Thiobarbituric Acid Test Research Articles

Effect of different extraction solvents on antioxidant properties of water lily (Nymphaeaceae antares) flower petal and stamen

Water lily (Nymphaeaceae antares) contains a vast array of phenolic compounds with important natural antioxidative properties that could inhibit the adverse effects of the reactive oxygen species produced in living things. These substances are complex in composition which requires a suitable extraction medium to exploit the phenolic compounds. This study was designed to determine the antioxidative properties in petal and stamen of water lily extracted using different extraction solvents namely ethyl acetate and 60% methanol. Antioxidant properties of the samples were determined using 2,2-diphenyl -1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) method, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) along with individual flavonoids content using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The yield of extract was found to be the highest in petals extracted with 60% methanol (44.55±1.63%) while stamen extracted with ethyl acetate yielded the lowest (24.50±1.09%). In the DPPH inhibition method, petal extracted with ethyl acetate obtained the highest scavenging activity (89.15±3.62%). FTC analysis revealed that ethyl acetate extract of petal experienced the highest percentage inhibition (76.70±6.48%) while in TBA analysis ethyl acetate extract of stamen exhibited the highest percentage inhibition (70.78±1.39%). Flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin, p-coumaric acid and myricetin were found to be present in ethyl acetate and 60% methanol extracts of water lilies stamen and petal. The information from this study indicates that water lily petals and stamens may be integrated as a good source of nutrients in the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry. If the advantages of water lily are not used and integrated into everyday life for health benefits, it will be a massive waste of natural resources.

The efficacy of fetal neural cell aggregates and their combination with fetal liver stromal cells to reduce brain damage after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats

Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage have frequent complications and high mortality. There are currently no effective treatments for this disease. We investigated the effect of the use of cryopreserved aggregates of neural cells in combination with fetal liver stromal cells on the reduction of rat brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was modeled in rats by stereotactic administration of 0.2 U of collagenase type IV into the striatum. Neural cell obtained from brain and stromal cells (SCs) – from liver of rat fetuses of 15 dpc. The suspension of neural cell aggregates (NCAs) alone or in combination with fetal liver stromal cells was injected into the lateral ventricle. The level of lipid peroxidation was determined by the thiobarbituric acid test. The degree of brain cells injury after ICH was determined by the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in blood serum. To assess the intensity of adverse factors and the regenerative potential of different variants of cell therapy, the area of the lost striatum in the rat brain and the average distance from the border of the lesion to the nearest neurons were determined. Results. Combined transplantation of NCAs with fetal liver SCs in rats with ICH was found to reduce malonic dialdehyde concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity more effectively than NCAs alone, indicating inhibition of lipid peroxidation and reduction of cell injury after intracerebral hemorrhage as a result of the addition of SCs. It was shown a significant decrease in the area of lost striatum in both experimental groups. The single administration of NCAs reduced the distance from the lesion border to the nearest neurons the most, indicating the best conditions for survival and/or regeneration of neurons close to the lesion compared to controls. Conclusions. Administration of NCAs, both alone and in combination with fetal liver SCs, reduces the intensity of oxidative stress, preserves the intact striatum tissue, and increases the number of neurons near the brain lesion in intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. The co-transplantation of fetal liver SCs helps to inhibit lipid peroxidation more effectively.

In vivo anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and in vitro antioxidant efficacy, and acute oral toxicity effects of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of Lonchocarpus eriocalyx (Harms.)

Oxidative stress causes and drives many agonising inflammatory conditions, which cause disability, financial burden, and emotional stress. The current anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant agents are associated with adverse effects, inaccessibility, high costs, and low efficacies, thereby warranting the need for alternatives, especially from natural sources. Lonchocarpus eriocalyx plant is traditionally used in Kenyan communities to treat various inflammatory and oxidative stress-associated diseases; however, its pharmacologic efficacy and safety have not been empirically validated, hence this study. The in vivo antiinflamatory and antinociceptive efficacy of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of L. eriocalyx were determined using the xylene-induced ear oedema, and the acetic acid-induced writhing techniques, respectively, in experimental mice. Also, in vitro antioxidant activities of the studied plant extracts were investigated using the Thiobarbituric acid test for lipid peroxidation, 1, 1-diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and Ferric reducing antioxidant power standard assay methods. Moreover, the studied extracts' acute oral toxicity effects were investigated according to the Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The studied plant extracts showed significant dose-dependent inhibitions of oedema and writhing, depicting their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive efficacy. Besides, the extracts revealed significant inhibitions of in vitro lipid peroxidation in varying degrees. Notably, the extracts demonstrated very strong DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant efficacies. Furthermore, the two studied plant extracts did not elicit acute oral toxicity, with LD50 values of >2000 mg/kg BW, hence were considered safe. The anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and in vitro antioxidant efficacies of these extracts were attributed to antioxidant phytocompounds with diverse pharmacologic effects, especially through the amelioration of oxidative stress. Further studies on the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant mechanism(s) and isolation and characterisation of responsible compounds are encouraged to spur the development of affordable, accessible, safe, and efficacious drugs.

The effect of hydrocolloid on stability of Papaya-Pineapple jelly drink during storage

Present study evaluated the effect of hydrocolloid type on the stability of antioxidant activity of papaya-pineapple jelly drink during storage. The antioxidant content of the jelly drink was also evaluated. The research had been performed using randomized block design with two factors, i.e.: types of hydrocolloid (agar and carrageenan) and storage times (0; 1; 2; and 3 weeks). Jelly drink was stored at 7°C in refrigerator. The analysis carried out were total phenolic content, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) tests. The result showed that increasing of storaged resulted in decreasing of total phenolic content, ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid.

Evaluation of poultry by-product meal treated with ginger (Zingiber officinale (L) Rosc)

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of ginger as natural antioxidant (NA) treatment in stabilizing poultry by-product meal. Poultry by-products meal (PBPM) were randomly prepared into four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and treated with 0, 750, 1250 and 1750 gram of ginger/100kg respectively and stored for 60 days. Microbial assessment and oxidative properties of PBPM was estimated fortnightly using total aerobiccount (TAPC), total coli-form unit count (TCC), peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Poultry by-product meal treated with 1750 gram of ginger/100kg presented the least oxidation for both TBAs (0.064 mg/g) and POV (0.4 mEq/kg) after the 60 days storage period. Both TAPC and TCC for all samples observed in this study are all below satisfactory levels with reference to the standard microbial load specification. It is concluded that ginger rhizome used as a natural antioxidant was effective in stabilizing poultry byproduct meal as it presented better microbial and antioxidant status at 1750 g/100kg.

Role of free radicals and antioxidants in cervical cancer in southern part of Rajasthan

Introduction: Present study is conducted to measure the role of free radicals malondialdehyde and vitamin-C and vitamin-E in cervical cancer women in southern part of Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: Total 80 cases and controls were taken and level of MDA were determined by the Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test which is the colorimetric reaction of MDA and TBA in acid solution. Vitamin C was determined by the method of Natelson, (1971). Vitamin E was determined by Baker and Frank method. Results: The serum level of malondialdehyde, vitamin-C and vitamin-E level in cervix cancer patients and controls using paired t-test for independent means and found that a statistically significant difference exist between case and controls. Conclusion: Present study concluded that serum levels of vitamin C and vitamin E decreases and level of MDA increases in cervix cancer patients. So the serum levels of these micronutrients as a marker in early diagnosis of cervix cancer as adjuvant to other methods as well as by providing supplementation of these micronutrients. Keywords: Cervix carcinoma, Malondialdehyde, Oxidative stress, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, Antioxidant vitamins.

Alterações químicas e oxidativas dos óleos ultra processados por frituras de batatas do comércio central ambulante

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as características oxidativas dos óleos de frituras de batatas inglesa obtida do comércio ambulante de Teresina, Piauí. Visando determinar os parâmetros oleoquímicos de Índice de Acidez, Índice de Ácidos Graxos Livres, Índice Peróxido; Índice de Iodo e teste ácido 2-tiobarbitúrico. Foram coletados cinco lotes de frituras de batatas em diferentes locais. Analisou-se, 96 amostras de óleos de coco e de soja de cinco estabelecimentos comerciais de Teresina, Piauí, sendo 66 destinadas para as análises oleoquímicas e 12 para o teste ácido 2-tiobarbitúrico. As análises de parâmetros oleoquímicos foram realizadas segundo a American Oil Chemists' Society, enquanto que as análises oxidativas, pelo mesmo método, no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia do Piauí, Campus Teresina-Central. Como resultado, a análise de índice de acidez mostrou valores em conformidade com a legislação internacional para óleos de frituras. Os percentuais de ácidos graxos livres e de índice de peróxido se apresentaram dentro os limites estabelecidos para óleo de frituras em relação à legislação. Os resultados do índice de iodo mostraram maior insaturação nas cadeias lipídicas nos lotes dois e três. O teste do ácido 2-tiobarbitúrico mostrou alterações oxidativas nos lotes quatro e cinco. Conclui-se que em todas as amostras de óleos foi evidenciado processos oxidativos, destacando-se o óleo de coco, que apresentou melhor estabilidade à oxidação em relação ao de soja.

SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE AND MALONDIALDEHYDE LEVELS IN ADOLESCENTS WITH PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA

Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation without pelvic abnormalities and it usually occurs among adolescents and female adults. Primary dysmenorrhea processing the increasing of lipid peroxide (oxidative stress) and decreasing of antioxidant level. The aim of this study to identified the differences of Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde levels among adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea. The research design used Case Control. The population of this study were all female students at Health Science Faculty of Unipdu Jombang who got menstruation, the sample of this study were 24 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sampling method in this study used Purposive Sampling technique. NBT method was to measured SOD levels, Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) test used to measured MDA levels, and the measurement in this study used Spectrophotometer. The data analysed by using Independent Sample T-Test with α ≤ 0.05. Independent Sample T-Test results showed that there were significant differences between SOD and MDA levels in both of case group and control group (p

Effect of Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Cisplatin Treatment on Spermatogonia Cell and Malondialdehyde Level in Male Rats

Co-administration of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) becomes standart chemotherapy for testicular cancer because it has brought a cure rate of more than 90%. Impact of the treatment to the outcome become a concern, particularly the adverse effect on a long-term reproductive health risk to cancer survivors. There is no evidence, when the damage to the testes began due to the administration of BEP chemotherapy, makes the indication of treatment still controversial. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of BEP on Spermatogonial cell and MDA levels outcome in an animal model. Male wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 13-15 weekswere treated daily with BEP for three cycles, 33 hours each. It was divided into one control group received 1cc of normal saline, and three groups received three cycles of 0.5 x dose-levels of BEP (Intraperitoneally; 0.75 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, and 1.5 mg/kg). Cell number of Spermatogonia cells were calculated from HE-stained specimens and observed under light microscope (Olympus BX-51) using 400x magnification (high power field) Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test method used to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) level by spectrophotometry. The result was a significant decrease in the average number of Spermatogonia cells (p = 0.003) between the control group and others. This is caused by excessive exposure to BEP chemotherapy, which cause atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and content of germ cells in the tubules has decreased, accompanied by the appearance of immature germ cells that enter the lumen. A significant increase in MDA levels (p = 0.001) occurred after the administration of the third cycle of BEP chemotherapy. In conclusion, BEP chemotherapy adversely affect the number of Spermatogonia cells and MDA level. The third cycle BEP chemotherapy significantly more destructive compared to the first and second cycle.

Antioxidant Effect Potential of Garlic In Vitro and Real Food System: Effects of Garlic Supplementation on Oxidation Stability and Sensory Properties of Butter

AbstractIn this research, the effect of adding garlic and synthetic antioxidant to butter produced on both quality characteristics and oxidation stability during the storage (1st, 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 75th, and 90th days) process is investigated. With this aim, two replicates of butter samples as control, containing different proportions of garlic (butter treated with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% crushed garlic) and with 50 ppm butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) added are prepared. 2,2′‐Azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical‐scavenging ability, ferric reducing antioxidant power value of garlic are found as 26.05%; 87.48%; 70 mm mL−1, respectively. Total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and total antioxidant capacity of fresh garlic are determined. The main components of essential oil of garlic are determined. The rate of oxidation decreases as the garlic rate increases. The highest sensory analysis scores for the first days of storage are for the control and butter with 50 ppm BHT added, followed by samples with 5%, 2.5%, and 7.5% garlic added. At the end of storage, the highest sensory analysis scores are obtained by the butter with 5% garlic added. The butter with 10% garlic added is not liked in terms of sensory properties.Practical Applications: Oxidation‐causing or accelerating factors are oxygen, light, temperature, metal ions, some pigments, and degree of unsaturation. Oxidation is eliminated when these factors are eliminated. But in practice this is not possible. Therefore, it is very difficult to prevent oxidation without adding any material. Antioxidants are the most effective substances in the food industry for the production, storage, transport, and marketing of vegetable and animal fats and fat‐containing foods, delaying the effect of atmospheric oxygen at normal temperatures, preventing food spoilage, and rancidity for a certain period of time. Due to the carcinogenic effects of synthetic antioxidants, interest in natural antioxidants has increased. It is known that garlic has antioxidant effects. Natural antioxidants are used in the food industry for different purposes due to their extensive bioactivity profile. Peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid tests are generally used to determine the degree of lipid oxidation in butter.

Different concentrations of cysteamine, ergothioneine, and serine modulate quality and fertilizing ability of cryopreserved chicken sperm

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of freezing diluents supplemented in three potential amines/amino acids, namely, antioxidant cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol [AET]), ergothioneine (ERG), and serine (SER), in optimization of chicken sperm cryopreservation. The semen of 36 Pradu Hang Dum males, selected based on their motility vigor score, was frozen by a simple freezing method using nitrogen vapors and dimethylformamide (DMF). In a first experiment, a wide range of AET, ERG, and SER doses were tested. Semen quality was evaluated after incubation at 5°C or after cryopreservation in straws in the Blumberger Hahnen Sperma Verdünner (BHSV) diluent + DMF (6% v/v) with or without AET, ERG, or SER. The best targeted doses of AET, ERG, or SER were then selected for experiment 2 that was focused on cryopreserved semen. Frozen-thawed sperm quality was evaluated by different in vitro tests and by evaluation of fertility. Objective motility parameters were evaluated by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and mitochondria function were evaluated using appropriate dyes and flow cytometry. Lipid peroxide production was assessed by the thiobarbituric acid test (malondialdehyde production). Fertility obtained with frozen-thawed semen supplemented or not in AET, ERG, or SER was evaluated after artificial insemination of laying hens. ERG and AET decreased sperm lipid peroxidation and decreased fertility, even at low doses. The presence of 4 mmol of SER significantly decreased lipid peroxidation, increased the frozen-thawed sperm quality, and increased fertility after sperm cryopreservation (90% vs. control 84%, P < 0.05). In a third experiment, the use of 1 mmol of sucrose (the best result of our previous study) added to 4 mmol of SER-supplemented extender was tested. This addition allowed to the highest levels of fertility (93%). In conclusion, the addition of 4 mmol of SER in semen cryopreservation diluents decreases peroxidation and improves the efficiency of the process.

Influence of packaging materials, oxygen and storage temperature on quality of germinated parboiled rice

In this study, the effects of storage conditions of germinated parboiled rice (GPR) including packaging materials, oxygen, and temperature on its physicochemical qualities, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, sensory quality, and microbiological properties were investigated. GPR from purple rice (Oryza sativa var. ‘Hom Nil’) was packaged under vacuum and normal atmosphere in polyamide-polyethylene (PAPE) and aluminum-laminated polyethylene (ALPE) pouches and stored at 4 °C and 30 °C for 6 months. The results showed that storage at lower temperatures under vacuum in ALPE was effective in retarding the degradation of bioactive compounds, changes in physicochemical quality, and rancidity. Moisture content and water activity continuously declined during the storage in PAPE pouches at 30 °C while they were unchanged when stored in ALPE at 30 °C and under all conditions at 4 °C. At 30 °C, the gamma-aminobutyric acid and anthocyanins contents decreased as the storage time increased, however the contents in samples at 4 °C did not vary with time. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities were also effectively retained under low temperature storage, especially in vacuum packaging. Rancidity of GPR determined using the thiobarbituric acid test, increased with storage time and showed a high correlation with sensory evaluation results (R2 = 0.9724). Storage at 4 °C also significantly conserved the color of GPR. In addition, bacterial count, yeast and mold count and aflatoxins content of the GPR did not exceed Thai standards under all tested conditions.

Preparation and characterization of chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (CH-NLC) containing cinnamon essential oil for enriching milk and anti-oxidant activity

The cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was loaded in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and NLC surfaces were coated with chitosan (CH-NLC). The particle size increased significantly from 99.98 nm, in the control NLC to 107.1, 112.2, and 119.4 nm in the CH-NLC coated with 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15% chitosan solution, respectively. After 40-day storage the mean size of all formulations slightly increased, however, the CH-NLC indicated less growing than NLC. The PDI value of NLC was lower than the CH-NLC (0.252 in comparison to 0.325). In addition, the negative zeta potential of NLC (−17.56) was changed to +21.4 for CH-NLC. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) of CH-NLC (93.68%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than NLC (88.14%) which could be attributed to the higher particle size of CH-NLC system. The encapsulation stability (ES%) of CH-NLC (84.6%) was significantly higher than NLC (78.12%). Furthermore, the FTIR spectrum showed no creation of new peaks after coating the NLC however the intensity of the peaks was shifted. The endothermic peaks of NLC illustrated low melting point (38.50 °C) and less ordered crystalline structure. The stability of milk fortified with this system against oxidation during the storage time was proved by thiobarbituric acid test and peroxide value.

Analisis Organoleptik (Aroma dan Warna) dan Nilai TBA dalam Pendugaan Umur Simpan Bumbu Mi Aceh dengan Metode Accelarated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) Menggunakan Persamaan Arrhenius

Aceh noodle seasoning was made from red chili, red onion, garlic, cardamom, turmeric, ginger, cumin, candlenut, coriander and pepper. All ingredients were mashed and then sauteed in a frying pan with the addition of cooking oil. In the food industry it is necessary to determine the shelf life so the consumers know the quality of the product. Shelf life is the periode of a product from the production process until the product has decreased in quality or is not suitable to consumption. This research was conducted using a semi-empirical accelerated shelf-life testing method with the Arrhenius equation. The estimation of shelf life was determined through the quality change of Aceh noodle seasoning which packed with aluminum foil packaging and stored based on temperature factor (room temperature, 40o C, and 50o C). Each sample was analyzed of thiobarbituric acid test, flavour and descriptif test in duplicate. The results show that Aceh noodle seasoning shelf life based on the critical parameters stored at room temperature (27-30oC) was 71 days, at 40oC was 49 days, and at 50oC was 35 days.

Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in combat with gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Introduction: Gentamicin sulphate (GS) induces nephrotoxicity by increasing of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Objectives: The aim of this research was to assess the renoprotective effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an antioxidant agent against GS-induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Forty male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were divided equally in to five groups and were treated as follows; group 1; received normal saline and served as normal controls, group 2; received GS (100 mg/kg/d), groups 3; received GS and DMSO (0.5 mL/kg/d), groups 4; received GS and DMSO (1 mL/kg/d), groups 5; received GS and DMSO (2 mL/kg/d). After eight days of treatment, serum was prepared. Paraffin sections (3 µ thickness) were prepared from the left kidneys and stained through periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method. Serum creatinine and urea were assessed by the kits and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was assessed by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Volume density of proximal tubules, tubular necrosis, tubular cast and lymphocyte infiltration were evaluated histopathologically. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test at P&lt; 0.05 by SPSS 12 software. Results: Serum MDA, creatinine, urea, tubular volume density, tubular necrosis, tubular cast and lymphocyte infiltration were ameliorated significantly in groups four and five compared with group two (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: DMSO improved GS-induced renal toxicity significantly through prevention of lipid peroxidation and inflammation, but could not save kidney functional tests and histological changes at the same level as that of the normal group.

English

In equine clinics, skin injuries are some of the most frequently treated injuries, this research evaluated the healing potential and antioxidant activity of Abarema cochliacarpos in order to develop a pharmaceutical formulation for treating skin lesions in horses. Firstly, the antioxidant activity of several fractions was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical method and the thiobarbituric acid test. The determination of phenolic compounds was done by means of the Folin-Ciocalteau test. To assess the wound healing activity the dry powdered stem bark and the aqueous, ethanolic and propylene glycol extracts from the same plant, material were incorporated in a gel formulation and evaluated in equines with induced wounds. Results show that all obtained extracts and their fractions have antioxidant action. Regarding the healing evaluation in equines, the extracts tested and the dry powdered stem bark showed statistically significant activity in the contraction of wounds. Histological analysis revealed the powdered stem bark as the best treatment to induce healing of cutaneous lesions in horses. Experimental studies in animals with different dosages and formulations, besides the isolation of its chemical components, as a tool in the discovery of new healing agents or optimization of the existing ones is recommended. Key words: Abarema cochliacarpos, antioxidant activity, wound healing activity. &nbsp

Grafting phenolics onto milk protein via conjugated polymerization for delivery of multiple functionalities: Synthesis and characterization

A synthetic scenario for functionalization of β-lactoglobulin (βLg) with polymeric units containing caffeic acid (βLg-polyCA) was developed; and all intermediates and final products were structurally confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and physico-chemically characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism. The antioxidant properties and emulsion stability of βLg, βLg-CA conjugate and βLg-polyCA based systems containing high percentage of fish oil (50%) were evaluated; and βLg-polyCA presented the highest antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activity based on DPPH, ABTS and HS scavenging assays (92.4, 87.92 and 67.35% respectively). Thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) test demonstrated that compared to native βLg, βLg-polyCA afford up 4–5 fold of inhibition of oxidative rancidity and displayed drastic secondary structure changes. Compared to native βLg based emulsions, βLg-polyCA had larger oil droplet sizes, stronger negative zeta potentials (−69.9 mv), narrower size distributions (PDI: 0.22) and less creaming index.

Polydatin-fatty acid conjugates are effective antioxidants for stabilizing omega 3-containing bulk fish oil and fish oil emulsions

Candida antarctica lipase B-catalysed synthesis of lipophilic esters of polydatin was investigated along with their antioxidant activities. The effects of synthesis parameters such as solvent, substrate molar ratio, enzyme concentration, addition of molecular sieves, reaction temperature and time on the production of ester were studied and optimised. The highest production of esters was obtained with acetone as the reaction solvent. The antioxidant activities of the esters were compared with those of commercial butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and α-tocopherol. All polydatin esters inhibited the oxidative destruction of β-carotene more effectively than did BHT and α-tocopherol. Results of thiobarbituric acid tests showed that in bulk fish oil, all esters were more effective than α-tocopherol at 2 mmol/kg concentration but were not as effective as BHT. In fish oil-emulsions, all esters were more effective than both BHT and α-tocopherol at 2 mmol/kg concentration. The synthesized polydatin esters are promising antioxidants for oil/fat-based foods.

The Effect of Red Pitaya Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus Extract) on Malondialdehida Levels and Histopathology Profile in Diazinon Induced Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide is widely used in agricultural sectors. The metabolic products of this organophosphate compound can increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the body. It causes complications to the various organs, one of which is gastric. Red pitaya peel extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) has high antioxidant activity in lowering ROS, in cases of diazinon poisoning. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of redpitaya peel extract in reducing the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and repairing histopathological damage of rats induced by diazinon. This study used 20 tails of male white Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) from 8-12 weeks of age with the average weight of 150 grams . The subject was divided into 5 groups, which were negative control (-), positive control (+), treatment 1 (P1), treatment 2 (P2), and treatment 3 (P3). A dose of 40 mg/kg BW of Diazinon was given orally every day through feeding tube (sonde) for 5 consecutive days. Red pitaya peel extract was given to test groups with a dose of 150 mg/150 g BW, 200 mg/150 g BW and 250 mg/150 g BW, for 14 days. MDA levels were measured using the Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Gastric histopathology features were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) after 14 days. The MDA levels were analyzed quantitatively by ANOVA using SPSS version 22 for Windows and continued with honestly significant difference (HSD) test (α = 5%) and gastric histopathology were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the extract of red pitaya peel with dose of 150 mg/150 g BW significantly (p&lt;0.01) reduces MDA level in gastric dan improves the histopathology of the gastric. Red pitaya peel extract at a dose of 150 mg/150 g BW was able to significantly decrease MDA levels and improve the histopathology feature of the gastric in white rats induced by diazinon. So this can be summarised that giving red pitaya extract in rats have a very significant effect on the level of malondialdehyde production and it could repair rats stomach tissue that induced by diazinon.Keywords: diazinon, histopathology, MDA, red pitaya peel

Potential of Olive Oil Extract (Olea europaea) For Affecting Lipid Profile, Lipid Oxidative and Fatty Liver on Hiperlipemic Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Olive oil ( Olea europaea ) contains 55 to 83% oleic acid which is a single chain unsaturated fatty acid or mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and 2% phenolic components in the form of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. This study aims to determine the potential of olive oil extract ( Olea europaea ) in reducing cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels, along with inhibiting fatty liver development in hiperlipemic rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups, the first group was healthy control group, the second group was positive control group, received a high-fat diet containing 100 mg of cholesterol powder, 25 mg of cholic acid powder and 1 mL of quail egg yolk for 28 days. Third and fourth treatment groups were received for 28 days, plus 0.828 g (1 mL) and 1.656 g (2 mL) of olive oil extract daily for 14 days, respectively. The measurement of total cholesterol used cholesterol test strips based on oxidation enzyme reaction cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase that produce hydrogen peroxidation, then analyzed with biosensor refractophotometry. Measurement of malondialdehyde used thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Histological observation of fatty liver was assessed using a NAS (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease score). The results showed that 1.656 g (2 mL) of olive oil extract per day decreased total cholesterol level up to 44.41 %, malondialdehyde level up to 61.75%, and NAS score up to 50%, compared with positive control. It was concluded that olive oil extract was decreasing total cholesterol level, as an anti-oxidant and prevent fatty liver development. Keywords: fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, malondialdehyde, Olea europaea .