutting-edge technologies today. Although they serve the communications and industrial sectors separately, the relevance of technology will still make them closely related. Intelligent manufacturing industry IoT relies on high-speed developed Internet technology. The high-performance 5G network will greatly promote the rapid development of Internet applications and will also have a profound impact on the application of industrial Internet of Things. Based on the technology and application characteristics of industrial Internet of Things and 5G communication system, this paper analyzes the development status of industrial IoT applications based on 5G environment and analyzes how to improve the quality of 5G network technology of industrial Internet of Things. System and intelligent manufacturing industrial IoT applications provide some helpful help.

Practical Aspects for the Integration of 5G Networks and IoT Applications in Smart Cities Environments

Both 5G cellular and IoT technologies are expected to see widespread deployment in the next few years. At the practical level, 5G will see initial deployments in urban areas. This is perhaps fortuitous from an IoT perspective, since many “mainstream” applications of IoT will support Smart Cities, Smart Campuses and Smart Buildings. Bandwidth demand for a number of Smart City applications is the main driver for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)-based 5G services in general, and new-generation 5G IoT applications, in particular. In turn, the use of the millimeter wave spectrum is required to enable 5G cellular technologies to support high data rates. Millimeter wave solutions, however, impose a requirement for small cells. Generally, an implementer tries to use one or a small handful of IoT technologies; preferably, and for managerial simplicity, the implementer would want to use a cellular/5G IoT technology for all nodes, whether indoors or outdoors, instead of a heterogenous mix of various IoT technologies that have evolved over the years. This overview paper discusses a number of practical issues related to 5G-based IoT applications, particularly in Smart City environments, including the need for small cells, the transmission issues at millimeter wave frequencies, building penetration issues, the need for Distributed Antenna Systems, and the near term introduction of pre-5G IoT technologies such as NB-IoT and LTE-M, these being possible proxies for the commercial deployment and acceptance of 5G IoT.

Comprehensive Survey of Key Technologies Enabling 5G-IoT

5G technology targets to address the limitations of previous cellular standards and a potential key enabler for future IoT. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies for 5G IoT. While there has been a consensus in the overall requirements of 5G wireless systems (eg data rate, network capacity, delay etc.) various enabling technologies have been considered and studied to achieve these performance targets. Some of these wireless technologies like massive input massive output (MIMO), heterogeneous networks (HetNets), device-to-device (D2D) communication has already become the focus of global industry. These technologies enable the 5G system to achieve improved data rate, increased capacity, decreased latency and enhanced spectral efficiency. This paper aimed at describing them and discussing their potentials.