3D Movies Research Articles

SUBIEKTYWNE ODCZUCIA WSKAZUJĄCE NA WYSTĘPOWANIE CHOROBY SYMULATOROWEJ I ZMĘCZENIE PO EKSPOZYCJI NA RZECZYWISTOŚĆ WIRTUALNĄ

The study assessed the incidence and intensity of subjective symptoms indicating simulator sickness among the persons with no inclination to motion sickness, immersed in virtual reality (VR) by watching an hour long movie in the stereoscopic (three-dimensional - 3D) and non-stereoscopic (two-dimensional - 2D) versions and after an hour long training using virtual reality, called sVR. The sample comprised 20 healthy young men with no inclination to motion sickness. The participants' subjective sensations, indicating symptoms of simulator sickness were assessed using the questionnaire completed by the participants immediately, 20 min and 24 h following the test. Grandjean's scale was used to assess fatigue and mood. The symptoms were observed immediately after the exposure to sVR. Their intensity was higher than after watching the 2D and 3D movies. A significant relationship was found between the eye pain and the type of exposure (2D, 3D and sVR) (Chi2)(2) = 6.225, p < or = 0.05); the relationship between excessive perspiration and the exposure to 31) movie and sVR was also noted (Chi2(1) = 9.173, p < or = 0.01). Some symptoms were still observed 20 min after exposure to sVR. The comparison of Grandjean's scale results before and after the training in sVR handing showed significant differences in 11 out of 14 subscales. Before and after exposure to 3D movie, the differences were significant only for the "tired-fatigued" subscale (Z = 2.501, p < or = 0.012) in favor of "fatigued". Based on the subjective sensation of discomfort after watching 2D and 3D movies it is impossible to predict symptoms of simulator sickness after training using sVR.

한국형 머리전달함수 데이터베이스 구축

Three-dimensional multimedia industry such as 3D TV, movie and broadcast has been developed vividly. For generating 3D contents with high quality, virtual auditory display, so called VAD, is being researched to offer more realistic experience to listeners. When people render VAD using headphones or two speakers, head-related transfer function(HRTF) plays a key role. The best solution is measuring all individuals’ HRTFs, but it is hard to measure all listeners’ HRTFs. To overcome this difficulty, many research groups have tried to construct their own measurement system and to build HRTF databases. However, some of them have not enough subjects or spatial resolution and they are mainly focused on Caucasian. There exists difference between Korean and Caucasian in a view of physical features. In other words, if Koreans hear three-dimensional sound rendered by HRTF database based on Caucasian, performance might be hindered. To verify this possibility and remedy the drawbacks, construction of new HRTF database aimed at Korean is needed. Therefore, our laboratory built HRTF measurement system which can measure HRTF of three-dimensional space with dense spatial resolution. With this system, 55 Korean males and 45 females’ HRTFs were measured and Korean HRTF database was built based on these data.

Creature grammar for creative modeling of 3D monsters

Monsters and strange creatures are frequently demanded in 3D games and movies. Modeling such kind of objects calls for creativity and imagination. Especially in a scenario where a large number of monsters with various shapes and styles are required, the designing and modeling process becomes even more challenging. We present a system to assist artists in the creative design of a large collection of various 3D monsters. Starting with a small set of shapes manually selected from different categories, our system iteratively generates sets of monster models serving as the artist’s reference and inspiration. The key component of our system is a so-called creature grammar, which is a shape grammar tailored for the generation of 3D monsters. Creature grammar governs the evolution from creatures with regular structures gradually into monsters with more and more abnormal structures through evolving the arrangement and number of shape parts, while preserving the semantics prescribed as prior knowledge. Experiments show that even starting with a small set of shapes from a few categories of common creatures (e.g., humanoids, bird-like creatures and quadrupeds), our system can produce a large set of unexpected monsters with both shape diversity and visual plausibility, thus providing great support for the user’s creative design.

Microbiological safety of glasses dispensed at 3D movie theatres

Recent popularity of three-dimensional movies raised some concern about microbiological safety of glasses dispensed into movie theatres. In this study, we analysed the level of microbiological contamination on them before and after use and between theatres adopting manual and automatic sanitation systems. The manual sanitation system was more effective in reducing the total mesophilic count levels compared with the automatic system (P < 0.05), but no differences were found for coagulase-positive staphylococci levels (P = 0.22). No differences were found for mould and yeast between before and after levels (P = 0.21) and between sanitation systems (P = 0.44). We conclude that more evidences are needed to support microbiological risk evaluation.

Fetal developmental anatomy of the human cardiovascular and central nervous systems using Lugol’s iodine staining and micro‐computed tomography (923.6)

Iodine staining with Lugol’s solution is a fast‐developing technique that is revolutionizing imaging studies, because it provides the opportunity to distinguish between soft tissues through soaking of the specimen followed by computed tomography (CT scanning). Earlier protocols that resulted in marked tissue shrinkage have been modified by treating specimens with a buffered sucrose solution prior to staining with isotonic Lugol’s, yielding excellent results. This technique was used to compare the cardiovascular and central nervous systems of a series of human fetal specimens ranging from six weeks to 28 weeks (ages approximated by crown‐rump measurements). Anatomical structures were analyzed and segmented using the computer program Avizo, providing the basis for the generation of labeled images, 3D reconstructions, 3D interactive PDFs, movies, and other forms of digital representations of the information provided in the CT scan data. Results include all representations which lead to a catalog of developing anatomy from the late embryonic stage well into the fetal stage of gestation. The catalog created provides students and educators with multiple forms of media to study the fetal anatomy of these two systems and allows professionals to better visualize and interact with the reconstructed versions of key organ systems. The study of both normal and teratological anatomy will lead to greater knowledge of any defects and could potentially lead to improved treatment and surgical plans.Grant Funding Source: Supported by a grant to AS from the Ohio University Honors Tutorial College and to LMW from NSF

3D Animation Silent Movie Entitled “The Seed”: Research for Level of Understanding Compare between Male and Female

The purpose of this research was to create 3D animation silent movie presented about story of one man who wants to save the world from dying by global warming. The process of creating this movie was divided in to 5 steps. First, set limitations and scope of the story. Second, design the structure and plotline of the story. Third, design characters and scene of the story. Fourth, create characters and scene movement into 3-Dimension using the computer graphics program into video format. And the last, evaluation of 3D animation silent movie as following: 1) Evaluate quality of movie by experts. 2) Evaluate satisfaction from viewers of the controlled population. 3) Interpret the level of Understanding Compare between Male and Female. The result of evaluations present a good outcome with an average of 3.55 from experts and the average from the sampling group was 4.02 which present a good result level and the level of understanding compare between male and female was no different. It can be concluded that research can be used as a media for attract audience attention because of the overall atmosphere of the scenes come out nearly realistic and also have an excitement and more interesting in 3D animation.

In vivo two‐photon microscopy for imaging leukocytes in atherosclerotic plaques (547.16)

Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation of the walls of large and medium arteries that have been infiltrated by macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and other leukocytes. Disease progression is determined in part by a variety of cell functions that are regulated by the cell’s motility, including recruitment, transmigration, egress, phagocytosis, and interaction between multiple cell types. In vivo imaging is necessary to better understand leukocyte activity during atherosclerosis within the native plaque microenvironment.Two‐photon microscopy is emerging as a valuable tool to image live, fluorescent cells in explants or certain organs in vivo. However, new technical challenges are introduced when imaging tissues that move within the body, such as arteries, which expand with every heart beat. In‐frame and between‐frame motion cause still images to be distorted and movies to appear unsteady, making cell tracking infeasible.We engineered an integrated hardware and software system for in vivo two‐photon imaging of large arteries. To ensure that the artery is in the same position for every picture, a trigger mechanism was constructed which links image acquisition to the mouse’s heartbeat via pulse oximetry. To minimize distortions, a method was developed to acquire only a fraction of a frame during each heart beat and then stitch the resulting small strips together to form a larger frame. A custom stage was built to precisely position the mouse under the microscope objective in 3 dimensions in coordination with the trigger mechanism. The resulting 3D movies will be used to track cell motion. This system can be used to study multiple questions involving cell motility in vivo, including leukocyte recruitment from blood, antigen presentation, phagocytosis, chemokine function, and the role of cell subsets in disease progression.Grant Funding Source: Supported By the AHA (11PRE7580009), HHMI (56005681), and NHLBI (T32HL007089‐35)

Stereo object tracking with fusion of texture, color and disparity information

A novel method for visual object tracking in stereo videos is proposed, which fuses an appearance based representation of the object based on Local Steering Kernel features and 2D color–disparity histogram information. The algorithm employs Kalman filtering for object position prediction and a sampling technique for selecting the candidate object regions of interest in the left and right channels. Disparity information is exploited, for matching corresponding regions in the left and right video frames. As tracking evolves, any significant changes in object appearance due to scale, rotation, or deformation are identified and embodied in the object model. The object appearance changes are identified simultaneously in the left and right channel video frames, ensuring correct 3D representation of the resulting bounding box in a 3D display monitor. The proposed framework performs stereo object tracking and it is suitable for application in 3D movies, 3D TV content and 3D video content captured by consuming stereo cameras. Experimental results proved the effectiveness of the proposed method in tracking objects under geometrical transformations, zooming and partial occlusion, as well as in tracking slowly deforming articulated 3D objects in stereo video.

Samba: a real-time motion capture system using wireless camera sensor networks.

There is a growing interest in 3D content following the recent developments in 3D movies, 3D TVs and 3D smartphones. However, 3D content creation is still dominated by professionals, due to the high cost of 3D motion capture instruments. The availability of a low-cost motion capture system will promote 3D content generation by general users and accelerate the growth of the 3D market. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a real-time motion capture system based on a portable low-cost wireless camera sensor network. The proposed system performs motion capture based on the data-driven 3D human pose reconstruction method to reduce the computation time and to improve the 3D reconstruction accuracy. The system can reconstruct accurate 3D full-body poses at 16 frames per second using only eight markers on the subject's body. The performance of the motion capture system is evaluated extensively in experiments.

A new approach for motion capture using magnetic field : models, algorithms and first results

SummaryIndoor and outdoor applications such as sports and health monitoring as well as realistic 3D movie and game animations require ambulatory motion capture. Thus, creating a new low‐cost light‐weight wearable motion capture system that offers realistic motion estimates is of great interest. This paper presents a new approach for ambulatory human motion capture, featuring a body mounted magnetic field source and magnetic field sensors together with an estimation algorithm. A complete study of the model, the hardware, and the estimation algorithms is presented. Results obtained in the context of motion capture of human upper limbs illustrate the proposed approach.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

3D입체 라이더영상의 촬영기법에 관한 연구

3 dimensional stereoscopic is attracting new attention as it simulates human eye and related hardware advances. However, 3 dimensional stereoscopic requires more time and effort than 2D movie because it uses 2 cameras or 2 lenses. This study analyzed the merits and demerits of the system producing rider movie using 3 dimensional stereoscopic shooting techniques and searched a way to produce better 3 dimensional stereoscopic rider movie which meets the producing intention by applying elements required to create effective 3 dimensional stereoscopic effect. According to the study result, a light-weight integrated system was effective to create 3 dimensional stereoscopic rider movie because of its genre characteristic. In the post-production of the work, location shooting considered of time re-mapping, color correction and graphic element addition was required.

Subjective Evaluation Method of Stereoscopic Video for the Digitizing of Dynamic Culture Resources

Nowadays, there has been a lot of research on subjective evaluation of stereoscopic videos and stereoscopic images for 3DTV and 3D movies, that research always take image quality and visual comfort as the main assessment factors. In this paper, we focused on the subjective evaluation method for the digitizing of stereoscopic video of dynamic culture resources, summarized four assessment indicators and the contents of each indicator; then we analyzed several influence factors that would affect the evaluation results; finally, we showed the details of evaluation method and proposed relevant evaluation scare of the indicators. Our research will provide the basis for the later evaluation works of stereoscopic video for the digitizing of dynamic culture resources.

Novel Algorithm for Converting 2D Image to Stereoscopic Image with Depth Control using Image Fusion

The Stereoscopic image provide information on details of each object in the image in three dimension and helps to observe the image in a better way. The Stereoscopic images are also called as 3D images. The 3D Digital Cameras, 3D Televisions, 3D Projectors etc. are commonly available in the electronic stores in a reasonable price. The people prefer 3D images than the 2D image. The 3D image provides more information than the 2D image. The 3D image makes the people to experience real time world in a 2D device. The medical field uses 3D Scan image as a diagnostic tool for various diseases. There are many scientists working in the area of 3D images and movies. A faster 2D to 3D conversion algorithm is developed using Image Fusion technique. The algorithm creates two images one as left eye view and another one as right eye view with reference to the user defined depth. These left view image and right view image are fused with mean value. The left view image and fused image are stored in the 3D image format MPO and shall be viewed in 3D capable device. 

Live 4D Imaging of the Embryonic Vertebrate Heart with Two-Photon Light Sheet Microscopy and Simultaneous Optical Phase Stamping

The developing vertebrate heart is a highly dynamic organ that starts to function early on during embryonic development, even as it continues to undergo dramatic morphological changes and cellular differentiation. Fast and high resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging is needed to document the intrinsic cellular dynamics of the beating heart, as a critical step in understanding its development. To meet the challenges of obtaining sub-cellular resolution imaging of a dynamic 100-micron length scale 3D structure, which moves quasi-periodically at frequency of a few Hertz, over tens of microns amplitude, we have employed two-photon light sheet microscopy (2p-SPIM) and a novel independent optical phase stamping method to generate well-resolved 3D movies (4D) of the beating heart. Applying this 4D imaging modality to zebrafish embryos, we have found remarkable heterogeneity in cardiomyocyte morphology, gene expression, and behavior both during the cardiac cycle, and over the developmental time. The observed heterogeneity appears to play a key role in the maintenance of tissue geometry and cardiac output as the heart undergoes cycles of contraction and expansion. The variation in cellular morphology and behavior provide new insights into the tight link between cellular dynamics, mechanical environment exerted and felt by the beating heart, and the genetic program that governs not only the differentiation and construction but also the maintenance of this important organ.

계층적 분석 방법을 활용한 3D콘텐츠 활성화 요인 중요도 분석

2009년 3D 영화인 '아바타'의 흥행 성공으로 본격적인 3D영화 시대가 열었다. 우리나라에서도 3D 콘텐츠에 대한 새로운 산업적 가능성이 예측되었고, 다양한 미디어 플랫폼에서 제작지원이 이루어지기 시작했다. 정부 또한 3D콘텐츠를 중심으로 한 콘텐츠산업 육성정책을 발표했다. 하지만 3D콘텐츠 산업은 활성화 되지 못하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 계층적분석방법(AHP, Analytic Hierarchy Process)을 적용하여 3D콘텐츠 산업 활성화에 있어 중요하게 고려되는 콘텐츠측면, 기술적측면 및 정책적측면의 상대적 중요도 분석을 통해 3D 활성화 미비의 원인을 파악해 보고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 콘텐츠 측면의 상대적 중요도가 기술적 측면과 정책적 측면보다 높게 분석되어서 콘텐츠 부족이 3D 활성화 미비의 주요 원인으로 판단되었으며, 기술적 측면의 하부요인으로 시각적 피로도와 같은 휴먼팩트의 완화가 선결되어야 할 과제로 분석되었다. A big success of the 3D film 'Avatar' in 2009 opened a full-fledged 3D movie era. A new industrial possibility of 3D contents was predicted in Korea and then the support for 3D contents production took placed via various media platforms. Korean government also announced the new development policies with a focus on 3D content. However, the 3D content industry has not been activated. Therefore, in this study by applying AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method we tried to grasp the reason of the deactivation of 3D content industry through analyzing the relative importance rate of three research factors(content aspects, technical aspects, and policy aspects) that were mainly considered to activate the industry. The results of this study showed that the relative importance rate of content aspects was higher than that of technical aspects and policy aspects. It means the lack of 3D contents is one of main reason causing the delay of 3D industrial activation. And it also showed that the relief of human factors such as visual fatigue evaluated as a sub-factors of technical aspects are challenges to be solved soon..

Quantitative X-ray tomography

X-ray computer tomography (CT) is fast becoming an accepted tool within the materials science community for the acquisition of 3D images. Here the authors review the current state of the art as CT transforms from a qualitative diagnostic tool to a quantitative one. Our review considers first the image acquisition process, including the use of iterative reconstruction strategies suited to specific segmentation tasks and emerging methods that provide more insight (e.g. fast and high resolution imaging, crystallite (grain) imaging) than conventional attenuation based tomography. Methods and shortcomings of CT are examined for the quantification of 3D volumetric data to extract key topological parameters such as phase fractions, phase contiguity, and damage levels as well as density variations. As a non-destructive technique, CT is an ideal means of following structural development over time via time lapse sequences of 3D images (sometimes called 3D movies or 4D imaging). This includes information needed to optimise manufacturing processes, for example sintering or solidification, or to highlight the proclivity of specific degradation processes under service conditions, such as intergranular corrosion or fatigue crack growth. Besides the repeated application of static 3D image quantification to track such changes, digital volume correlation (DVC) and particle tracking (PT) methods are enabling the mapping of deformation in 3D over time. Finally the use of CT images is considered as the starting point for numerical modelling based on realistic microstructures, for example to predict flow through porous materials, the crystalline deformation of polycrystalline aggregates or the mechanical properties of composite materials.

Continuous Land Seismic Reservoir Monitoring of Thermal EOR in the Netherlands

A permanent reservoir monitoring system has been installed for Shell, on a medium heavy-oil onshore field situated in the NE of The Netherlands, in the context of re-development of oil production by Gravity Assisted Steam Flood. The challenge was to continuously monitor with seismic reflection the lateral and vertical expansion of the steam chest injected in the reservoir during production over more than a year. The main problems for onshore time-lapse are caused by near-surface variations between base and monitor surveys which affect the seismic signal coming from the reservoir. Here, a set of permanent shallow buried sources and sensors have been installed bellow the weathering layer to both mitigate the near surface variation and minimize the environmental footprint. The very high sensitivity of our buried acquisition system allows for the detection and mapping of tiny changes within the reservoir on a daily basis and permits to follow very small variations of the reservoir physical properties in both spatial and calendar domains. The 4D reservoir attributes obtained from seismic monitoring fit the measurements made at observation, production and injector wells (pressure, temperature and oil/water production). '4D movie' if the reservoir properties allows proposing a scenario which explains the unexpected behavior of the production and confirms that the steam does not follow the expected path to the producer wells but rather takes a more complicated 3D path within the reservoir.

Three-dimensional display technologies.

The physical world around us is three-dimensional (3D), yet traditional display devices can show only two-dimensional (2D) flat images that lack depth (i.e., the third dimension) information. This fundamental restriction greatly limits our ability to perceive and to understand the complexity of real-world objects. Nearly 50% of the capability of the human brain is devoted to processing visual information [Human Anatomy & Physiology (Pearson, 2012)]. Flat images and 2D displays do not harness the brain's power effectively. With rapid advances in the electronics, optics, laser, and photonics fields, true 3D display technologies are making their way into the marketplace. 3D movies, 3D TV, 3D mobile devices, and 3D games have increasingly demanded true 3D display with no eyeglasses (autostereoscopic). Therefore, it would be very beneficial to readers of this journal to have a systematic review of state-of-the-art 3D display technologies.

입체영상 디스플레이를 위한 고효율 비젼 시스템

입체영상 디스플레이는 최근 교육, 3D 영화, 의료 영상 등 다양한 분야에 응용되고 있으나 실용화함에 있어 해결해야할 문제점도 남아있다. 입체영상 디스플레이는 실용화 단계에서 대량의 영상 데이터를 처리해야하고 실시간 디스플레이를 위해 고효율 비젼 시스템을 설계해야 한다. 입체영상 디스플레이를 위한 스테레오 데이터는 변위 벡터, 움직임 벡터와 참조영상과의 오차영상을 전송하게 되며 스테레오 영상 시퀀스를 복원하여 입체영상 디스플레이를 하게 된다. 이를 위한 핵심요소는 스테레오 영상간의 효율적인 정합과 강건한 비젼시스템에 있다. 본 논문에서는 효율적인 스테레오 정합을 위한 고효율 비젼시스템을 설계하고 실험결과 제안한 입체영상 디스플레이 시스템의 효용성을 검증한다. Volumetric display has many applications recently in education, 3D movie, medical images but these applications have several problems that need to be overcome. Volumetric display may process a amount of visual data and design the high efficient vision system for realtime display. The stereo data for volumetric display estimated the disparity vectors from the stereoscopic sequences has been transmitted the disparity vectors, motion vectors and residual images with the reference images, and the stereoscopic sequences have been reconstructed at the receiver for 3D display. Central issue for efficient 3D display lies in selecting an appropriate stereo matching with robust vision system. In this paper, high efficient vision system is proposed for efficient stereo image matching and the experimental results represent high efficiency for proposed 3D display system.

Actually in the Cinema: A Field Study Comparing Real 3D and 2D Movie Patrons' Attention, Emotion, and Film Satisfaction

While 3D movies and fantasy film genre rise in popularity, the empirical exploration of viewers' cognitive and emotional engagement with film is currently limited and entirely derived from laboratory-based studies of small samples. This study investigated the effect of stereoscopic realism (3D effect) on viewers' attention, emotion, and satisfaction by collecting data from 225 cinema patrons who were leaving the movie theatre having just viewed Thor. The viewers from the 3D condition rated their experience as more perceptually realistic and reported being less distracted during the film than their 2D counterparts. Yet no significant group differences were observed in self-reported emotional arousal or satisfaction with the whole experience. Further analysis revealed that perceptual realism was a better predictor of viewer satisfaction than emotional arousal. We consider the idea that these findings may be a function of the fantasy genre and call for researchers to extend this line of study.