FEATURES OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE

Abstract

Purpose. To study the features of development and productivity potential of spring wheat varieties of different origin during autumn and spring sowing time. Select the best samples for inclusion in the breeding program for the creation of facultative varieties of wheat and the improvement of winter genotype of common wheat. Methods. For the study were taken Varieties of spring wheat of different genetic origin: from Ukraine – Kharkivs’ka 26 (standard), Kharkivs’ka 30 and breeding lines d.104/06 and d.118/06; from Western Europe - Triso, Jara, Typic; from Canada, Glen Lee, AC Superb; from North America - Babax and Trap1. Varieties for two years (2007-2008) were sown in two seasons and three terms: 1st term 06.10.06/09.10.07 (sowing of winter samples); 2nd term 13.11.06/21.11.07 (sowing of winter and spring samples); 3rd term 19.03.07/18.03.08 (sowing of spring samples). In sown in autumn, winter wheat varieties were taken as control: Bezosta 1, Odes’ka 16, Odes’ka 267, Viktoriya odes’ka, Kuyalʹnyk and Kiriya. The size of the plot was 10 m2. Phenological observations were carried out according to the methodology of the State Variety Testing. The reaction to photoperiodic sensitivity was studied by the difference in heading date under short daylight conditions - 10 hours compared to the usual natural day - 16 hours (May-June). The winter was soft for two years, which contributed to the optimal development of the spring wheat plant. Results. One of the main elements that forms productivity is tillering. The difference of the number of stems per 1 m2 and the between the varieties of winter and spring types of development was not observed. The level of tillering depends on the characteristics of the variety, and does not depend on the type of wheat growth habits. Heading of spring varieties when sown at the optimal time occurs very late for our zone on June 1-8. During autumn sowing time, according to the heading date indicator (May 18-29), contrast was not found between the samples of spring and winter wheat. Heading time and maturing occurs at the same time with a difference between varieties of up to 9 days. just like of heading dates, the reaction to photoperiod sensitivity depends on the genetic characteristics of the variety and does not depend on the type of wheat growth habits. The varieties Kuyalʹnyk, AC Superb, Typic, Trap1 are not sensitive to the length of daylight hours with a difference in heading (4-5 days) between short and full days. The yield level for 2 years in spring varieties was significantly lower if compared with winter varieties. Even sowing in autumn and high intensity of regrowth, the same level of tillering, neutral reaction to photoperiodic sensitivity of some varieties are not able to give a yield at least at the level of modern varieties of winter wheat. The best yielding varieties of spring wheat of the second sowing period AC Superb (3.61 t/ha), Babax (3.55 t/ha), Trap (3.35 t/ha), line d.118/06 (3.23 t/ha) were at the level of winter wheat varieties Bezosta 1 (3.44 t/ha) and Odes’ka 16 (3.33 t/ha) and significantly less than variety Kuyalnik (4.48 t/ha). During spring sowing, the yield of spring wheat varieties was low (maximum 2.45 t/ha) due to the specific conditions of the South of Ukraine. There was no significant difference in yield between spring wheat varieties when sown in spring. Conclusions. The results of the study showed that for the South of Ukraine it is expedient to develop a program with crossing winter wheat with spring wheat to obtain facultative forms which would be at the level of winter wheat yields, early maturing and with a neutral reaction to photoperiodic sensitivity. According to the results of this work for the breeding program, a number of varieties of spring wheat were identified: Ukrainian pool - line d.118/06, Kharkivs’ka 30; Western European pool - Triso; Canadian pool - AC Superb; Central American pool - Babax.