3D Body Scan Data Research Articles

Parametric human body modelling system for virtual garment fitting

Modelling customer-tailored 3D human models is an important problem in virtual garment fitting systems. However, manual generation of such models often requires high cost and is considerably difficult for common users lacking the knowledge of computer graphics. To solve this, we propose a parametric human modelling method. In our study, the 3D body scan data of 250 different individuals are gathered, and for each model, 128 feature points are specified. The modelling parameters are then extracted by analysing the feature point statistics. Using these parameters, we generate a new set of feature points satisfying the input body sizes, and interpolate those points with a surface. As a result, a 3D human model satisfying the given constraints is obtained. Since our method uses only a few parameters, even a novice user can generate or modify the model easily. Further, since the method involves only simple calculations, the computational cost is low.

3D 인체 스캔 데이터를 활용한 체형별 인대모형 개발에 관한 연구

다양한 체형을 지니고 있는 소비자들에게 만족스러운 착용감을 주는 기성복 생산을 위해서는 체형 특성이 반영된 원형 제작이 필요하다. 인체는 체형에 따라 곡면의 형태가 달라지므로, 인체의 곡면 형태를 세분화하여 그 특성을 원형 설계에 반영할 필요가 있다. 그러나 기성복에서는 개인의 체형별 특징을 일일이 반영하기 힘드므로, 기성복 원형 제작에 활용 가능한 체형별 인대 모형이 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 삼차원 인체스캔 데이터를 활용하여 체형을 분석하고 각 체형에 따른 인대모형 개발 방법을 제시하였다. 30대 성인 여성의 상반신 삼차원 인체 형상 자료를 분석한 결과, 체형 특성은 보통체형, 비만체형, 마른체형으로 분류되었다. 상반신을 기준선을 두어 나누어 계측한 결과, 체형에 따라 유의적인 차이가 나타났다. 계측된 각 부위별 삼차원 인체 치수를 기본 원형 설계 시 허리다트 위치 및 분량 설정에 반영하여 체형별 상반신 기본 원형을 제작하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 입체모형을 제작하여 스캔, 모델링 작업을 거쳐 체형에 맞는 원형 인대 모형을 제시하였다. 인대 모형은 인체의 입체 형상을 만들기 위한 다트선을 포함하고 있어 기본 원형 제작 및 원형 활용에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. This research proposes a pattern making method for women's bodice by the characters of body types and develops bodice dress forms on their body shapes applying 3D body scan data. 515 women's body scan data was collected and analyzed factor and cluster analysis. Three body types were characterized in normal, obese, and slim group. In each group, 10 subjects were selected. 20 parts in 3D anthropometric data were measured using Autocad program. The amount of waist dart was calculated and three types of basic bodice pattern were developed using the calculated darts data. The amount and the position of front dart and side dart were different at obese group in comparison of normal and thin group. The three types of basic bodice model were made by the basic bodice pattern, and each model was scanned by 3D scanner to make 3D bodice dress forms. Three types of bodice dress forms were rendered using 3D max program. Bodice dress forms had the dart lines and were useful to draft patterns to fit their body shape.

Comparison of Three-Dimensional Korean Male Anthropometric Data with Modeling Data Generated by Digital Human Models

The purpose of this study was first to extract the anthropometric data of typical Korean male adults, based on the three-dimensional anthropometric data measured through the Size Korea project. The data were then analyzed to identify the differences in the anthropometric characteristics between typical Koreans and 3D Korean mannequinmannequins generated by digital human models. Revision equations were then suggested to improve the inaccuracy of digital human models. Typical Korean adults subject to the 3D body scan data were selected by factor analysis with respect to the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles. Comparisons of anthropometric differences included the differences of the height and length variables in the vertical direction and the breadth, depth, and circumference variables in the horizontal direction. These comparisons demonstrated the differences in the anthropometric characteristics between typical Koreans and Korean mannequins based on differences in body shape and proportions between Korean and Western populations. Typical Koreans have shorter legs and longer torso than those of such mannequins generated from their own modeling algorithms, and the body shape of Koreans is more of an inverted triangular shape compared to the models. Although 3D digital human models are required to be modified to appropriately reflect the Asian body shape, modification of the modeling algoritms is not available to the public. The revision equations that convert the Korean modeling data of RAMSIS and Human in CATIA into typical Korean anthropometric data were instead suggested by regression analysis. It is expected that the proposed revision equations will help the designer evaluate design alternatives and improve the suitability of ergonomic evaluation for Korean customers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

3차원 인체 형상의 공극거리 측정 방법 효율성 향상을 위한 연구

This study is designed to develop programs that analyze the distance of clothes from human skin and cross-sectional body figures based on 3D human body scan data, and to verify accuracy and efficiency of the program so that it can be used for clothing fit evaluation and 3D human body research. The auto cross-sectional imaging program was developed by using Visual C++ and OpenGL, and the 3D human body scan data were adopted to measure the space between skin and clothing. The space measurements were obtained by two widely used programs, RapidForm and AutoCAD, and a program devised by the researchers of this study. Measuring time and space measurements from different programs were compared in order to verify accuracy and efficiency of the newly-devised program. As a result, no significant difference was found in the measurements. However, the required time to measure one cross section was different within the significance level of 0.05, and the differences become more remarkable as the number of measuring and the angle of space between skin and clothing increase. Therefore, the program developed by this study is expected to be useful for research on body shapes and fit evaluation based on 3D human body scan data in the fashion field.

Development of Simple Articulated Human Models using Superquadrics for Dynamic Analysis

Objective: This study is aimed at developing Articulated Human Models(AHM) using superquadrics to improve the geometric accuracy of the body shape. Background: The previous work presents the AHM with geometrical simplification such as ellipsoids to improve analysis efficiency. However, because of the simplicity, their physical properties such as a center of mass and moment of inertia are computed with errors compared to their actual values. Method: This paper introduces a three steps method to present the AHM with superquadrics. First, a 3D whole body scan data are divided into 17 body segments according to body joints. Second, superquadric fitting is employed to minimize the Euclidean distance between body segments and superquadrics. Finally, Fee-Form Deformation is used to improve accuracy over superquadric fitting. Results: Our computational experiment shows that the superquadric models give better accuracy of dynamic analysis than that of ellipsoid ones. Conclusion: We generate the AHM composed of 17 superquadrics and 16 joints using superquadric fitting. Application: The AHM using superquadrics can be used as the base model for dynamics and ergonomics applications with better accuracy because it presents the human motion effectively.

Comparative Assessment of Virtual Garments using Direct and Manual Avatars

The purpose of this paper is to compare two avatars made using direct and manual methods and to evaluate the fit and appearance of two virtual garments on the direct and manual avatars. In this study, two subjects were measured by (TC) 2 body scanner and the avatars and virtual garments were created by OptiTex software. The direct avatar was made by the direct importation of 3D body scan data and the manual avatar was made by manual input from extracted body measurement. Two virtual garments in a tank-top were evaluated by distance, transparency, and stretch maps. In the results of comparing difference of the direct and manual avatars, the bust and back of the manual avatar are protruded slightly more than that of the direct avatar and the manual avatar is slightly larger dimensions at the bust, waist, abdomen, and hip area in the side view in case of subject 1 and 2. In the results of comparing difference of the fit and appearance of two virtual garments on the direct and manual avatars, in case of subject 1 and 2, the back of the virtual garment on the manual avatar are protruded more than that of the direct avatar. Also, the ease in the bust area of the virtual garment on the manual avatar with a projected bust area was smaller than that of the virtual garment on the direct avatar and the stretch of that of the manual avatar was also high in the bust area. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic information in the apparel industry using virtual try-on technology.

힙 허거(hip-hugger)형 타이트 스커트 및 라운드 벨트 패턴 제도법 개발

This study was designed to produce rounded belt pattern and tight-skirt pattern drafting method using 3D body scan data. Subjects were thirty women in their early twenties. In order to figure out the optimum cutting points, namely, where darts are made, using CAD program, curve ratio inflection points on the horizontal curve of waist, abdomen, and hip to find 1 point in the front, two points in the back part. The average length from center front point to maximum curve ratio was 7.7 cm(46.3%) on the waist curve; 7.9 cm(39.4%) on the abdomen curve. And the average length from center back point to maximum curve ratio point was 6.9 cm(39.0%) for first dart and 11.2 cm(63.3%) for second dart on the waist curve; 8.9 cm(35.8%) for first dart and 15.7 cm(63.3%) for second dart on the hip curve respectively. The cutting lines from were made up by connecting curve inflection points. After divided using cutting lines, each patch was flattened onto the plane and all the technical design factors related with patternmaking were measured, such as dart amount, lifting amount of side waist point, etc. Based on the results of correlation analysis among these factors, regression analysis was done to produce equations to estimate the variables necessary to draw up pattern draft method; F1=F8+1.1, <TEX>$F4=2.5{\times}F2+0.9$</TEX>, <TEX>$F5=0.9{\times}F4+1.0$</TEX>, <TEX>$F6=0.3{\times}F4+0.4$</TEX>, <TEX>$B1=0.9{\times}B8+2.3$</TEX>, <TEX>$B4=2.1{\times}B2+1.3$</TEX>, <TEX>$B5=0.9{\times}B4+3.5$</TEX>, and <TEX>$B6=0.3{\times}B4+0.4$</TEX>.

차원 인체 스캔 데이터를 활용한 한국 중년여성 토르소 원형 설계

The purpose of this study is to provide Torso pattern for Korean middle-aged women using 3D human body scan data. 155 women in their 40's or 50's were measured by Martin's anthropometry. Merging the data of 914 middle aged women provided by Korean agency for technology and standards, total of 1,069 subjects' data were analyzed. For data analysis, ANOVA, factor analysis and cluster analysis were done using SPSS PC+. And representative subject of each cluster was selected and they participated in 3D scanning and Torso pattern suggested for middle-aged women Torso pattern which investing the amount of ease according to each group for diffuse front interscye 30%, armscye circumference 30%, back interscye 40% using 3D human body scan data. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, as a result of the factor analysis, the first factor was 'obesity index of body', The second factor was 'verticality size of body', The third factor was 'verticality length of upper bodice', The fourth factor was 'drop value to represent silhouette', and the fifth factor was 'physique of upper bodice'. And, middle-aged women type were classified 3 types according to the cluster analysis. Type 1(Y-type) was the long upper Torso with wide shoulder. Type 2(H-type) was flat-body type with comparatively thin upper bodice and thin lower bodice. And type 3(A-type) was the obese type with comparatively thin upper bodice and fat lower bodice. Secondly, using CAD program, point filtering was performed and approximated surface model was made. It used that generated surface smoothing corrected for abnormally extruded points and scattered points based on the curvature information. And 3D surfaces were flatted onto the plane by the internal tools of CAD program. Difference ratios of outline length and area between 3D curves and 2D plane were 0.42% and 0.54%, respectively. Third, wearing test by the sensory evaluation showed that distinct difference almost every category. The movement functionality test shows that, in all the tests which reveal significant differences, especially, 'comparison pattern A' experienced inconvenience to neck width and neck depth.

Analysis of Cross Sectional Ease Values for Fit Analysis from 3D Body Scan Data Taken in Working Positions

Purpose- The purpose of this study was to compare the fit of two prototype liquid cooled vests using a 3D body scanner and accompanying software. The objectives of this study were to obtain quantitative measurements of ease values, and to use these data to evaluate the fit of two cooling vests in active positions and to develop methodological protocol to resolve alignment issues between the scans using software designed for the alignment of 3D objects. Design/methodology/approach- Garment treatments and body positions were two independent variables with three levels each. Quantitative dataset were dependent variables, and were manipulated in 3x3 factorial designs with repeated measures. Scan images from eight subjects were used and ease values were obtained to compare the fit. Two different types of analyses were conducted in order to compare the fit using t-test; those were radial mean distance value analysis and radial distance distribution rate analysis. Findings- Overall prototype II achieved a closer fit than prototype I with both analyses. These were consistent results with findings from a previous study that used a different approach for evaluation. Research limitations/implications- The main findings can be used as practical feedback for prototype modification/selection in the design process, making use of 3D body scanner as an evaluation tool. Originality/value- Methodological protocols that were devised to eliminate potential sources of errors can contribute to application of data from 3D body scanners.

활동여유량을 적용한 커버롤 작업복 패턴 제작 방법 연구

This study developed a method of calculating dynamic wearing ease (DWE) to make patterns for coverall work clothing. The DWE was measured from 3D body scan data of women in their 20`s (n

A Development of the Uniform Pattern for Obese Junior-High School Girls from Virtual Garment Simulation

The purpose of this study was to develop uniform pattern of obese junior-high school girls by using the virtual twin and 3D virtual garment simulation system. The results were as follows; first, by using 3D virtual garment simulation, new uniform pattern considered obese junior-high school girls was development. The basic numerical formula were as follows; bust girth=B/2+2.5, armhole depth=B/4, front waist girth=W/4+1.8, back waist girth=W/4+1, front hip girth=H/4+1, back hip girth=H/4+1, chest width=chest width+1.5, back width=back width+1 and back neck width 8cm. Second, according to the results of the new uniform pattern's appearance evaluation, it estimated more highly than existing pattern in silhouette and ease amount, confirming that new uniform pattern is appropriate for the obese junior-high school girls. Also, new uniform pattern was evaluated to allow proper space length of bust, waist, abdomen and hip. Virtual models production through 3D body scan data, pattern draft and virtual garment digital program were applied to prototypic design method so as to enhance the fitness of ready-made garments. This study is expected to serve as one of important basic data for ensuing studies that may utilize 3D virtual garment simulation system with 2D patterns, and also for future 3D pattern production program development.

Multi‐purpose three‐dimensional body form

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a multi‐purpose body form that could be used to develop different types of garments by putting body skins with ease on the standard body form.Design/methodology/approachFree form deformation method was used to generate a virtual model upon the basis of the averaged wire frame. The virtual model was made into a real‐life model by a rapid prototyping (RP) process, and then, the standard body form was made by molding the RP. The 3D polygon shell for a body skin got flattened down to 2D patterns and made by a urethane material.FindingsThe standard body form developed by using 3D body scan data better represented the characteristics of the body shapes than the previously hand‐made ones. In addition, by standardizing the production of the body form itself, it is now possible to make body forms into the standards and be consistent in their qualities.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper presents the methodology of utilizing 3D body scan data in a garment design, which is possible by incorporating advanced 3D modeling technologies and 3D data of a human body in making body forms. For the mass production of a body skin, it is necessary to develop various special materials simulating soft tissues.Originality/valueThe apparel industry can enjoy cost cutting effects by using this multi‐purpose body form. A company does not have to spend money in purchasing different sizes and shapes of body forms, let alone saving the spaces to store them once purchased.

Parametric human body shape modeling framework for human-centered product design

The objective of this study is the development of a novel parametric human body shape modeling framework for integration into various product design applications. Our modeling framework is comprised of three phases of database construction, statistical analysis, and model generation. During the database construction phase, a 3D whole body scan data of 250 subjects are obtained, and their data structures are processed so as to be suitable for statistical analysis. Using those preprocessed scan data, the characteristics of the human body shape variation and their correlations with several items of body sizes are investigated in the statistical analysis phase. The correlations obtained from such analysis allow us to develop an interactive modeling interface, which takes the body sizes as inputs and returns a corresponding body shape model as an output. Using this interface, we develop a parametric human body shape modeling system and generate body shape models based on the input body sizes. In our experiment, our modeler produced reasonable results having not only a high level of accuracy but also fine visual fidelity. Compared to other parametric human modeling approaches, our method contributes to the related field by introducing a novel method for correlating body shape and body sizes and by establishing an improved parameter optimization technique for the model generation process.

Segment inertial parameters of Korean adults estimated from three-dimensional body laser scan data

In this study, body segment parameters of Korean adults were estimated using the three-dimensional (3D) body scan data from the SizeKorea database. Mass-inertial parameters and segment dimensions of 40 male subjects and 40 female subjects (18–59 years old) were estimated using a 16-segment model under the assumption that each segment has a constant density distribution after reconstructing the scan data. Therefore, several sets of linear regression functions based on gender, stature, and weight were established, which provided a convenient method for estimating body segment parameters of Korean adults. The obtained mass ratios of body segments were compared with those for Russians reported by Zatsiorsky and Seluyanov (1983) and for those for Chinese and Germans reported by Shan and Bohn (2003), in which the same 16-segment model was used. In addition, the results were compared with the Korean data results reported by Jung (1993), Lim (1994), and Park et al. (1999). These comparisons revealed that Asians have larger head mass ratios and smaller lower limb mass ratios than Caucasians, while the differences in the head mass ratios between males and females from the same ethnic groups were not significant. Females were found to have larger mass ratios for the lower torso and smaller mass ratios for the upper torso, middle torso, upper arm, forearm, foot, and hand, as compared to males from the same ethnic groups. In addition, the data obtained by different researchers were compared, thereby showing high reproducibility of our method. Relevance to industry The obtained segment parameters can be used to define digital human models and applied to the fields of ergonomics and biomechanics, such as for workspace design, furniture design, vehicle interior design, and human movement analysis.

실시간 패턴 변형과 인체 상대좌표계를 이용한 대화형 3D 패턴 디자인

Garment design needs an iterative manipulation of 2D patterns to generate a final sloper. Traditionally there have been two kinds of design methodologies such as the flat pattern method and the pattern draping method. But today, it is possible to combine the advantages from the two methods due to the realistic cloth simulation techniques. We devised a new garment design system which starts from 3D initial drape simulation result and then modifies the garment by editing the 2D flat patterns synchronously. With this interactive methodology using real-time pattern deformation technique, the designer can freely change a pattern shape by watching its 3D outlook in real-time. Also the final garment data were given relative coordinates with respect to the human anthropometric feature points detected by an automatic body feature detection algorithm. Using the relative human body coordinate system, the final garments can be re-used to an arbitrary body data without repositioning in the drape simulation. A female shirt was used for an example and a 3D body scan data was used for an illustration of the feature point detection algorithm.

Regeneration of 3D body scan data using semi‐implicit particle‐based method

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to find automatic post‐processing scheme to give textures and motion data to three dimensional (3D) body scan data.Design/methodology/approachSemi‐implicit particle‐based method was applied to post‐processing of 3D body scan data. The template avatar mesh was draped onto the target scan data and the texture/motion data were transferred to regenerated body. Automatic body feature detection was used to correlate the template body with the target body.FindingsUsing semi‐implicit particle method, there are advantages in both computational stability and accuracy. The calculation is done in a few minutes and even data with many holes could be used.Originality/valueThere are several researches for body feature detection and scan body regeneration but this paper aims for fully automatic method which needs no human intervention. The semi‐implicit particle method, which is popularly used for cloth simulation, is applied to body data regeneration. The conventional 3D body scan data, which had no colors and motions can be given textures and motions with this approach. And even the face can be freely interchanged with the use of external face generation software.

3D 가상모델 및 가상착의 시스템을 이용한 남자 운동선수의 상반신 원형설계

The purpose of this study was to examine the appropriate surplus of clothing for a suitable basic bodice pattern of Male Sports Athletes by using the 3D virtual twin and virtual garment simulation system. The results were as follows; 1. By using 3D virtual twin and garment simulation, new bodice pattern considered male sports athletes was development. The basic numerical formula were as follows ; surplus of chest girth=9, surplus of back length=1, armhole depth=back length/4+13, half back width=chest girth/5+2.5, front chest width=chest girth/5+3. 2. Wearing test by 3D virtual garment simulation system was useful to evaluate wearing outline, surplus of clothes and garment space. Also it estimated more highly than existing pattern in silhouette and ease amount, confirming that new bodice pattern is appropriate for the male sports athletes. New bodice pattern was evaluated to allow proper space length of chest and waist. Virtual models production through 3D body scan data, pattern draft and virtual garment digital program were applied to prototypic design method so as to enhance the fitness of ready-made garments. This study is expected to serve as one of important basic data for ensuing studies that may utilize 3D Virtual Garment Simulation System with 2D patterns, and also for future 3D Pattern Production Program development.

3D 가상착의 시스템에 의한 비만 중년여성의 토르소 원형설계에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study was to develop torso pattern of Middle-aged obese women by using the virtual twin and 3D virtual garment simulation system. The results were as follows; 1. By using 3D Virtual Garment Simulation, new torso pattern considered obese women was development. The basic numerical formula were as follows ; bust girth B/2+5, armhole depth B/6+5, front waist girth W/4+2+0.5, back waist girth W/4+1-0.5, front hip girth H/4+1+0.5, back hip girth H/4+2-0.5, chest width B/6+2.5, back width B/6+2.5 and back neck width B/20+2.5. 2. According to the results of the new torso pattern's appearance evaluation, it estimated more highly than existing pattern in silhouette and ease amount, confirming that new torso pattern is appropriate for the obese women. Also, new torso pattern was evaluated to allow proper space length of bust, waist, abdomen and hip. Virtual models production through 3D body scan data, pattern draft and virtual garment digital program were applied to prototypic design method so as to enhance the fitness of ready-made garments. This study is expected to serve as one of important basic data for ensuing studies that may utilize 3D Virtual Garment Simulation System with 2D patterns, and also for future 3D Pattern Production Program development.

Development of Dress Forms for the Aged Women Based on Their Body Shapes Applying 3D Body Scan Data

Abstract This research aims at developing the dress form for the aged women based on their body shapes using the three-dimensional body scan data with the body shape categorization(according to the previous research). To accomplish this goal, the sample group of representative body shape of the 50% of median was selected by using the high frequency proportion range of each type of body shape of the aged women, and the sample group of representative body shape of each type was averaged in a three-dimensional way by using the morphing method of a three-dimension reverse-engineered software. RP in the form of torso was produced based on the shape data of the final model and the data was formed into an actual object, by which an aged women’s dress form model was drawn out. The differences of the girth of the bust, hip and waist between the developed dress form model and the existing dress form model were examined. The result showed that the developed dress form had a bigger size of waist girth than that of bust and hip girth, compared to the existing dress form, which shows that it reflects the aged women’s tendency of abdomen obesity, so it’s expected to be more proper for the human bodies of the targeted age group than the existing dress form. These research results may help design the clothing suitable for the body shape of the aged women so that their demand for the clothing of good fit will be satisfied in the future. Key words: dress form(인대), the aged women(실버 여성), 3D body scan data(3차원 스캔 데이터), morphing(몰핑), rapid prototyping(쾌속 조형).

Body Shapes of Aged Women Applying 3D Body Scan Data

The purpose of this study is to classify body shapes of aged women by using 3D body scan data. For the body shape analysis and classification, 3D body scan data of 270 aged women were used, and 16 main measurements consisting of a human body were used to conduct factor analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. The analysis were performed on all 'the method using the absolute value', 'the method using index of height and weight', and 'the method using index of height', and according to the classification results, the method which categorizes body shapes best in terms of their shapes was adopted. As the factor analysis result using the numerical value of height to categorize the body shapes of the aged women, factor 1 was the thickness and width for the height, factor 2 was the height of the upper part of the body for the height, factor 3 was the height of hips for the height, and factor 4 was the height of belly for the height. When the body shapes were categorized with the deducted factors as variables, they were divided into two types. Type 1 was a short and fat body shape( type) and 55.6% of the subjects were of this type. Type 2 was for the body shape whose vertical height, including weight, was long but all kinds of width and thickness were small, that is, tall and thin body shape( type), and 44.4% of the aged women were in this case.