Complex 3D Research Articles

Magnetic field-assisted manufacturing of groove-structured flexible actuators with enhanced performance

Magnetic flexible actuators with hard-magnetic particles (NdFeB) as inlays have attracted widespread attention due to their small size, wireless control capability, and diverse transformation modes. The manufacturing method of these actuators plays a crucial role in their functionality. Here we propose a magnetic field-assisted manufacturing method based on vat photopolymerization (VPP) to produce hard-magnetic flexible actuators with 3D architecture in both geometry structure and magnetization arrangements. The assisting magnetic field enables alignment of hard magnetic particles during manufacturing process, thus obtaining a magnetization arrangement. The VPP method offers the ability to manufacture fine structures and selective curing but has a limitation on the magnetic particle content. To deal with the lack of driving force due to the low available content of magnetic particles, we construct groove structure to enhance the actuators' deformation, which is confirmed by both theoretical and experimental analyses. Flexible actuators with a low magnetic particle content (10 wt%) can be fabricated and fulfill intended functionality. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by manufacturing multi-arm grippers, showcasing their transportation capabilities. Moreover, we construct a 2-DOF joint for a crawling robot, significantly improving its motion performance and increasing the average step length to 6.8 times. Finally, we design and manufacture a magnetic diaphragm with complex structure and 3D magnetization arrangements, which is applied to a micro pump, demonstrating its pumping process with a rate of about 3.6 mL/min. These results highlight the potential of the proposed method in designing complex structures and magnetization arrangements of flexible actuators, expanding their functional boundaries.

Assembly-free fabrication of the deformable system composed by continuous fiber embedded 4D printing actuators

The 4D printed deformable actuator with embedded continuous fibers exhibits the advantages of convenient direct drive without environment stimulate and flexible control response position or response time. Rapid manufacturing of complex systems consisting of multiple actuators spatial arrangements relies on multi-axis printing strategy. However, existing multi-axis printing methods cannot match the continuous fibers 4D printing predefined design feature, such as the layer distribution and fiber arrangement. Therefore, a novel assembly-free printing method is proposed to print complex 4D printed deformable system with embedded continuous fibers. Based on design features of multi-actuators deformable system, a toolpath planning algorithm is provided to analyze the printing steps of the complex structure and generate toolpaths. Herein, the effect of different nozzle tilt angles on the deformation performance during the printing process is investigated, and the corresponding compensatory strategy is proposed during toolpath generation. After discussing the advantages of assembly free printing, a deformable ratchet and an intelligent five-finger gripper are printed to demonstrate the practicality of the proposed method. The presented method exhibited unique capability in fabricating deformable system with complex 3D geometry or complex drive features for various promising applications on smart robot and metamaterial.

Prosthodontic Research in the Digital Era: Current Trends and Future Prospects

Prosthodontic Research in the Digital Era: Current Trends and Future Prospects

PHYSICS-INFORMED NEURAL NETWORKS FOR MODELING OF 3D FLOW THERMAL PROBLEMS WITH SPARSE DOMAIN DATA

Successfully training physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for highly nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) on complex 3D domains remains a challenging task. In this paper, PINNs are employed to solve the 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations at moderate to high Reynolds numbers for complex geometries. The presented method utilizes very sparsely distributed solution data in the domain. A detailed investigation of the effect of the amount of supplied data and the PDE-based regularizers is presented. Additionally, a hybrid data-PINNs approach is used to generate a surrogate model of a realistic flow thermal electronics design problem. This surrogate model provides near real-time sampling and was found to outperform standard data-driven neural networks (NNs) when tested on unseen query points. The findings of the paper show how PINNs can be effective when used in conjunction with sparse data for solving 3D nonlinear PDEs or for surrogate modeling of design spaces governed by them.

Dearomative hydroamination of heteroarenes catalyzed by the phenolate photocatalyst.

Dearomative functionalization of heteroarenes offers an attractive and sustainable approach for the rapid construction of complex 3D heterocyclic scaffolds from planar structures. Despite progress in this field, dearomative amination of heteroarenes via a radical anion intermediate remains a challenge. Here, we report a photoredox-catalyzed dearomative hydroamination of heteroarenes with hydrazodiformates under mild and transition-metal-free reaction conditions. Various benzofurans and benzothiophenes can efficiently participate in this transformation. A series of mechanistic experiments revealed that heteroaryl radical anions are the crucial intermediates, generated through photo-induced electron transfer between the excited phenolate photocatalyst and heteroarenes.

Embedded 3D Bioprinting for Engineering Miniaturized In Vitro Tumor Models.

Embedded extrusion 3D bioprinting is a rapidly emerging additive manufacturing methodology that provides a precise spatial deposition of synthetic or natural-origin low-viscosity bioinks during the extrusionprinting process. Such a strategy has to date unlocked the freeform extrusion biofabrication of complex micro-to-macro-scale living architectures for numerous applications, including tissue engineering and in vitro disease modeling. In this chapter, we describe a suspension bioprinting methodology leveraging a continuous viscoelastic biopolymer supporting bath functionalized with divalent calcium cations to enable a rapid processing of user-defined bioinks toward architecturally complex 3D in vitro tumor models. This highly simple and cost-effective viscoelasticsupporting bath enables a full freeform biofabrication of cell-laden 3D tumor-mimetic architectures that exhibit structural stability in culture post-printing. The cytocompatibility of the supporting bath, its ease of removal from biofabricated living constructs, and its adaptability for processing different ECM-mimetic bioinks open avenues for multi-scale fabrication of numerous types of physiomimetic 3D tumor models for preclinical screening of candidate therapeutics.

Developing Rapid Metal AM deformations Prediction using CNN

The production of complex 3D components using Metal Additive Manufacturing requires several steps combining different expertise, such as product design, process planning and manufacturing. This process chain would benefit significantly from faster deformation predictions enabling quicker iteration during parts design and manufacture, such as to evaluate or validate quickly a component expected final shape, internal stresses or deformation occurring during printing. This paper presents a new data-driven approach based on deep learning that can speed up the prediction of parts’ geometrical deformations by creating a digital twin of an FEA simulation. A new CNN model founded on MeshCNN and designed for the processing of AM 3D models is described and methods for testing learning capabilities using training data generated by the FEA based software Simufact Additive are proposed.

Novel Time-Saving Technique to Measure the 2D Complex Profile of Spectral Transmittance of Linearly Variable Filters and Assessing Homogeneity of Optically Transparent Materials

Emerging technologies for coating new types of filters, such as linearly variable bandpass filters, urges new kind of measurement systems requiring accurate and time-saving spatially resolved transmittance measurements. On the other hand, one of the main uses of coated filters is standardization use; e.g., as certified reference materials (CRMs) for transmittance and absorbance standards. In this case, the homogeneity assessment is of great interest. To do such measurements with low uncertainty, spatial scanning methods using reference double-beam spectrophotometers are routinely used. High time consumption and relatively high-cost are disadvantages of this traditional method. In this work, we propose a new system based on an imaging technique. The newly developed system comprises a quartz tungsten halogen (QTH)-based illuminator, with collimator and coupling optics, a double-grating monochromator, customized integrating sphere, and scientific highly digitized, high-resolution and dynamic range Si-based CCD (monochrome) camera. The system is time-saving: in one-shot we may measure the spatial transmittance distribution of the samples (e.g. filters) without separately measuring the reference (air), which has many instability issues. Validation measurements using standard filters are presented. Systematic errors may be studied and corrected for. Many types of filters and liquids, for instance chemical reference materials (RMs), may be measured and reported. Uncertainty of spatial, spectral and radiometric components are studied carefully and estimated. The combined uncertainty evaluation has shown that relatively low uncertainty levels may be achieved, specially in the visible range (U < 1 %, k=2 ). Spatially-resolved data with different curves at different positions (spatial points) are shown in the spectral range of 380 nm through 950 nm. The combined uncertainties at some spectral points are presented and proved to be sample- and wavelength-dependent at all the points in the field-of-view (FOV) of the CCD camera.

Deposition of uniform diamond films on three dimensional Si spheres by using faraday cage in MPCVD reactor

Deposition of a consistent diamond coating on intricate surfaces has historically posed a difficulty. This article presents the advancement in research on depositing a uniform diamond coating on three-dimensional (3D) silicon spheres, utilizing a faraday cage within a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) reactor. A self-consistent three-dimensional multi-physics field model has been established for simulating the microwave electric field and plasma inside a reactor with or without a faraday cage. Results indicate the cage effectively reduces the discharge at the top of the silicon sphere and improves uniformity of the distribution of the microwave electric field and plasma electron density on the sphere's surface. MPCVD trials have demonstrated that a powerful discharge takes place at the apex of the silicon sphere resulting in an excessive thermal gradient if the cage is not added. The apex of the silicon sphere is covered with a blend of diamond and graphite phases. Due to the excessive internal stress of the coating, approximately 50 % of the samples experience coating detachment. After the addition of the cage, the strong discharge is transferred to the top of the cage, effectively suppressing the microwave electric field and plasma inside the cage. Improved quality, reduced internal stress, and enhanced uniformity of the polycrystalline diamond coating are achievable on the silicon spheres within the cage. Moreover, this technique offers a novel approach to coat diamond on complex 3D geometries.

Nanodroplet Flight Control in Electrohydrodynamic Redox 3D Printing.

Electrohydrodynamic 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technique with enormous potential in plasmonics, microelectronics, and sensing applications thanks to its broad material palette, high voxel deposition rate, and compatibility with various substrates. However, the electric field used to deposit material is concentrated at the depositing structure, resulting in the focusing of the charged droplets and geometry-dependent landing positions, which complicates the fabrication of complex 3D shapes. The low level of concordance between the design and printout seriously impedes the development of electrohydrodynamic 3D printing and rationalizes the simplicity of the designs reported so far. In this work, we break the electric field centrosymmetry to study the resulting deviation in the flight trajectory of the droplets. Comparison of experimental outcomes with predictions of an FEM model provides new insights into the droplet characteristics and unveils how the product of droplet size and charge uniquely governs its kinematics. From these insights, we develop reliable predictions of the jet trajectory and allow the computation of optimized printing paths counterbalancing the electric field distortion, thereby enabling the fabrication of geometries with unprecedented complexity.

Flexible 3D porous MnOx/rGO hydrogel with fiber reinforced effect for enhancing mechanical and zinc storage performances

3D Porous MnOx/rGO hydrogel (3DP MnOx/rGO hydrogel) as cathode material for aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) is synthesized by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), nanowires of MnOx (NW MnOx) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via repeated freeze-thaw method, which has a high flexibility and puncture resistance. The 3D self-supporting hydrogel presented complex 3D cross-linking system and excellent flexibility through hydrogen bonding and reinforcement of inorganic nano wires. The electrochemical and mechanical properties of the 3DP MnOx/rGO hydrogel are optimized by adjusting the respective percentages of NW MnOx (30%), rGO (5%), PVA (25%), and H2O (40%) in the total mass. The flexible hydrogel cathode exhibits a high capacity of 297.6 mA h g−1 and good cyclic stability after 500 cycles at 1 A g−1. Finite element method confirms that the hydrogel material can alleviate the stress distribution caused by zincification process. The soft-packaged AZIBs, which utilize 3DP MnOx/rGO hydrogel as the cathode and Zn foil as the anode, exhibit excellent cycling performance (152.2 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 500 cycles under an angle of 180°) and provide a stable power supply across different bending angles.

A system for finding identical geometries when building 3-D models

In today's fast-paced world of technology, where innovation plays a crucial role in our daily lives, the importance of search engines for identical models cannot be overstated. Every day, technological progress is becoming an integral part of our existence, penetrating various aspects of our lives. In this context, the search and identification of identical or similar 3D models become particularly relevant and become an integral part of innovative technologies. This article is an in-depth study in the field of creating and describing a mathematical model to search for similar 3D models. Developed using advanced comparison algorithms, this model has enormous potential and can be used in a variety of fields. It is important to emphasize that it is not limited to just one area of application, but finds its application in many areas of human activity. The application of such algorithms is important in various fields, including automated manufacturing, where accuracy and speed of component identification and classification are critical. They also find use in archaeology, where they help in the analysis and study of artifacts and structures. Architecture is also seeing great benefit from these innovations, allowing for more complex and detailed 3D models to be created for design and visualization. The new approach presented in the paper is based on an optimized matching algorithm that enables accurate recognition of geometric structures associated with 3D models without complex data preprocessing or image enhancement. This is a significant step forward in improving the efficiency and accuracy of identifying similar 3D models, even in low-resolution images. However, the application of this model is not limited to these areas. Its integration into real-time systems allows for the identification and classification of both individual 3D objects and complex 3D scenes created from image or video sequences. This is of great importance for the development of virtual and augmented reality technologies, where a high degree of detail and identification is necessary to create captivating and realistic visual effects. Thus, the presented mathematical model and the corresponding software open up enormous prospects for us in various fields. This is an important step forward in the development of technologies related to computer vision and image processing, as well as in the field of virtual and augmented reality, promoting progress and innovation

Automated Segmentation and Chord Length Distribution of Melt Pools in Complex 3D Printed Metal Artifacts

Automated Segmentation and Chord Length Distribution of Melt Pools in Complex 3D Printed Metal Artifacts

Laser-induced bubble dynamics optimization for high-aspect-ratio 3D micro-fluidic channels fabrication

In this study, we demonstrate a high-aspect-ratio microhole fabrication method that uses a femtosecond laser to drill from the rear side of transparent borosilicate glass in a specific solution environment with an assisted ultrasonic field. The experimental results show that an ablation enhancement effect could be achieved by mixing ethanol with distilled water with a volume fraction of approximately 20 %. The craters produced in the mixed solution were wider than those produced in water. An assisted ultrasonic field was introduced to further improve the drilling depth and avoid the termination of the drilling process caused by bubble aggregation and debris blockage. The bubble dynamics induced by the femtosecond-laser-induced breakdown effect were observed using shadowgraphs. The shadowgraphs of the high-speed camera revealed that the cavitation bubbles in the mixed solution had more than twice the maximum diameter and a significantly higher number of bubble expansions than those in water, which may cause a stronger impact pressure. The coupling effect of laser ablation enhancement and bubble bursting impact helped achieve a high material removal rate and significantly improve drilling depth. This indicates that an ultrahigh-aspect-ratio straight (∼273) microhole with a ∼2 µm diameter can be fabricated. By designing machining paths, we can machine 3D complex curved microchannels such as spirals. This method shows considerable potential in biomedical and microelectronics applications, for example to fabricate calibrated microholes for container closure integrity testing (CCIT).

Straightforward Design Strategy toward 3D Near-Net-Shape Stoichiometric SiC Parts.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM), traditionally reserved for thermoplastics, is modified here with a granule-based extrusion head to be extended to advanced nonoxide ceramics via a straightforward design strategy that considers the shaping opportunities and the chemical richness offered by preceramic polymers. Specifically, 3D near-net-shape stoichiometric silicon carbide (SiC) objects are designed by manipulating the key features of a commercially available polycarbosilane (fusibility, high carbon content, relatively high SiC yield). In the early stage of the process, the carbon-rich polycarbosilane is first mixed with Si and SiC fillers and then thermolyzed at 120 °C to increase polymer branching while offering tailored rheological properties during the subsequent extrusion process at 90 °C and adequate shape retention once extruded. This allows for the design of tailored and complex 3D complex polycarbosilane-based architectures with features down to 400µm. Polymer-based parts are further converted into 3D stoichiometric SiC objects with quasi-near-net-shape-a volume shrinkage reduced to 9.1% is measured-by heat treatment at a temperature as low as 1400 °C (argon flow). Given the flexibility to tune the preceramic polymer chemical and rheological properties, a new combined design approach is leveraged to generate bespoke advanced ceramics with a high freedom in geometry complexity.

Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance Changes with Varying Crystallinity and Thickness of Atomic Layer Deposited RuO2 Film

As the world's population grows and the energy consumption has increased, the use of fossil fuels is gradually increasing. The carbon dioxide emitted from burning fossil fuels is a major cause of greenhouse effect. Therefore, hydrogen is widely recommended as an energy source to alternate fossil fuels due to its high energy per mass, no production of pollutant. Among several ways to obtain hydrogen, electrolysis of water is considered the most promising method. However, the slow-rate determining step of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) compared to hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a main reason for interrupting wide use of electrolysis of water in the industry. So, there have been various research for enhancing the effectiveness of water electrolysis.The development of OER electrocatalysts is needed for promote the efficiency of OER process, noble metals-based materials has been researched due to its superior activity. Among noble metals, RuO2 has been researched as promising catalyst for oxygen evolution, and the efficiency of the catalyst varies on the preparation technique (e.g., sputtering, hydrothermal methods and sol-gel). Therefore, there have been diverse studies to enhance the RuO2 electrocatalytic effectiveness of oxygen evolution via crystallinity control, increase of electrochemically active surface area by adjusting synthesizing method of RuO2 film.Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) has strengths of large-area uniformity, excellent conformality, and being able to control the thickness of the film at the atomic scale. ALD is suitable technique to deposit catalysts materials conformably on 3D nano-structured complex materials, so the catalytic activity in the OER can be improved by increasing the surface-to-volume ratio. Therefore, ALD is assumed as a suitable synthesizing method for electrocatalyst. Besides, ALD allows low mass loading of catalyst material which is most needed factor in the industrial area. However, there have no enough research of ALD RuO2 for OER analyzing condition (crystallinity, thickness) for obtaining enhanced OER performance.In this report, RuO2 film was prepared based on ALD on Carbon Fiber Paper (CFP) at different deposition temperature and it showed different crystallinity, one was amorphous, the other one was crystalline. The crystalline one showed better OER performance due to its enlarged active sites of OER. We analyzed their growth characteristics and material properties by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), XRD spectrometer (XRD). And dependence of film thickness of ALD RuO2 films was also studied. Electrocatalytic properties of ALD RuO2 on CFP was measured in three-electrode. It showed low overpotential and Tafel slope, which shows electrocatalytic performances. Figure 1

Supercritical CO2 Assisted Ni-P Electroless Plating of PET Components with Complex 3D Structures

There is an increasing demand of methodologies to metallize complex polymer materials for application in electronics such as wearable devices and robotic products. In various metallization methods, electroless plating is a powerful and promising approach to meet this demand. The present conventional electroless plating requires pretreatment steps to deposit catalyst onto surfaces of polymer materials, which results in damages to their surfaces and also deformation of their shape because of the usage of strong acidic solvents. Furthermore, the adhesion strength between the polymer material and the metal layer is insufficient. To overcome these problems, a catalyzation step using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) as the solvent is proposed.[1] The sc-CO2-assisted catalyzation enables a deep impregnation of catalysts into the polymer material without the pretreatment step, and this enhances the adhesive properties of the deposited metal on the polymer. By the sc-CO2-assisted catalyzation, electroless Ni-P plating of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is realized. [1] Metallization of polymer materials with complex 3D structures is a more attractive topic, but it is widely accepted to be more difficult than film structures. Also, application the electroless plating via sc-CO2-asssited catalyzation to 3D-structured polymer materials remains unexplored. In this presentation, we report Ni-P plating of PET samples having complex 3D structures by the sc-CO2-assisited catalyzation process.A PET based material with a concavo-convex structure was designed and fabricated by the processing machine as shown in Figs. 1(a)–(b). Sc-CO2-assisted catalyzation process was performed in a high pressure reactor[1] containing palladium (II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate (Pd(C5HF6O2)2) as the palladium catalyst source at 70 °C under 15 MPa for 2 h. After the catalyzation process, the reactor was cooled to room temperature while maintaining the pressure in the reactor, and then the pressure in the reactor was reduced to atmospheric pressure. The collected PET sample from the reactor was kept under ambient atmosphere for two weeks, and then it was subjected to electroless Ni-P plating at 70 ℃ for 10 min.Fig. 1(c) shows the PET sample obtained after the sc-CO2-assisted catalyzation process followed by the post-treatment process. The volume of the catalyzed PET sample was scarcely changed. On the other hand, the post-treatment processes performed under the different conditions were found to cause undesired swelling and white turbidity of the PET sample, presumably because of microbubbles derived from residual CO2 in the PET. Fig. 1(d) shows an image of Ni-P successfully metallized on the PET surface. The electrical resistance of the Ni-P/PET material was 8.7 Ω, which is acceptable for electronic device applications. From these results, we concluded that sc-CO2-assisted catalyzation is applicable to metallization of PET materials with complex 3D structures. Reference [1] P.-W. Cheng, C.-Y. Chen, T. Ichibayashi, T.-F.M. Chang, M. Sone, S. Nishimura, J. Supercrit. Fluids 180 (2022) 105455. Figure 1

Thermo-Electrochemical Simulation of Large-Format Li-Ion Cells in 3D Using the Battery Modelling Toolbox (BattMo)

Computer-based modelling and simulation can be a valuable tool when developing electrochemical devices: it offers possibilities for insight into internal properties not available in experiments, it can guide the development and testing of new materials in the device, it can provide time-efficient alternatives for optimizing operating procedures, and more. In this contribution we will give an overview of the Battery Modelling Toolbox (BattMo), which is an open-source framework for continuum modelling of electrochemical-thermal systems. It has been primarily developed for the modelling and simulation of Li-ion battery cells using pseudo X-dimensional (PXD, X=2,3,4) Doyle-Fuller-Newman models, but has also successfully been applied to electrolyzers. BattMo is developed in MATLAB and has a high-performance Julia version (BattMo.jl) in development.The fundamental equations of mass, charge and energy conservation are in BattMo discretized using a low-order implicit finite volume method. These are suitable methods, since they are conservative (meaning that mass, charge, etc., are conserved), and guarantee monotone solutions (meaning that the solutions will be positive if the data is positive). These properties provide a simulation foundation that is robust and stable also on complex 3D grids -- essential features when modelling real-world systems. As with most numerical methods, the most time-consuming part is to solve the resulting linear system of equations. In BattMo we make use of state-of-the-art block-wise multigrid methods to obtain high performance.Working with BattMo may be done using a GUI, which generates a json file which completely specifies a simulation. This json file can be used directly as input to BattMo via the MATLAB/Julia prompt, or used in cloud resources. It is also possible to use a json file as a base configuration and modify the parameters manually or programmatically, for example to investigate a specific system response when changing some parameters of interest. BattMo also provides functionality for automatic gradient-based optimization and parameter estimation that can be used for maximizing or minimizing some goal quantity, and matching to experimental data. A key component for performing efficient gradient-based optimization and parameter estimation in the case of many parameters (for example when having one parameter value in each grid cell) is the use of so-called adjoints. Using adjoints allow for the gradients in the sensitivity analysis to be computed with a constant cost that is independent on the number of parameters, thus avoiding the curse of dimensionality.Much attention is spent on making the BattMo json input compatible with other simulation frameworks such as PyBamm, COMSOL and CideMod. This is to accelerate research and development by taking advantage of the strengths of different packages, as well as providing not only reproducible but also reliable science. BattMo is developed alongside BattINFO, which is a battery interface ontology based on EMMO (Elementary Multiperspective Material Ontology) that is developed in the BIG-MAP EU H2020 project. We also seek to support the BPX standard developed by the PyBamm team.In this talk we will overview the basic features of BattMo and see how the modular approach used in the software simplifies development of new models. BattMo contains many examples, and we will here present thermal simulation of 1D and 3D cells with LFP and LNMO battery chemistries in pouch cell format and investigate the effects of the tabless design in the 4680 cylindrical cell format (see the Figure below).BattMo is available at https://github.com/BattMoTeam and is developed with the support from the EU H2020 innovation programs under the grants Hydra (875527) and BIG-MAP (957189). Figure 1

Atomic Layer Deposition of LixCoyOz Cathodic Thin Films for Li-Ion Batteries

Atomic-Layer Deposition (ALD) is an appealing gas-phase technique for the deposition of thin solid cathodic films for 2D and especially 3D Li-ion microbatteries (Li-ion MBs). ALD relies on surface chemistry reactions and allows the fabrication of ultrathin pinhole free solid films with well controlled thickness, continuity and conformality. It has been shown to successfully cover 3D complex shapes for various applications including Li-ion MBs. Yet, a fairly low amount of work has been published on the realization by ALD of such cathodic active thin films. Typical cathodic materials are at least ternary compounds (including Lithium) which call for supercycles or multilayers approaches to synthesize them by ALD. As reminded for example by Maximov M. et al 1, the use of lithiated precursors complexifies the ALD fabrication due to, among others, Lithium high diffusivity and reactivity. In the case of LiCoO2 ALD synthesis for example, the only reported work to date is the one of Donders et al. 2 where the authors used CoCp2/LiOtBu as Cobalt/Lithium precursors respectively and O2 plasma as the oxidizing agent.The talk will describe the synthesis and characterizations of the LixCoyOzthin filmspreparedby a thermal ALD approach. It will detail the supercycle methods used as well as some of the investigations performed to explore the chemistry of the deposited films (Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and Energy Dispersive X-Ray). The electrochemical performances of the films will also be shared and compared with the State of the art. 1 Maximov, M.; Nazarov, D.; Rumyantsev, A.; Koshtyal, Y.; Ezhov, I.; Mitrofanov, I.; Kim, A.; Medvedev, O.; Popovich, A. Atomic Layer Deposition of Lithium–Nickel–Silicon Oxide Cathode Material for Thin-Film Lithium-Ion Batteries. Energies 2020, 13, 2345. 2 Donders, M. E., ArnoldBik, W. M., Knoops, H. C. M., Kessels, W. M. M., & Notten, P. H. L. (2013). Atomic layer deposition of LiCoO2 thin film electrodes for all-solid-state Li-ion micro-batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 160(5), A3066-A3071.

Approximating complex 3D curves using origami spring structures

Origami provides a versatile platform for creating intricate three-dimensional (3D) reconfigurable structures through folding techniques. However, the applications of origami patterns are restricted due to limited deformation modes and complex actuation. Here we explore origami spring structures as a solution to address these limitations by approximating complex 3D curves with an underactuated scheme. By doing so, we showcase the reconfigurability and versatility of origami springs while tackling control complexity. Through the introduction of virtual creases, we simplify non-rigid deformations and enable accurate descriptions of their 3D configurations. Furthermore, we develop inverse kinematics optimization algorithms to determine optimal configurations closely approximating given 3D curves with full actuation and underactuated situations. Experimental realization of various 3D curves demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed approach. This research could find practical utility in soft robotics, flexible mechanisms, and deployable structures.