Min Of Exercise Research Articles

Effects of high resistance muscle training on corticospinal output during motor fatigue assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Introduction: Central fatigue refers to a reduced drive of motor cortical output during exercise, and performance can be enhanced after training. However, the effects of training on central fatigue remain unclear. Changes in cortical output can be addressed non-invasively using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The aim of the study was to compare responses to TMS during a fatiguing exercise before and after a 3weeks lasting resistance training, in healthy subjects. Methods: The triple stimulation technique (TST) was used to quantify a central conduction index (CCI = amplitude ratio of central conduction response and peripheral nerve response) to the abductor digiti minimi muscle (ADM) in 15 subjects. The training consisted of repetitive isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of ADM for 2mintwice a day. Before and after this training, TST recordings were obtained every 15s during an 2minexercise of MVC of the ADM, where subjects performed repetitive contractions of the ADM, and repeatedly during a recovery period of 7min. Results: There was a consistent decrease of force to approximately 40% of MVC in all experiments and in all subjects, both before and after training. In all subjects, CCI decreased during exercise. While before training, theCCI decreased to 49% (SD 23.7%) after 2minof exercise, it decreased after training onlyto 79% (SD 26.4%) after exercise (p < 0.01). Discussion: The training regimen increased the proportion of target motor units that could be activated by TMS during a fatiguing exercise. The results point to a reduced intracortical inhibition, which may be a transient physiological response to facilitate the motor task. Possible underlying mechanisms at spinal and supraspinal sites are discussed.

Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Delivery and Outcomes in Switzerland in More Than a Hundred Thousand Patients Over the Last Decade.

Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Delivery and Outcomes in Switzerland in More Than a Hundred Thousand Patients Over the Last Decade.

Biological and behavioral predictors of relative energy intake after acute exercise

Energy intake in the post-exercise state is highly variable and compensatory eating – i.e., (over-) compensation of the expended energy via increased post-exercise energy intake – occurs in some individuals but not others. We aimed to identify predictors of post-exercise energy intake and compensation. In a randomized crossover design, 57 healthy participants (21.7 [SD = 2.5] years; 23.7 [SD = 2.3] kg/m2, 75% White, 54% female) completed two laboratory-based test-meals following (1) 45-min exercise and (2) 45-min rest (control). We assessed associations between biological (sex, body composition, appetite hormones) and behavioral (habitual exercise via prospective exercise log, eating behavior traits) characteristics at baseline and total energy intake, relative energy intake (intake – exercise expenditure), and the difference between post-exercise and post-rest intake. We found a differential impact of biological and behavioral characteristics on total post-exercise energy intake in men and women. In men, only fasting (baseline) concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones (peptide YY [PYY, β = 0.88, P < 0.001] and adiponectin [β = 0.66, P = 0.005] predicted total post-exercise energy intake, while in women, only habitual exercise (β = −0.44, P = 0.017) predicted total post-exercise energy intake. Predictors of relative intake were almost identical to those of total intake. The difference in energy intake between exercise and rest was associated with VO2peak (β = −0.45, P = 0.020), fasting PYY (β = 0.53, P = 0.036), and fasting adiponectin (β = 0.57, P = 0.021) in men but not women (all P > 0.51). Our results show that biological and behavioral characteristics differentially affect total and relative post-exercise energy intake in men and women. This may help identify individuals who are more likely to compensate for the energy expended in exercise. Targeted countermeasures to prevent compensatory energy intake after exercise should take the demonstrated sex differences into account.

Acute exercise impairs social-cognitive abilities in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Background&#x0D; While children with Autism Spectrum Disorder show heterogeneous cognitive profiles, they share common deficits in social-cognitive abilities and executive function. Moderate endurance exercise is known to elicit changes in the psychophysiological state, which can translate into immediate, but transient benefits for both cognitive domains. However, the cognitive response of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder to acute exercise remains unclear. We addressed this research deficit by investigating the effects of a single endurance exercise session on face recognition abilities and affective response inhibition.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; We recruited 30 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder aged 7 to 12 years from local clinicals in Basel, Switzerland and via social media. Using a randomized cross-over design, participants completed a moderately-intense, 20-min exercise session on a cycling ergometer and control condition, which involved sitting on the ergometer. We collected heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion during these sessions. Before and after the experimental conditions, participants completed two computerized cognitive tasks. During the Mooney Face Recognition task, they had to categorize stimuli into faces and objects. In the affective Go/NoGo task, participants were instructed to inhibit their response to either sad or happy faces and press a button to all other faces.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; The experimental manipulation was successful as a main effect of condition indicated a higher heart rate and rating of perceived exertion in the exercise compared to the control condition. With regard to cognitive performance, the repeated measures ANOVA revealed an interaction of time and condition for the Mooney Face Recognition task, indicating an increase in reaction time in the exercise compared to the control condition. In contrast, no interaction of time and condition was found for accuracy on this task as well as accuracy and reaction time on the affective Go/NoGo task.&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; In children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, a single exercise does not seem to benefit social-cognitive abilities and executive function temporarily. A short cycling bout rather impairs the ability to recognize faces, suggesting that the maintenance of supervised exercise demands a set of joint resources. As these results are in conflict with the well-documented benefit of acute exercise in healthy populations, the atypical cognitive response in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder indicates a moderating role of this neurodevelopmental condition.

Critical power: a paradigm-shift for benchmarking exercise testing and prescription.

Inherent in the work of Collins et al. (2022) is the notion that prescription of exercise intensity relative to CP (and also the gas exchange threshold, GET; see Lansley et al., 2011) will reduce the variability in physiological responses and exercise tolerance. And that is precisely the hypothesis tested by Meyler et al. (2023) in this issue of Experimental Physiology. Specifically, in healthy men and women who completed multiple exhausting cycling tests (graded exercise test, series of constant-power tests) to define GET, CP and W′, these parameters and also V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}\max }}$ (i.e., at defined percentages of V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}\max }}$ ) were utilized to anchor separate moderate- (MOD), heavy- and severe-intensity criterion exercise bouts. Subsequently, two series of MOD, HEAVY and SEVERE exercise bouts, the latter as high intensity 5 × 3 min intervals, were prescribed ‘traditionally’ (TRAD) based upon V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}\max }}$ (i.e., 50%, 77% and 85%) or using the GET and CP parameters (THR; MOD: 30 min at 90% GET; HEAVY: 20 min at 50%∆ (midway between GET and CP); and SEVERE: at 110% CP). Primary results supported the hypothesis for HEAVY and SEVERE exercise with respect to reduced variability of work rates for THR versus TRAD. Crucially, whereas some subjects for HEAVY–TRAD exercised in the severe-intensity domain with the attendant V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}}}$ and [lactate] consequences – and 70% of them became exhausted for TRAD versus 0% for THR – this was not the case for HEAVY–THR. For the SEVERE trials neither peak nor mean V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}}}$ and heart rate variability were different between TRAD and THR, but peak and mean [lactate] variability were lower for THR, as was percentage W′ depletion. The scientific literature is, unfortunately, replete with examples of otherwise very well designed studies where the investigators have chosen to ‘normalize’ heavy exercise intensity by exercising their participants at either a fixed % V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}\max }}$ , often 75% or 80%, or at 50%∆ between GET and V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}\max }}$ . So doing has resulted in highly divergent physiological responses characteristic of some participants exercising in the heavy (i.e., stable V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}}}$ and [lactate] profiles, Tlim >> 30 min) and others in the severe (i.e., V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}\max }}$ achieved, rising [lactate], exhaustion < 20 min) exercise domains. Meyler et al. (2023) demonstrate that prescribing exercise relative to CP can prevent this occurrence and, even for supra-CP exercise, reduce inter-subject response variability for key physiological indices. This rationale has also been presented, on a more theoretical level, for normalizing the assessment of exercise for therapeutic efficacy across patient populations, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Whipp & Ward, 2009). Although beyond the limits of the measurements in Meyler et al. (2023), it is also important to note that, by registering severe-intensity exercise bouts to CP and thereby lowering inter-subject variability for W′ depletion, it would be expected that greater homogeneity would be achieved across participants for intramyocyte perturbations (e.g., ∆[PCr], [Pi], [ADPfree], [H+], [glycogen]; Jones et al., 2008) in addition to, of course, improved ability to predict exercise tolerance. The implications and therefore putative impact of the findings of Meyler et al. (2023) are substantial and reach across the preserves of exercise science to better inform, prescribe and evaluate athletic training regimens, improve the assessment of the efficacy of therapeutic interventions and, of course, help resolve the mechanistic bases for exercise intolerance itself. Both authors have read and approved the final version of this manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All persons designated as authors qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify for authorship are listed. None declared. None.

Quantifying Paddling Kinematics through Muscle Activation and Whole Body Coordination during Maximal Sprints of Different Durations on a Kayak Ergometer: A Pilot Study.

Paddling technique and stroke kinematics are important performance factors in flatwater sprint kayaking and entail significant energetic demands and a high strength from the muscles of the trunk and upper limbs. The various distances completed (from 200 m to 1000 m) require the athletes to optimize their pacing strategy, to maximize power output distribution throughout the race. This study aimed to characterize paddling technique and stroke kinematics during two maximal sprints of different duration. Nine nationally-trained participants (2 females, age: 18 ± 3 years; BMI: 22.2 ± 2.0 Kg m-1) performed 40 s and 4 min sprints at maximal intensity on a kayak ergometer. The main findings demonstrated a significantly greater mean stroke power (237 ± 80 W vs. 170 ± 48 W; p < 0.013) and rate (131 ± 8 spm vs. 109 ± 7 spm; p < 0.001) during the 40 s sprint compared to the 4 min sprint. Athletes used an all-out strategy for the 40 s exercise and a parabolic-shape strategy during the 4 min exercise. Despite the different strategies implemented and the higher muscular activation during the 40 s sprint, no change in paddling technique and body coordination occurred during the sprints. The findings of the present study suggest that the athletes constructed a well-defined profile that was not affected by fatigue, despite a decrease in power output during the all-out strategy. In addition, they regulated their paddling kinematics during the longer exercises, with no change in paddling technique and body coordination.

Association between perceived exertion and executive functions with serve accuracy among male university tennis players: A pilot study.

Serve in tennis is a very important strokes and is positively correlated with the rankings of the Association of Tennis Professionals ranking. This study investigated the associations between time-course changes in the ratings for perceived exertion, executive function, and second serve accuracy during 30-min tennis exercise sessions. Eleven Japanese male tennis players participated in the study, and their executive function and second serve performance were evaluated using the paper version of the Stroop Color and Word Test, followed by a serve performance test. The participants took part in a 30-min tennis exercise program and performed the Stroop Color and Word Test, heart rate (HR) check, and second serve accuracy test before and after the tennis exercise. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationships between the ratings for perceived exertion, interference scores on Stroop Color and Word Test performance, and second serve performance. Post exercise, the rating of perceived exertion tended to correlate with serve accuracy (r = -0.57, p = 0.07) and interference score (r = 0.65, p = 0.03). The pre-to-post changes in second serve accuracy were negatively associated with the changes in interference score (r = -0.54, p = 0.08) and interference score in the posttest (r = -0.73, p = 0.01). The results suggest that time-course changes in executive function when playing tennis are positively associated with the accuracy of the second serve. These findings expand the previous knowledge regarding the positive association between time-course changes in executive functions and percentage of points won when playing tennis by including more specific skills (i.e., second serve accuracy).

Effects of a Maximal Exercise Followed by a Submaximal Exercise Performed in Normobaric Hypoxia (2500 m), on Blood Rheology, Red Blood Cell Senescence, and Coagulation in Well-Trained Cyclists.

Acute normoxic exercise impacts the rheological properties of red blood cells (RBC) and their senescence state; however, there is a lack of data on the effects of exercise performed in hypoxia on RBC properties. This crossover study compared the effects of acute hypoxia vs. normoxia on blood rheology, RBC senescence, and coagulation during exercise. Nine trained male cyclists completed both a session in normoxia (FiO2 = 21%) and hypoxia (FiO2 = 15.3% ≈ 2500 m). The two sessions were randomly performed, separated by one week, and consisted of an incremental and maximal exercise followed by a 20 min exercise at the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) on a home-trainer. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise to analyze hematological parameters, blood rheology (hematocrit, blood viscosity, RBC deformability and aggregation), RBC senescence markers (phosphatidylserine (PS) and CD47 exposure, intraerythrocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS), and calcium content), and blood clot viscoelastic properties. Hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) and blood lactate were also measured. In both conditions, exercise induced an increase in blood viscosity, hematocrit, intraerythrocyte calcium and ROS content, and blood lactate concentration. We also observed an increase in blood clot amplitude, and a significant drop in SpO2 during exercise in the two conditions. RBC aggregation and CD47 exposure were not modified. Exercise in hypoxia induced a slight decrease in RBC deformability which could be related to the slight increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). However, the values of RBC deformability and MCHC after the exercise performed in hypoxia remained in the normal range of values. In conclusion, acute hypoxia does not amplify the RBC and coagulation changes induced by an exercise bout.

Acute heat stress amplifies exercise-induced metabolomic perturbations and reveals variation in circulating amino acids in endurance-trained males.

What is the central question of this study? Whole-body substrate utilisation is altered during exercise in hot environments, characterised by increased glycolytic metabolism: does heat stress alter the serum metabolome in response to high intensity exercise? What are the main finding and its importance? Alongside increases in glycolytic metabolite abundance, circulating amino acid concentrations are reduced following exercise under heat stress. Prior research has overlooked the impact of heat stress on protein metabolism during exercise, raising important practical implications for protein intake recommendations in the heat. Using untargeted metabolomics, we aimed to characterise the systemic impact of environmental heat stress during exercise. Twenty-three trained male triathletes ( =64.8±9.2mlkgmin-1 ) completed a 30-min exercise test in hot (35°C) and temperate (21°C) conditions. Venous blood samples were collected immediately pre- and post-exercise, and the serum fraction was assessed via untargeted 1 H-NMR metabolomics. Data were analysed via uni- and multivariate analyses to identify differences between conditions. Mean power output was higher in temperate (231±36W) versus hot (223±31W) conditions (P<0.001). Mean heart rate (temperate, 162±10beatsmin-1 , hot, 167±9beatsmin-1 , P<0.001), peak core temperature (Trec ), core temperature change (ΔTrec ) (P<0.001) and peak rating of perceived exertion (P=0.005) were higher in hot versus temperate conditions. Change in metabolite abundance following exercise revealed distinct clustering following multivariate analysis. Six metabolites increased (2-hydroxyvaleric acid, acetate, alanine, glucarate, glucose, lactate) in hot relative to temperate (P<0.05) conditions. Leucine and lysine decreased in both conditions but to a greater extent in temperate conditions (P<0.05). Citrate (P=0.04) was greater in temperate conditions whilst creatinine decreased in hot conditions only (P>0.05). Environmental heat stress increased glycolytic metabolite abundance and led to distinct alterations in the circulating amino acid availability, including increased alanine, glutamine, leucine and isoleucine. The data highlight the need for additional exercise nutrition and metabolism research, specifically focusing on protein requirements for exercise under heat stress.

Functional and Behavioral Trade-Offs between Terrestrial and Aquatic Locomotion in the Amphibious Fish Kryptolebias marmoratus.

The mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) is a phenotypically plastic teleost fish that can spend considerable time on land and traverse the terrestrial realm through a behavior termed the tail-flip jump. The tail-flip jump is a transitional stage between fully aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles. Therefore, understanding this behavior can provide insight into how organisms adapt to new environments over evolutionary time. Studies of K. marmoratus show that terrestrial acclimation and exercise improve tail-flip jumping performance due to muscle remodeling, but the implications of these muscular changes on aquatic locomotion are unknown. In the present study, we hypothesized that (1) terrestrial acclimation and exercise lead to physiological changes, such as changes to muscle fiber type, muscle mass distribution, or body shape, that optimize tail-flip jump distance and endurance while negatively impacting swimming performance in K. marmoratus, and (2) plasticity of the brain (which has been demonstrated in response to a variety of stimuli in K. marmoratus) allows terrestrial emersion and exercise to cause behavioral changes that promote survival and long-term reproductive success. To test these hypotheses, we measured the critical swimming speed (Ucrit), tail-flip jump distance, terrestrial endurance, and undisturbed aquatic behavior of age- and size-matched K. marmoratus before and after a terrestrial exercise period. This period consisted of six 3-min exercise sessions spread over 12 days, during which the fish were prompted to jump continuously. To isolate the effects of air exposure, a separate group was exposed to air for an equivalent period but not allowed to jump. Air exposure improved maximum jump distance but negatively affected swimming performance (Ucrit). Terrestrial endurance (number of jumps) improved in the exercised group, but Ucrit showed no significant change. Contrary to our first hypothesis, a trade-off exists between jump distance and Ucrit but not between jump endurance and Ucrit. Exercised individuals were more active following exercise, resulting either from the onset of dispersion behavior or a heightened stress response.

Acute exercise mobilizes CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and NK cells in lymphoma patients.

Background: Studies have shown that acute exercise can mobilize several leukocyte subpopulations in healthy individuals. Our aim was to investigate whether a 10-min acute exercise has an effect on immune cell proportions in lymphoma patients. Methods: This study included seven lymphoma patients referred to curative oncologic therapy. Three had Hodgkin and four non-Hodgkin lymphoma, one was female, and their mean age was 51. Patients underwent a 10-min acute exercise on a bicycle ergometer at moderate exercise intensity. Whole blood samples were taken at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30min after exercise. Leukocyte subpopulation levels were determined using flow cytometry. Results: Proportions of total NK cells and CD56+CD16+ NK cells of total leukocytes increased immediately after exercise and decreased back to baseline at 30min post-exercise. Proportion of CD8+ T cells of total T cells increased and proportion of CD4+ T cells of total T cells decreased immediately after exercise, and both returned to baseline at 30min post-exercise. There was no change in the proportions of B cells, granulocytes, or monocytes. Exercising diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with changes in total NK cell and CD56+CD16+ NK cell proportions, and exercising mean arterial pressure correlated positively with change in CD56+CD16+ NK cell proportion. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that a single acute exercise bout of only 10min can cause leukocytosis in lymphoma patients, particularly on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, which are the most important immune cells fighting against cancer.

Fasting for 20h does not affect exercise-induced increases in circulating BDNF in humans.

Intermittent fasting and exercise provide neuroprotection from age-related cognitive decline. A link between these two seemingly distinct stressors is their capability to steer the brain away from exclusively glucose metabolism. This cerebral substrate switch has been implicated in upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein involved in neuroplasticity, learning and memory, and may underlie some of these neuroprotective effects. We examined the isolated and interactive effects of (1) 20-h fasting, (2) 90-min light exercise, and (3) high-intensity exercise on peripheral venous BDNF in 12 human volunteers. A follow-up study isolated the influence of cerebrovascular shear stress on circulating BDNF. Fasting for 20h decreased glucose and increased ketones (P≤0.0157) but had no effect on BDNF (P≥0.4637). Light cycling at 25% of peak oxygen uptake ( ) increased serum BDNF by 6 ± 8% (independent of being fed or fasted) and was mediated by a 7 ± 6% increase in platelets (P<0.0001). Plasma BDNF was increased from 336 pg l-1 [46,626] to 390 pg l-1 [127,653] by 90-min of light cycling (P=0.0128). Six 40-s intervals at 100% of increased plasma and serum BDNF, as well as the BDNF-per-platelet ratio 4- to 5-fold more than light exercise did (P≤0.0044). Plasma BDNF was correlated with circulating lactate during the high-intensity intervals (r=0.47, P=0.0057), but not during light exercise (P=0.7407). Changes in cerebral shear stress - whether occurring naturally during exercise or induced experimentally with inspired CO2 - did not correspond with changes in BDNF (P≥0.2730). BDNF responses to low-intensity exercise are mediated by increased circulating platelets, and increasing either exercise duration or particularly intensity is required to liberate free BDNF. KEY POINTS: Intermittent fasting and exercise both have potent neuroprotective effects and an acute upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) appears to be a common mechanistic link. Switching the brain's fuel source from glucose to either ketone bodies or lactate, i.e. a cerebral substrate switch, has been shown to promote BDNF production in the rodent brain. Fasting for 20h caused a 9-fold increase in ketone body delivery to the brain but had no effect on any metric of BDNF in peripheral circulation at rest. Prolonged (90min) light cycling exercise increased plasma- and serum-derived BDNF irrespective of being fed or fasted and seemed to be independent of changes in cerebral shear stress. Six minutes of high-intensity cycling intervals increased every metric of circulating BDNF by 4 to 5 times more than prolonged low-intensity cycling; the increase in plasma-derived BDNF was correlated with a 6-fold increase in circulating lactate irrespective of feeding or fasting. Compared to 1 day of fasting with or without prolonged light exercise, high-intensity exercise is a much more efficient means to increase BDNF in circulation.

Symmetrical Hardware-Software Design for Improving Physical Activity with a Gamified Music Step Sensor Box

Physical inactivity, the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, can harm the economy, national growth, community welfare, health, and quality of life. On the other hand, physical activities (PA) have numerous advantages, including fewer cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes, fewer psychological disorders, and improved cognitive abilities. Despite the benefits of PA, people are less likely to participate. The main factor is a lack of entertainment in exercise, which demotivates society from engaging in healthy activities. In this work, we proposed a hardware-software symmetry that can entertain people while performing PA. We developed a step-box with sensors and a gamified music application synchronized with the footsteps. The purpose of this study is to show that incorporating appropriate gamification allows participants to engage actively in tedious and economic exercises. Participants (N = 90) participated in 20-min daily exercise sessions for three days. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction following exercise sessions. The results show that the gamified sensor step-box increased efficiency, effectiveness, and participant satisfaction. The findings suggest that gamification fundamentals in simple exercises increase excitement and may help people to maintain PA.

Heatstroke risk informing system using wearable perspiration ratemeter on users undergoing physical exercise

We constructed an informing system to users for the heatstroke risk using a wearable perspiration ratemeter and the users’ thirst responses. The sweating ratemeter was constructed with a capacitive humidity sensor in the ventilated capsule. The timing point for informing heatstroke risk was decided to change from positive to negative on the second derivative of sweating curve. In addition, a wearable self-identification and -information system of thirst response was constructed with a smartphone. To evaluate the validity of wearable apparatus, we aimed to conduct human experiments of 16 healthy subjects with the step up and down physical exercises. The blood and urine samples of the subjects were collected before and after the 30-min physical exercise. The concentrations of TP, Alb, and RBC increased slightly with the exercise. In contrast, the concentrations of vasopressin in all subjects remarkably increased with the exercise. In almost subjects, they identified their thirst response until several min after the informing for heatstroke risk. In conclusion, the wearable ratemeter and self-information system of thirst response were suitable for informing system of heatstroke risk. The validity of timing point for informing heatstroke risk was confirmed with changes in the thirst response and concentrations of vasopressin in blood.

Alterations of pulmonary vascular afterload in exercise‐induced pre‐ and post‐capillary pulmonary hypertension

Exercise imposes increased pulmonary vascular afterload based on rises in pulmonary artery (PA) wedge pressure, declines in PA compliance, and resistance-compliance time. In health, afterload stress stabilizes during steady-state exercise. Our objective was to examine alterations of these exercise-associated stresses in states of pre- and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension (PH). PA hemodynamics were evaluated at rest, 2 and 7min of steady-state exercise at moderate intensity in patients who exhibited Pre-capillary (n=22) and post-capillary PH (n=22). Patients with normal exercise hemodynamics (NOR-HD) (n=32) were also studied. During exercise in all groups, PA wedge pressure increased at 2min, with no further change at 7min. In post-capillary PH and NOR-HD, increases in PA diastolic pressure and diastolic pressure gradient remained stable at 2 and 7min of exercise, while in pre-capillary PH, both continued to increase at 7 min. The behavior of the diastolic pressure gradient was linearly related to the duration of resistance-compliance time at rest (r2 =0.843) and exercise (r2 =0.760). Exercise resistance-compliance time was longer in pre-capillary PH associated with larger increases in diastolic pressure gradient. Conversely, resistance-compliance time was shortest in post-capillary PH compared to pre-capillary PH and NOR-HD and associated with limited increases in exercise diastolic pressure gradient. During steady-state, modest-intensity exercise-specific patterns of pulmonary vascular afterload responses were observed in pre- and post-capillary PH relative to NOR-HD. Longer resistance-compliance time related to greater increases in PA diastolic pressure and diastolic pressure gradients in pre-capillary PH, while shorter resistance-compliance time appeared to limit these increases in post-capillary PH.

The Impact of Heat Acclimation on Gastrointestinal Function following Endurance Exercise in a Hot Environment

To determine the effects of heat acclimation on gastrointestinal (GI) damage and the gastric emptying (GE) rate following endurance exercise in a hot environment. Fifteen healthy men were divided into two groups: endurance training in hot (HOT, 35 °C, n = 8) or cool (COOL, 18 °C, n = 7) environment. All subjects completed 10 days of endurance training (eight sessions of 60 min continuous exercise at 50% of the maximal oxygen uptake (V·O2max). Subjects completed a heat stress exercise tests (HST, 60 min exercise at 60% V·O2max) to evaluate the plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) level and the GE rate following endurance exercise in a hot environment (35 °C) before (pre-HST) and after (post-HST) the training period. We assessed the GE rate using the 13C-sodium acetate breath test. The core temperature during post-HST exercise decreased significantly in the HOT group compared to the pre-HST (p = 0.004) but not in the COOL group. Both the HOT and COOL groups showed exercise-induced plasma I-FABP elevations in the pre-HST (p = 0.002). Both groups had significantly attenuated exercise-induced I-FABP elevation in the post-HST. However, the reduction of exercise-induced I-FABP elevation was not different significantly between both groups. GE rate following HST did not change between pre- and post-HST in both groups, with no significant difference between two groups in the post-HST. Ten days of endurance training in a hot environment improved thermoregulation, whereas exercise-induced GI damage and delay of GE rate were not further attenuated compared with training in a cool environment.

Acute effect of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on appetite perception: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Interval training protocols have gained popularity over the years, but their impact on appetite sensation compared to officially recommended training method, moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) is not well understood. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare a single session of high intensity interval training (HIIT) including sprint interval training (SIT) with MICT on appetite perception measured by the visual analog scale (VAS). After searching up articles published up to September 2021, 13 randomized controlled studies were included in the meta-analysis. Outcomes of meta-analysis demonstrated that both acute sessions of HIIT/SIT and MICT suppressed appetite compared to no-exercise control groups immediately post exercise but there were no significant effects 30–90 min post exercise or in AUC values, indicating a transient effect of exercise on appetite sensations. Moreover, differences in appetite sensations between HIIT/SIT and MICT were negligible immediately post exercise, but HIIT/SIT suppressed hunger (MD = −6.347 [-12.054, −0.639], p = 0.029) to a greater extent than MICT 30- to 90-min post exercise, while there was a lack of consistency other VAS subscales of appetite. More studies that address the impact of exercising timing, nutrient compositions of energy intake (energy intake (EI)) and differences in participants’ characteristics and long-term studies analyzing chronic effects are needed to comprehensively examine the differences between HIIT/SIT and MICT on appetite and EI. Systematic Review Registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO], Identifier [CRD42021284898].

Acute effects of exercise engagement on neurocognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis on P3 amplitude and latency

ABSTRACT Although the acute effect of exercise on behavioral cognitive performance is well-documented in the exercise psychology field, a comprehensive evaluation on neuroelectric brain activity that determines healthy cognitive functioning following acute exercise is lacking. This systematic review included 39 studies examining acute exercise effects on P3 of event-related potential through its amplitude and latency, which reflect the amounts of attentional resources allocated to and the processing speed for categorizing a stimulus. Exercise has small effects on increasing amplitude and decreasing latency. The amplitude effect was moderated by age and the type, intensity, and duration of exercise, with a smaller effect being observed for individuals aged ≤18 and 19–35 than >60 years, for high-intensity than moderate-intensity exercise, for high-intensity interval training exercise than aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise, as well as for exercise lasting ≤10 and 11–20 than exercise lasting 21–30 min. The latency effect was moderated by exercise duration, with 11–20 min exercise showing a smaller effect than exercise lasting ≤10 min. These results demonstrated that acute exercise enhances allocation of attentional resources and processing speed needed to implement cognitive processes underlying goal-directed behavior. Further, these effects may be manipulated through targeting specific age groups and prescribing specific exercise parameters.

The Influence of Ambient Temperature Changes on the Indicators of Inflammation and Oxidative Damage in Blood after Submaximal Exercise.

Physical activity has a positive effect on human health and well-being, but intense exercise can cause adverse changes in the organism, leading to the development of oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of short-term cold water immersion (CWI) and a sauna bath as methods of postexercise regeneration on the indicators of inflammation and oxidative damage in the blood of healthy recreational athletes. Forty-five male volunteers divided into two groups: 'winter swimmers' who regularly use winter baths (n = 22, average age 43.2 ± 5.9 years) and 'novices' who had not used winter baths regularly before (n = 23, mean age 25 ± 4.8 years) participated in the study. The research was divided into two experiments, differing in the method of postexercise regeneration used, CWI (Experiment I) and a sauna bath (Experiment II). During Experiment I, the volunteers were subjected to a 30-min aerobic exercise, combined with a 20-min rest at room temperature (RT-REST) or a 20-min rest at room temperature with an initial 3-min 8 °C water bath (CWI-REST). During the Experiment II, the volunteers were subjected to the same aerobic exercise, followed by a RT-REST or a sauna bath (SAUNA-REST). The blood samples were taken before physical exercise (control), immediately after exercise and 20 min after completion of regeneration. The concentrations of selected indicators of inflammation, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), as well as the activity of indicators of oxidative damage: α1-antitrypsin (AAT) and lysosomal enzymes, including arylsulfatase A (ASA), acid phosphatase (AcP) and cathepsin D (CTS D), were determined. CWI seems to be a more effective post-exercise regeneration method to reduce the inflammatory response compared to a sauna bath. A single sauna bath is associated with the risk of proteolytic tissue damage, but disturbances of cellular homeostasis are less pronounced in people who regularly use cold water baths than in those who are not adapted to thermal stress.

ANÁLISE DA RESISTÊNCIA CARDIOPULMONAR SOB DIFERENTES CARGAS EM EXERCÍCIOS AERÓBICOS

ABSTRACT Introduction The key objective of aerobic exercise is enhancing cardiorespiratory endurance. On the national gymnastics plan implementation, the idea of lifelong sports was gradually accepted by the masses, and the aerobic gymnastics concept was sweeping the world. Objective Analyze the cardiorespiratory endurance responses in female college students under different frequencies in aerobic exercise. Methods 20 female professors and civilian women were randomly selected and divided into two groups. The experimental group performed 45 and 90 minutes of aerobic exercise to analyze changes in cardiopulmonary function before and after each exercise. Results After 16 weeks of aerobic exercise with different loads, all young women who had participated in the program training showed a significant increase in vital capacity and maximal oxygen uptake capacity. The vital capacity of the 90-min aerobic exercise group was significantly higher than that of the 45-min aerobic exercise group (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion The establishment of a cardiorespiratory endurance response model can accurately analyze the effects of different aerobic exercise frequencies on cardiorespiratory endurance. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies – Investigating the results.