3rd Term Research Articles

Repeatability of a Combined Adaptive Optics Visual Simulator and Hartman-Shack Aberrometer in Pseudophakic Eyes With and Without Previous Corneal Refractive Surgery.

To evaluate the intrasession repeatability of wavefront aberrations obtained by a combined adaptive optics visual simulator and Hartman-Shack aberrometer in pseudophakic eyes with and without previous corneal refractive surgery. Three consecutive measurements were performed in one eye of each individual. Total ocular aberrations were recorded up to the 5th Zernike order for a 4.5-mm pupil. Repeatability was assessed by calculating the within-subject standard deviation (Sw), the repeatability limit (R), and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Vector analysis was performed to assess astigmatism variability between scans. The study enrolled 32 normal individuals and 24 individuals with a history of refractive surgery. In normal and eyes that had previous refractive surgery, respectively, the Sw values were 0.155 and 0.176 diopters (D) for sphere and 0.184 and 0.265 D for cylinder. The Sw values for all 3rd order terms ranged from 0.037 to 0.047 µm in normal eyes and 0.044 to 0.063 µm in eyes that had previous refractive surgery. The Sw for primary spherical aberration was 0.020 µm in normal eyes and 0.026 µm in eyes that had previous refractive surgery. ICC values for measurements of astigmatism yielded larger variability (ICC = 0.751 and 0.879). However, both groups demonstrated excellent repeatability (ICC > 0.9) for root mean square higher order aberrations (RMS-HOA) and total RMS values. In pseudophakic eyes, the adaptive optics Hartmann-Shack device demonstrated acceptable repeatability for measurement of sphere and 3rd and 4th order HOAs with higher variability for astigmatism measurements, especially in eyes with a prior history of corneal refractive surgery. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(9):e645-e653.].

Opportunities and Challenges of China’s Economic and Political Development Under the Third Term of Xi Leadership: Ascent of China’s Dream?

The purpose of this special issue is no longer to examine China’s growth and the implementation of the China dream during Xi’s 3rd term from China’s own perspective; rather, the emphasis is on observing China’s neighboring nations’ perspectives from their own perspectives. It is essential to conduct examinations across the political, economic, and diplomatic relationships that surrounding countries have with China under the leadership of Xi Jinping. Several focuses will be highlighted in order to enable a comprehensive investigation into the rise or fall of the practice of the China dream during Xi’s third term from the perspectives of the countries that surround China. These focuses include their hedging strategy views on China’s development, China’s international status, the power rivalry between the United States and China, and their respective strategies for China’s development. In addition, does the implementation of the China dream on tribute system include the reconstruction of the regional order and the relationship between the sovereign state (also known as the suzerain state) and the vassal states for the nations that are located in close proximity to Chinese territory?

Asymptotic Series of the Associated Legendre Function with Respect to Seismic Surface Waves

The asymptotic series of the associated Legendre function is investigated for the angular degrees n=2-13 in the context of the amplitude and wavelength of seismic surface waves. The approximate formula for the associated Legendre function is used to determine the wavelength and phase velocity of free oscillations of the Earth and long-period surface waves. The approximate formula is derived from the first term of the asymptotic series and its error increases with decreasing n. In the present study, the effect of higher terms on the approximate formula is studied with respect to the amplitudes of the 1st term (a1), the 2nd term (a2), and the 3rd term (a3). For the colatitude angle θ of π/3≦θ≦2π/3, the amplitude ratios a2/a1 are approximately 3.5％-1.0％ for n=2-11 and are less than 1.0％ for n ≧ 12, while the amplitude ratios a3/a1 are approximately 0.4％ - 0.03％ for n=2-13. The effect of amplitudes of higher terms on the 1st term increases as the colatitude angle approaches the pole or the antipode. The wavelengths of the 1st term (λ1) , the 2nd term (λ2) , and the 3rd term (λ3) are in the sequence λ1 >λ2 >λ3. The wavelength ratiosλ2 /λ1 and λ3 >λ1 for n=2-13 are 0.71%-0.93% and 0.55%-0.87%, respectively. The relationship of the wavelengths between the different angular degrees may be expressed as λ n k =λn-1k+1, where n and k are respectively the angular degree and the ordinal number of the asymptotic series.

1998-2021년간의 유아다문화교육 국내 학술 연구동향

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the current research trends of multicutural(MC) education(ED) for young children during 1998-2021, and to collect basic data to predict research directions for Early Childhood Education(ECE) in multicultural perspective in the future.
 Methods 610 final academic journal articles were selected and analyzed after 3 step filtering process were made for 909 original data collected by key words 'early childhood multicultural education' from RISS(Research Information Sharing Service). 299 data was excluded for its’ duplication, irrelevance, and no full texts provided. Most frequently used analytic criteria for searching research trends were adapted from preliminary studies in EC multicultural(MC) education(ED) research trends. Data analysis was made by research publication year & 4-year-term, research object, research method, research topic, and researcher's academic area.
 Results As a result of multicultural education research for young children in the 4th(2010-2013), 5th(2014-2017), 6th(2018-2021), 3rd(2006-2009), 1st(1998-2001), and 2nd term(2002-2005) in order. There was an increase from the 1st term(1998-2001) to the 4th term(2010-2013), and a decrease from the 5th term(2014-2017) with a steady trend of many studies since then. According to research objects, the most studies were conducted for in-service teachers for young children, infants, parents, materual resources, education resources, education re-lated workers, According to research method, quantitative research showed the highest frequency, followed by qualitative research, literature reviews, and mixed research in research trend. The most popular reserch topics were contents of multicultural education, followed by multicultural families, multicultural teaching goals, multi-cultural educational programs, multicultural teachers, multicultural education environment, multicultural educaion institutions, multicultural policies, and curricula. As analytic results by researcher’ academic area, social sciences with education mostly occupy the result persentage, and followed by humanities, inter-disciplinary sciences, nat-ural sciences, arts and physical education, and engineering.
 Conclusions This study show that the resarch trend on early childhood multicultural education over the past 24 years has been on a continuous increase since the third quarter of 2006, and has been on a downward trend since the fifth quarter of 2014. however, research on basic early childhood multicultural education since 2006 has been conducted. it was receiving continuous attention. Not only is there a need for high-quality qualitative research that can complement quantitative reserch as a research method, and greater interest in research targeting young chil-dren is needed, but it is also necessary to go beyond the current research trend that mainly focuses on pedagogy for children in a rapidly changing multicultural society. It suggests the need for national policy support and atten-tion to peripheral disciplines such as socio-cultural, humanities, and complex studies.

Absolwenci uczelni lubelskich na stanowiskach sędziów Sądu Najwyższego w okresie Polski Ludowej

The article presents graduates from Lublin higher education institutions who, in the course of their legal professional careers, assumed Supreme Court judge positions in the period of the Polish People's Republic. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from the Supreme Court resuming operation in 1945 until the end of the last, sixth term of the Supreme Court in 1990, although nominations of KUL (Catholic University of Lublin) and UMCS (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University) graduates as "regular" judges of the Supreme Court concern the very period of the Polish People's Republic. The extension of temporal scope has resulted in presenting the profiles of two judges, pre-war KUL graduates, who were acting judges of the Supreme Court from 1948 to 1949 at the off-site adjudication centre of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court in Lublin. It was 1959 when two KUL graduates were appointed judges of the Supreme Court under the procedure set out in the Law on the System of Common Courts. From 1962 onwards, the Supreme Court used to be staffed through an appointment of Supreme Court judges for five-year terms by the Council of State according to the Act on the Supreme Court. These included five post-war KUL graduates, three of whom had started their studies before the outbreak of war. The end of provision of legal education at KUL (the last graduation ceremony took place in 1952) and the launch of legal studies at UMCS in 1949 resulted in as many as seven UMCS graduates holding the Supreme Court judge positions in the 1970s and especially in the 1980s. The first of them was elected in 1972 for the 3rd term of the Supreme Court. When the Supreme Court closed its operation on 30 June 1990 (as a result of shortening the 6th term due to serious changes made in the system of government) it was composed by two KUL graduates and six UMCS graduates.

신문 기사에 나타난 유아 수학에 대한 인식연구

Objectives In this study, the changes in interest and key words by period related to early childhood mathematics appeared in newspaper articles from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2020 were examined.
 Methods For this purpose, 7,789 articles related to early childhood education were collected through ‘Big Kinds (www.bigKinds.or.kr)’. and 230 articles related to mathematics for earlychildhood were analyzed using buzz anal-ysis and topic modeling techniques.
 Results First, articles on early childhood education increased abou 13.7 times in the 3rd term compared to the 1st term, and articles related to early childhood mathematics increased 24 times in the 3rd term compared to the 1st term. As a result, it was confirmed that social interest in early childhood mathematics increased significantly. Secondly, the results of topic analysis by period: 1st period - ‘Early entry into elementary school’, ‘Establishment of early childhood public education’, 2nd period - ‘Early private education’, ‘Mathematics education approach’, 3rd period - ‘Mathematics and language’ ‘Relationship between mathematics’, ‘Mathematics education program’, and ‘Connectivity between mathematics and gifted education’ were selected as the main themes.
 Conclusions Through this, it was confirmed that social issues regarding early childhood mathematics changed by time, and there was a slight difference from social interest and research trends in academia.

시진핑 3기 체제의 정치 및 정책적 함의 분석

Xi Jinping’s 3rd term began since the CCP’s 20th Congress and the 1st plenum of the 20th CPC Central Committee. Xi Jinping’s 3rd term is characterized as Xi’s absolute dictatorship and Xijiajun’s monopoly of political power. The dictatorship system has multiple implications on China’s politics. The most significant implication is substantial degeneration of China’s institutionalization in term of political power. It is to bring about increasing inflexibility in political and policy decision making processes and degenerating political resilience of the Chinese politics. Also, it means rising instabilities in China’s politics, economy, and foreign policy. The paper examines the Xi’s 3rd term system focusing on the degeneration of political institutionalization. Lastly, it anticipates policy directions of the Xi’s 3rd term, and then draws its political implications.

Research Trends of Picture Books for Older Adults over 65 in South Korea

The goal of this study is to analyze trends of picture book research for older adults over 65 during last 15 years (2005-2019) to foresee research direction in the future. Forty-three domestic studies using picture books for older adults over 65 were selected from RISS with four types of academic data including academic journal articles, masters’ and doctoral dissertations, books, and financially funded public research reports. Picture book research of older adults over 65 steadily increased with a sharp upward slope toward the 3rd term (2013-2015) reflecting the aging society of South. Korea. Research subjects were mostly focused on older adults as characters/real people in books, illiterate, and dementia as well. Psycho-emotional therapy, self-related ingredients such as self-growth, -integration, -identity, -esteem, -confidence, and young children’s understanding of older adults Diverse research methods were used with literature reviews the most. The research frequency of academic fields are in the order of, education (especially early childhood & special ED), counselling and psychotherapy, and social science. More research for older adults over 65 are needed to improve their better life and easier adaptation to aging Korea through publications, psycho-emotional support systems, and publicly financed network and research reports for practical advocacy.

PS-C12-5: MATHEMATICAL COMPARISON OF THE SEQUENTIAL VARIABLE RATIOS AMONG THE BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITIES OF AMBULATORY, HOME, AND OFFICE BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING

Objective: The importance of blood pressure variabilities (BPVs) is warranted; however, it seems difficult to discuss some blood pressure variabilities together since the definitions and pathophysiological meanings are different among the various BPVs. The aim of this study is the mathematical comparison of the sequential variable ratios among BPVs. Design and method: As previously reported (BMC Inform Decis Mak 2011, Internal Medicine 2016, Clin Exp Hypertens 2019, Ohno et al.), I assumed the systolic blood pressure values of a virtual Japanese male 1000 subjects at 60 to 69 years of age which were normally distributed around the corresponding measurements. From the epidemiological studies, I assumed the mean and the stand deviation (SD) of 24-hour ambulatory (ABP), 14-day home (HBP), and 12-month office blood pressure (OBP) monitoring as 134 ± 18, 134 ± 15, and 144 ± 20. I also assumed the median and 75-percentile BPVs for SD of the ABP, HBP and OBP as 15 and 18, 8 and 10, and 10 and 14. Using the numerical analysis of the sequential autoregressive model, at the 2nd term, BP was randomly changed according to the certain variability ratio (0.04∼0.09) for the sequential BP recordings to satisfy the normal stochastic distribution. At the 3rd term, BP was calculated as the sum of a third of the initial BP and two thirds of the 2nd BP values and so on. Considering the periodicity, the last three terms, BP was calculated as the sum of a third of the initial BP and the two thirds of the previous BP values. Time factors were 10 mmHg lower in the nighttime for ABP, 4 mmHg lower in the evening for HBP and 0.25mmHg lower for 1 temperature rise in Celsius for OBP. I calculated SD of BPV under the condition of several variability ratios for ABP, HBP and OBP. Results: The variability ratios were 0.05 and 0.06 for the corresponding median and 75 percentile of ABP, 0.04 and 0.05 for those of HBP, and 0.07 and 0.09 for those of OBP for the epidemiological studies. Conclusions: The variability ratios of the sequential BP recordings were 1.75 (0.07/0.04) to 1.8 (0.09/0.05) times greater in OBP than in HBP. Therefore, less than 10 mmHg (144 x 0.07) BPV in the sequential recordings for OBP should not be a cause for concern.

Applying a Power Transformation to the Orbit of the 2nd Painleve Equation and Solving Differential Equations with Polynomial Right-hand Sides Via the 2nd Painleve Transcendent and in Polynomials

The 2nd Painleve equation is considered as a representative of the second-order class of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with polynomial right-hand sides, as well as of the more general second-order class of equations with fractional polynomial right-hand sides. The second Painlevé equation with three terms on the right side has an orbit in the class of fractional polynomial equations with respect to the pseudogroup of the 36th order, and in the absence of the 3rd term – the 60th order. This paper presents a power transformation with an arbitrary parameter that preserves the polynomial or fractional polynomial form of the equations. This power-law transformation is applied to the orbital equations of the 2nd Painlevé equation with three and two terms on the right-hand sides of the equations. Pseudogroups of transformations induced by the above-mentioned pseudogroups of the 36th and 60th orders are constructed. All equations with one-constant arbitrariness corresponding to the vertices of the graphs of induced pseudogroups are found. General solutions of all found equations are obtained through the 2nd Painlevé transcendental or in polynomials. A theorem is presented that allows, using the scaling operation, to find general solutions to all the above equations with arbitrary coefficients.

Prevalence and factors associated to depression and anxiety among medical students in an inland university in Brazil

Medical schools are known to be stressful environments for students and hence medical students have been believed to experience greater incidences of depression and anxiety than the general population or students from other specialties. The present study investigates the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms together with factors associated with them among medical students in a public federal university in the south of Brazil. A descriptive study was performed using self-administered questionnaires to access socio-demographic, institutional and health variables in association with two scales - Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) - designed to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. The research sample consisted of 152 subjects. The depressive symptoms prevalence was 65.1% (BDI > 9), state-anxiety was 98.6% and trait-anxiety 97.4% (STAI > 33). Among women, 37.8% demonstrated moderate/severe depressive symptoms. High levels of state-anxiety symptoms and trait-anxiety symptoms were found in 44.7% of students under age 20. In the group with the lowest monthly income, it was observed the highest distributions for moderate/severe depressive symptoms, high state and high trait-anxiety symptoms, corresponding to 47.4%, 57.9% and 47.4%, respectively. Students attending the 3rd term of medical school had the highest percentage of moderate/severe depressive symptoms (62.5%) and high state-anxiety symptoms (50%). In addition, students who had both financial aid programs presented the highest percentages at moderate/severe depressive symptoms (46.2%), high state-anxiety symptoms (61.5%) and high trait-anxiety symptoms (46.2%). We also observed a correlation between depression and trait-anxiety symptoms (P = 0.037). In conclusion, it was identified as risk factors for depressive symptoms the previous depression diagnosis, previous search for health service due to psychological symptoms, being in financial aid programs, dissatisfaction with the medical school and inadequate psychological help offered by it. For state-anxiety symptoms and trait-anxiety outcome, there is an increased risk among low-income or students who have financial help from financial aid programs and younger age students.

Effects of New-Generation Antiepileptic Drug Prophylaxis on Delayed Neurovascular Events After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Neuroelectric disruptions such as seizures and cortical spreading depolarization may contribute to the development of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, effects of antiepileptic drug prophylaxis on outcomes remain controversial in SAH. The authors investigated if prophylactic administration of new-generation antiepileptic drugs levetiracetam and perampanel was beneficial against delayed neurovascular events after SAH. This was a retrospective single-center cohort study of 121 consecutive SAH patients including 56 patients of admission World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grades IV - V who underwent aneurysmal obliteration within 72h post-SAH from 2013 to 2021. Prophylactic antiepileptic drugs differed depending on the study terms: none (2013 - 2015), levetiracetam for patients at high risks of seizures (2016 - 2019), and perampanel for all patients (2020 - 2021). The 3rd term had the lowest occurrence of delayed cerebral microinfarction on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, which was related to less development of DCI. Other outcome measures were similar among the 3 terms including incidences of angiographic vasospasm, computed tomography-detectable delayed cerebral infarction, seizures, and 3-month good outcomes (modified Rankin Scale 0 - 2). The present study suggests that prophylactic administration of levetiracetam and perampanel was not associated with worse outcomes and that perampanel may have the potential to reduce DCI by preventing microcirculatory disturbances after SAH. Further studies are warranted to investigate anti-DCI effects of a selective α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor antagonist perampanel in SAH patients in a large-scale prospective study.

Bitlis Deputies and Their Activities in the The Republican Period According to the Archival Records of The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (1923–1950)

Bitlis, tarihi geçmişi ve kültürel değerleriyle Anadolu’nun önemli medeniyet merkezlerinden biridir. Bu nedenle şehrin tarihinin her dönemini araştırmak ve aydınlatmak hem Bitlis iline hem de “Tarih bilimine” önemli katkılar sunacaktır. Yerel tarih çalışmaları, bölgesel ve ulusal tarih çalışmalarına önemli kaynaklar ve faydalar sağlamaktadır. Tarih boyunca önemli bir yerleşim yeri olan Bitlis’in Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarından itibaren sahip olduğu siyasi yaşam alanının ve bu alanda siyaset yapan kadroların gayretleri toplumsal dönüşüm açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmayla Bitlis’in Cumhuriyet Dönemi siyasi, sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel gelişim süreci, şehri temsil eden milletvekilleri ve yaptıkları faaliyetler çerçevesinde değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Cumhuriyet döneminde ülke yönetimine egemen olan siyasi kadroların hem yerel hem de ulusal düzeyde hangi siyasal, sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel tabana dayandıklarının ortaya konulması önemlidir. Genel olarak ülkenin, yerel olarak temsil ettiği şehrin, planlanmış hedefler istikametinde ilerlemesi ve gelişmesi milletvekillerinin becerileriyle yakından alakalıdır. Bu çalışmada Bitlis ilini Cumhuriyet Döneminde (1923-1950) TBMM’de temsil eden milletvekillerinin özgeçmişi ve Meclis faaliyetleri araştırılarak, Bitlis’in bu dönemde TBMM’deki temsil durumu, seçilen kişiler, yapılan çalışmalar ve yaşanan olaylar incelenmiş olup şehrin siyasi ve toplumsal tarihi açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca milletvekillerinin bölgesel ve ulusal sorunları çözme konusundaki yaklaşımları ve faaliyetleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Arşiv kaynakları ışığında hazırlanan bu çalışmada, betimleyici yöntemsel yaklaşım benimsenmiş olup Cumhuriyet Döneminde Bitlis milletvekillerinin biyografileri ve meclis faaliyetleri kronolojik sıraya göre ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Milletvekillerinin özgeçmişlerine ait bilgilere TBMM Arşivinde yer alan sicil dosyaları, Tercümanı Hal Varakaları ve TBMM yayınları olan Türk Parlamento Tarihi (ilk 8 cilt) isimli kitaplardan ulaşılmıştır. Vekillerin seçim mazbataları yine TBMM arşivinden, Genel Kuruldaki çalışmalarına ise Zabıt Cerideleri taranarak elde edilmiştir. Milletvekillerinin diğer siyasi çalışmalarına ulaşmak için Cumhurbaşkanlığı Cumhuriyet Arşivi’ndeki Bitlis ile ilgili elde edilen belgelerden yararlanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada arşiv kayıtlarından elde edilen belgeler ışığında milletvekillerinin biyografileri ve yaptıkları çalışmalar ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca literatür taraması yapılarak konumuza katkı sağlayacak diğer araştırma eserleri de incelenip makale oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda Cumhuriyet Döneminde TBMM’de (TBMM 2-3-6-7-8. Dönemler) Bitlis’i 12 milletvekilinin temsil ettiği görülmüştür. Bu milletvekillerinden Muhittin Nami Bey (2. ve 3. Dönemler) ve Muhtar Ertan (7. ve 8. Dönemler) ikişer dönem vekillik yapmışlardır. Gelinen noktada ele alınan çalışma döneminde Bitlis milletvekilliği görevini ifa eden 10 faklı vekilin özgeçmişi ve meclis çalışmaları incelenmiştir.

화훼영업보상제도의 문제점 검토 및 개선방안

Compensation for flower complex business is emerging as a significant social issue along with the so-called the compensation for the 3rd term New Town development. The problems and its solutions should be searched for from the legal and theoretical grounds such as ① the principle of just compensation pursuant to Clause 3 of Article 23 of the Constitution ② realization of social justice of equality before public charge ③ scheming to balance the public and private interests ④ stability of a legal life. Flowering plant is a plant cultivated for ornamental and processing purposes. Business refers to an act of continuously repeating the same kind of activity with a profit-making purpose. When compared with the concept of business in terms of the Commercial Law, the concept of business in terms of “the Land Compensation Act” is substantially disparate in the sense that profitability is excluded and legitimacy of business sites is added. For convenience’s sake, flowering plant business in development restricted areas is classified into 5 types. According to Clause 1 of Article 77 of the Land Compensation Act and Article 45 of the Enforcement Regulations of the same Act, the element of the business is that the business should be continuously operated equipped with human and physical facilities in a legitimate business site prior to the date of business acknowledgment notice and abide by the business authorization as stipulated in operating its business. The elements for the legitimacy of the business sites should be interpreted in connection with individual laws such as Clause 1 of Article 56 of the National Land Planning Act, Clause 1 of Article 20 of the Construction Act, Article 12 of the Act on Restricted Development Areas and Paragraph 1 of Article 12 of the Enforcement Regulations of the same Act [Annex 4]. The recent adjudication and precedents by the National Land Eminent Domain Committee have been summarized in this study. Most of the cases except for the “Urban Development Project of Gimhae Sameo District” were in legal disputes within the restricted development areas, where, in particular, the legitimacy of the business sites was the main controversial issue. While the three cases prior to this case pertains to type 1 and 2 of the flowering plant business, the private investment project of the 2nd Gyeongin Expressway is regarded as type 4 where the plaintiffs cultivated pot plants outside for a certain period of time and brought in greenhouses to sell them to retailers. Seoul Administrative Court dismissed the claim for compensation for business loss, judging that the installation of each greenhouse could not be regarded as a minor development activity according to the regulations above mentioned. Thereupon, the plaintiffs appealed against the decision, but Seoul appellate Court also dismissed plaintiffs' appeal for the compensation. It was also dismissed by the Supreme Court as a trial with the reason of no need for further hearing. According as the legitimacy of business sites is required to be a legal element, it is rather against the principle of equality in the fair comparison between the private interests of those who complied with the law and those who violated the law to compensate the people with the public charge who do not meet the requirements, even having committed the illegal acts and to give policy-oriented consideration for them. Therefore, the exclusion of the element of legitimacy of business sites is likely to be inconsistent with the principle of fair burden.

Correlation Between Students’ Attitudes and Mathematics Learning Achievements of High School Students in Yobe, Nigeria

Attitudes can affect the overall behavior of students in the learning process. This study aims to investigate the correlation between students’ attitudes and mathematics learning achievements among 367 senior secondary school students in Yobe state, Nigeria. A correlational design was used in the study. The research instruments used were questionnaires designed by the researchers to elicit responses from the students and end-of-term 3rd term mathematics examination scores of the students. The respondents were measured with a relevant standardized scale with Cronbach alpha reliability of 0.83. The data obtained was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and t-test for independent sample. The result showed that there was a significant correlation between students’ attitudes and mathematics learning achievements of high school students’. In addition, there was a significant difference between male and female students’ attitudes toward mathematics learning achievements of high school students. Thus, it can be concluded that students' attitudes and learning achievement in mathematics are positively related. Female students are more prone to math phobia. In view of these findings, it is recommended that teachers should be wary of student attitudes toward learning mathematics and ensure that mathematics phobias are drastically minimized.

Support and Challenges for Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients

The current adolescent and young adult (AYA) generation represents a unique age group, among whom life changes dramatically due to living environments including school, seeking employment, marriage, and pregnancy, and due to lack of a social support system for cancer during the AYA years. The 3rd term of the Basic Plan for Cancer Control Promotion has stimulated increased momentum toward medical community involvement with AYA generation cancer patients, leading to the establishment of a Department of Cancer in the AYA Generation at our hospital. While promoting provision of highest quality team-based medical care, we have also been working to provide the best daily life/social life support, using our abundance of treatment experience, and taking into consideration various problems peculiar to AYA individuals, including anxiety about the future, a desire to preserve fertility, and a need for reproductive support. Pharmacists are involved in pharmacotherapy as part of medical treatments for AYA patients, aiming to provide optimal pharmacotherapy based on the practice of accurate pharmaceutical management. We foster collaborations between various clinical departments to tackle AYA-specific issues including preservation of fertility. Future challenges to address include long-term follow-up on such issues as late-stage disorders and endocrine disorders after AYA patient cancer treatment. Under current circumstances, our time for face-to-face interaction with patients as members of the hospital's medical staff is limited. Currently, we are involved in the operation of a breast cancer salon that aims to improve breast cancer patients' quality of life by supporting these patients during diagnosis and treatment.

Peer-Assisted skills learning in structured undergraduate medical curriculum: An experiential perspective of tutors and tutees.

: This study aims to evaluate the implication of peer-assisted learning model adopted in students' clinical skills training from the perspective of tutees and tutors at the end of a peer-tutored clinical skills program and peer tutors themselves. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag in between January and March 2018. Following the clinical skills training, a questionnaire designed to assess the views of tutees and peer tutors was filled out on a voluntary basis by 159 tutees and 43 tutors. The statistical analysis of the collected and processed data was analyzed by using IBM SPSS 23.0 statistical program. The statistical significance level was maintained as α = 0.05. According to the Likert scale, satisfaction with the tutors and the educational environment was high in general. The 2nd term tutees provided more negative feedback compared to other terms. Among all the terms, the most positive answers were provided by the 3rd term students. Although the tutors found themselves fully skilled in communication with colleagues, there were striking differences between the tutors in the 5th and 6th terms of providing a good role model for pre-clinical terms students. Considering peer assisted learning (PAL)'s positive responses from this study, the adoption of PAL has been started to be used as a supplementary teaching method for the clinical skills training at the Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University. PAL is considered a successful education model since it is cost-efficient for undergraduate medical training and improves the professional skills of both teacher and learner students. It can be availed of as an alternative method in medical faculties where especially the number of academic members is insufficient.

FEATURES OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE

Purpose. To study the features of development and productivity potential of spring wheat varieties of different origin during autumn and spring sowing time. Select the best samples for inclusion in the breeding program for the creation of facultative varieties of wheat and the improvement of winter genotype of common wheat. Methods. For the study were taken Varieties of spring wheat of different genetic origin: from Ukraine – Kharkivs’ka 26 (standard), Kharkivs’ka 30 and breeding lines d.104/06 and d.118/06; from Western Europe - Triso, Jara, Typic; from Canada, Glen Lee, AC Superb; from North America - Babax and Trap1. Varieties for two years (2007-2008) were sown in two seasons and three terms: 1st term 06.10.06/09.10.07 (sowing of winter samples); 2nd term 13.11.06/21.11.07 (sowing of winter and spring samples); 3rd term 19.03.07/18.03.08 (sowing of spring samples). In sown in autumn, winter wheat varieties were taken as control: Bezosta 1, Odes’ka 16, Odes’ka 267, Viktoriya odes’ka, Kuyalʹnyk and Kiriya. The size of the plot was 10 m2. Phenological observations were carried out according to the methodology of the State Variety Testing. The reaction to photoperiodic sensitivity was studied by the difference in heading date under short daylight conditions - 10 hours compared to the usual natural day - 16 hours (May-June). The winter was soft for two years, which contributed to the optimal development of the spring wheat plant. Results. One of the main elements that forms productivity is tillering. The difference of the number of stems per 1 m2 and the between the varieties of winter and spring types of development was not observed. The level of tillering depends on the characteristics of the variety, and does not depend on the type of wheat growth habits. Heading of spring varieties when sown at the optimal time occurs very late for our zone on June 1-8. During autumn sowing time, according to the heading date indicator (May 18-29), contrast was not found between the samples of spring and winter wheat. Heading time and maturing occurs at the same time with a difference between varieties of up to 9 days. just like of heading dates, the reaction to photoperiod sensitivity depends on the genetic characteristics of the variety and does not depend on the type of wheat growth habits. The varieties Kuyalʹnyk, AC Superb, Typic, Trap1 are not sensitive to the length of daylight hours with a difference in heading (4-5 days) between short and full days. The yield level for 2 years in spring varieties was significantly lower if compared with winter varieties. Even sowing in autumn and high intensity of regrowth, the same level of tillering, neutral reaction to photoperiodic sensitivity of some varieties are not able to give a yield at least at the level of modern varieties of winter wheat. The best yielding varieties of spring wheat of the second sowing period AC Superb (3.61 t/ha), Babax (3.55 t/ha), Trap (3.35 t/ha), line d.118/06 (3.23 t/ha) were at the level of winter wheat varieties Bezosta 1 (3.44 t/ha) and Odes’ka 16 (3.33 t/ha) and significantly less than variety Kuyalnik (4.48 t/ha). During spring sowing, the yield of spring wheat varieties was low (maximum 2.45 t/ha) due to the specific conditions of the South of Ukraine. There was no significant difference in yield between spring wheat varieties when sown in spring. Conclusions. The results of the study showed that for the South of Ukraine it is expedient to develop a program with crossing winter wheat with spring wheat to obtain facultative forms which would be at the level of winter wheat yields, early maturing and with a neutral reaction to photoperiodic sensitivity. According to the results of this work for the breeding program, a number of varieties of spring wheat were identified: Ukrainian pool - line d.118/06, Kharkivs’ka 30; Western European pool - Triso; Canadian pool - AC Superb; Central American pool - Babax.

Terms of sowing forage crops for haylage production under the conditions of Central Yakutia

In recent years the agricultural production in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) has been introducing the technology of haylage production, which can replace part of the silage and hay in the ration of animals. However, stable raw materials of herbage are not enough for the technology of haylage production in Yakutia. Natural forage lands cannot provide a new technology of haylage production with herbage, since the entire area of haymaking goes to hay harvesting. Therefore, the selection of forage crops to create a reliable raw material base for haylage is a very relevant research topic. The purpose of the research was to study the terms of sowing forage crops for haylage production under the conditions in the Central Yakutia. The research has been carried out in the research and production permanent out-station in the M. G. Safronov Yakut Scientifi c Research Institute of Agriculture for three years. The experimental site was located on the second above-fl oodplain terrace of the Lena River Valley. The objects of research were the following varieties of zoned annual crops – oats of Pokrovsky variety 9, peas of Capital variety, spring vetch of Priobskaya variety 25, barley of Tammy variety. It has been found as a result of research that in the soil and climatic conditions in the Central Yakutia for the production of haylage for plant growth and development, dynamics of accumulation of dry matter, yield and nutritional qualities, the most effective mixtures are: vetch (1,2 million pcs/ha) + oats (2,5 million pcs/ha) and peas (0,8 million pcs/ha) + oats (2,5 million pcs/ha) germinating seeds. As the result of the conducted research, the optimal terms for sowing annual grasses for haylage have been established such as the 1st term (sowing in the third decade of May, harvesting in the first decade of August), the 2nd term (sowing in the second decade of June, harvesting in the third decade of August), the 3rd term (sowing in the first decade of July, harvesting in the first decade of September) in the phase of milk-wax ripeness in cereals and in the phase of fruit formation in legumes.

The Maximum Energy Density of Lithium Ion Capacitors

Recently, a new type of supercapacitor–lithium (Li)-ion capacitor (LIC) has attracted much attention, because LIC has not only the advantages of traditional supercapacitor, such as high specific power (e.g. >10 kW/kg) and extremely long cycle life (e.g. >250,000 cycles), but also much higher specific energy (e.g. 10-25 Wh/kg) than that of traditional supercapacitors. In additional, LIC also has high cell voltage, low leakage current, etc.LIC has an asymmetrical structure and is composed of a Li intercalation-type anode electrode (Faradic) and an electric double-layer capacitor-type cathode electrode (non-Faradic), operating in a Li-ion containing electrolyte. The cathode material is activated carbon, and anode material includes graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, or Li titanate. Compared with ordinary electrochemical energy storage cells, LIC has two following unique characteristics: 1) the anode electrode must be pre-lithiated using a highly concentrated Li source such as Li metal since both electrodes without pre-doped Li-ion. The pre-lithiation can also compensate the active Li loss at anode in the first several cycles and 2) the capacity of anode is much larger than the capacity of cathode (e.g. 7-10× for using hard carbon and 10-15× for using graphite as anode). It is due to the distinct energy storage mechanisms of cathode (non-Faradic) and anode (Faradic), the high-rate performance and cycling durability of anode are not comparable to cathode, resulting in low power density and poor cycling lifespan. Therefore, a general method to improve the power density and cycling lifespan is to construct an ‘unbalanced system’, i.e. the capacity of anode is designed to be higher than that of cathode, which enables the anode to be working at low areal current density and experiencing a shallow charge and discharge to match the rate and cycle life of activated carbon cathode.In this talk, we will present a mathematical formula as Eq. (1) for the theoretical specific energy of LICs for the first time. The theoretical specific energy is only based on “active” materials including cathode, anode, extra Li source, and the required electrolyte during the charge. Other “non-active” materials such as separator, current collectors, binders, tabs, and case can be counted into a value of package efficiency (e.g. 50%). In the specific energy equation, the denominator is the sum of four terms, in which, the 1st term has been normalized by the specific capacitance of cathode, the 2nd term represents capacity ratio between anode and cathode, the 3rd term represents the pre-lithiation, and the 4th term represents the electrolyte consumption when the LIC is at fully charge state. In order to understand the impact of some important parameters to the specific energy of LICs, we vary just one parameter at once and fix all other parameters to default values. They are: cp=100 F/g is the specific capacitance of cathode, ca=372 mAh/g is the specific capacity of anode, cLi=3,860 mAh/g is the specific capacity of extra Li source, Vmax=3.8 V is the maximum cell voltage, Vmin=2.2 is the minimum cell voltage, Vc-max=Vmax+0.2 V vs. Li/Li+ is the maximum potential of cathode, Vc-OCP=3.0 V vs Li/Li+ is the open-circuit potential of cathode, co=1 M/L is the Li salt concentration in electrolyte, g=10 is the capacity ratio between anode and cathode, b=100% is the degree of lithiation for anode, and F=96,485 C/M is the Faraday constant. Fig. 1 shows the specific energy as functions of six different parameters. It can be seen that (a) when the capacity ratio decreased from a default value of 10 to 1, the specific energy can be increased by 54%; (b) when the specific capacity of extra Li source is much greater than that of anode (e.g. cLi>1,000 mAh/g), the specific energy is close to a constant value; (c) when the specific capacitance of cathode is doubled from 100 to 200 F/g, the specific energy increases only 17.5% because the masses of anode and electrolyte are doubled too; (d) when the specific capacity of anode is doubled from 372 to 744 mAh/g, the specific energy will increases 21.7%, which is limited by low capacity of cathode; (e) the specific energy increase rate is less than voltage increase rate (or ∆ε/ε<2∆V/V) because masses of anode, electrolyte, and extra Li source increase proportional to the maximum voltage as shown in Eq. (1); and (f) the specific energy doesn’t increase with decreasing the minimum cell voltage from a default value of 2.2 V due to the mass of anode increases to match the increase of the cathode capacity. Figure 1