13th Five-Year Plan Period Research Articles

Design and implementation of data analysis platform of infectious disease syndromes and pathogen surveillance based on cloud computing technology

Objective During the 11th national five-year plan period, the information management system for infectious disease surveillance platform was established to provide information support for infectious disease surveillance. However, the system can not meet the new needs of information management after the operation for years, facing a series of challenges, such as the high sensitivity of data collection and complexity of users. Methods This paper expounds the design and implementation of infectious disease syndromes and pathogen surveillance information analysis platform from the aspects of business requirements, structure design, system deployment, etc. and evaluate the application of the platform. Results China CDC has established the cloud platform of infectious disease syndromes and pathogen surveillance information for the integration of existing system, newly established infectious disease syndromes and pathogen surveillance information analysis platform and pathogen genomics information platform to provide visualized statistical analysis results, which can improve the application value of the data. Conclusion The platform can control the access to resources effectively, ensure the authenticity and credibility of user's identity and improve the integration of resources to support scientific decision making.

Identification of NO2 and SO2 Pollution Hotspots and Sources in Jiangsu Province of China

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are important atmospheric trace gases for determining air quality, human health, climate change, and ecological conditions both regionally and globally. In this study, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), total column nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were used from 2005 to 2020 to identify pollution hotspots and potential source areas responsible for air pollution in Jiangsu Province. The study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and variability of NO2 and SO2, the SO2/NO2 ratio, and their trends, and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was performed to identify potential source areas. The spatial distributions showed higher values (>0.60 DU) of annual mean NO2 and SO2 for most cities of Jiangsu Province except for Yancheng City (<0.50 DU). The seasonal analyses showed the highest NO2 and SO2 in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer. Coal-fire-based room heating and stable meteorological conditions during the cold season may cause higher NO2 and SO2 in winter. Notably, the occurrence frequency of NO2 and SO2 of >1.2 was highest in winter, which varied between 9.14~32.46% for NO2 and 7.84~21.67% for SO2, indicating a high level of pollution across Jiangsu Province. The high SO2/NO2 ratio (>0.60) indicated that industry is the dominant source, with significant annual and seasonal variations. Trends in NO2 and SO2 were calculated for 2005–2020, 2006–2010 (when China introduced strict air pollution control policies during the 11th Five Year Plan (FYP)), 2011–2015 (during the 12th FYP), and 2013–2017 (the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control (APPC-AC)). Annually, decreasing trends in NO2 were more prominent during the 12th FYP period (2011–2015: −0.024~−0.052 DU/year) than in the APPC-AC period (2013–2017: −0.007~−0.043 DU/year) and 2005–2020 (−0.002 to −0.012 DU/year). However, no prevention and control policies for NO2 were included during the 11th FYP period (2006–2010), resulting in an increasing trend in NO2 (0.015 to 0.031) observed throughout the study area. Furthermore, the implementation of China’s strict air pollution control policies caused a larger decrease in SO2 (per year) during the 12th FYP period (−0.002~−0.075 DU/year) than in the 11th FYP period (−0.014~−0.071 DU/year), the APPC-AC period (−0.007~−0.043 DU/year), and 2005–2020 (−0.015~−0.032 DU/year). PSCF analysis indicated that the air quality of Jiangsu Province is mainly influenced by local pollution sources.

Decoupling of Carbon Emissions from Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis Based on 264 Prefecture-Level Cities in China

After setting the goal of peaking carbon emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060, it has become an irresistible trend for China to decouple carbon emissions from its economic growth. Since cities play a central role in reducing carbon emissions, the issues such as whether and when their carbon dioxide emissions can be decoupled from economic growth have become the focus of attention. Based on the carbon dioxide emissions of 264 prefecture-level cities in China from 2000 to 2017, this paper uses the Tapio decoupling index to measure the decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth of cities, analyzes the space–time evolution characteristics of carbon emissions and decoupling indexes by stages, and explores the relationship between carbon emissions and socio-economic development characteristics such as per capita GDP and industrial structure. The main conclusions drawn therefrom are as follows: (i) From 2000 to 2017, the city-wide carbon emissions rose from 2.484 billion tons in 2000 to 7.462 billion tons in 2017, registering a total increase of 200.40%. But the growth rate of carbon emissions within cities has been significantly reduced. (ii) As years passed by, the number of cities that achieved strong decoupling saw a significant increase, from zero in the 10th–11th Five-Year Plan period to 14 in the 12th Five-Year Plan period and the first two years of the 13th Five-Year Plan period, accounting for 5.3% of the total number of cities. (iii) There is an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between per capita carbon emissions and per capita GDP, which is consistent with the EKC curve hypothesis, but Chinese cities are still in the growth stage of the quadratic curve currently. The correlation between per capita CO2 emission and the proportion of the secondary industry was positive. The results of this study are expected to provide experience for the low-carbon development of cities in China and other developing countries, and provide references for the formulation and evaluation of policies and measures related to low-carbon economic development based on the decoupling model.

Progress in school health and health education during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, student health is the top priority in school health policies and health education practice, which have achieved a major milestone in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic, the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents, school health education promotion, as well as school food safety management, and the prevention and management of school communicable diseases. This editorial elaborates on practices of school health and health education during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and introduces national school health strategic policies and implementation, providing fundamental support for Healthy China 2030 and Healthy China Action Plan.

Decision analysis of the optimal freight structure at provincial level in China.

In recent years, considering the railway and waterway are cleaner ways of freight transportation, the Chinese government has vigorously promoted the adjustment of the transportation structure of the freight industry to reduce carbon emissions. However, with such a macroscopic objective, it remains a crucial problem for the policy-maker to further determine: how to estimate the optimal value of the share of freight volume among roadway, railway, and waterway regionally? To this end, this paper first quantified and analyzed the economic benefits, carbon emission intensity, and input-output efficiency of different transportation modes in each province. Then, with the goal of maximizing the efficiency of the freight transportation system, considering the carbon emission intensity reduction constraint and the economic output non-reduction constraint, an optimization model is constructed to obtain the freight structure adjustment plan in each province. Finally, taking the constraint of the carbon emission reduction targets by the 13th Five-Year Plan period as a case, the specific volume of roadway turnover transferred to waterway and railway in each province is given; the results show that Anhui, Beijing, Jiangxi, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Heilongjiang should focus on transferring the freight share of roadway to the railway, and the transferred shares are 15.36%, 14.12%, 10.21%, 8.22%, and 7.36% of road freight turnover. Tianjin, Hebei, and Shandong should focus on transferring the freight share of the roadway to the waterway, and the transferred shares are 18.44%, 7.90%, and 6.45% of road freight turnover, providing a reference for relevant government departments to formulate measures.

Exploration on road maintenance of new infrastructure enabling intelligent expressway

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, “new infrastructure” was written into the “Outline for the Construction of a Transport Power”, and the Ministry of Communications made it clear that intelligent maintenance was the focus of technological innovation. Taking Hangzhou-Shaozhou-Ningbo Expressway as an example, this paper discusses the contents of expressway road maintenance based on new infrastructure construction, and finds the following prominent problems: lack of unified industry standards; there are disadvantages in software assurance; insufficient interaction of elements; the level of regional integration is not high. By establishing the theoretical model of “MADD” and innovating the maintenance mobile terminal platform, the corresponding solutions and strategies are further proposed: strengthening the top-level design and establishing a unified standard; strengthen software matching and promote overall collaboration; strengthen the integration of construction and use, promote the interaction of elements; we will strengthen communication mechanisms and promote regional coordination. The result shows that the road maintenance of new infrastructure enabled expressway is of great significance. The research of this paper has certain reference significance for the further development of highway maintenance and construction in Zhejiang Province in the future.

Analysis on the development of Chinas broadband network during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and prospect of the 14th Five-Year Plan

Analysis on the development of Chinas broadband network during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and prospect of the 14th Five-Year Plan

Sustainable development of China's regions from the perspective of ecological welfare performance: analysis based on GM(1,1) and the malmquist index

Ecological welfare performance is a measure of the relationship between input ecological resources and output welfare, and it reflects the sustainable development status of a region. In this paper, the environmental resource consumption and human development index of four areas (covering thirty provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities) in China from 2019 to 2020 were predicted using the GM (1,1) model. The status and trend of sustainable development were evaluated using the Malmquist index and its decomposition index (catch-up effect and frontier e impact of movement). The corresponding regions' environmental resource consumption data and human development index from 2011–2018 were used for the analyses. The following results were obtained: (1) In terms of the catch-up effect. However, Beijing shows a greater technical efficiency than other regions with values less than 1, which is a drag on sustainable development. (2) Regarding the frontier movement effect, all regions' technical level has improved, and the frontier exhibits an upward trend. (3) According to the Malmquist total factor productivity index, the sustainability status has been continuously deteriorating in all regions, except for improvements in a few areas. (4) In terms of planning periods, the frontier movement effect positively contributed to sustainable development in all regions during the 12th and 13th Five-Year Plan periods; in other words, technological innovation promotes sustainable development. Except in Beijing, the catch-up effect had negative contributions. By combining the gray prediction model with the Malmquist index, the authors provide more in-depth insight into the sustainable development of four regions in China from ecological welfare performance.

Competitive Endogenous RNAs Participate in Benzene Hematotoxicity by Promoting Ferroptosis

Background: Benzene exposure leads to hematotoxicity, but we still lack sensitive biomarkers for its monitoring and prevention owing to the complex mechanisms. We previously constructed a competitive endogenous RNA(ceRNA) regulatory network (Lnc-TC-miR-142-5p-CUL4B), which may be potential biomarkers for benzene hematotoxicity, and further explored the mechanism of these ceRNAs mediating benzene toxicity. Methods: Peripheral hemogram and ceRNA expression were detected in benzene-exposed workers and controls. Cell viability, ultrastructural changes, lipid ROS and expressions of cell ferroptosis related genes GPX4, SLC7A11 and FTH were examined to detect the occurrence of benzene metabolite 1, 4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ)-induced ferroptosis. Lentiviral transfected cell models of regulating Lnc-TC, miR-142-5p and CUL4B were constructed to explore their regulatory relationships and roles in 1,4-BQ induced ferroptosis. Results: We confirmed that the expression of ceRNAs Lnc-TC-miR-142-5p-CUL4B were significantly changed and associated with decreased blood cell counts in benzene-exposed workers compared with controls. 1,4-BQ promoted cell ferroptosis characterized by mitochondria damages, increased lipid ROS level, and down-regulation of GPX4, SLC7A11 and FTH. Lnc-TC-miR-142-5p-CUL4B ceRNA network regulated 1,4-BQ-induced cell ferroptosis by targeting GPX4, thus participated in benzene hematotoxicity. Conclusion: The Lnc-TC-miR-142-5p-CUL4B ceRNA network mediated benzene hematotoxicity by promoting ferroptosis, and these ceRNAs may be potential biomarkers for early monitoring and warning of disease. Funding Information: This research was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation Program and Scientific Research Key Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (KZ201810025032), the Support Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five-year Plan (CIT&TCD20170323) and National Culture Science Foundation of China (81773397). Declaration of Interests: The authors of this article declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was approved by Ethics committee of Capital Medical University, each individual signed an informed consent form.

Study on the 14th Five-Year Plan for Nuclear and Radiation Accident Emergency

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China’s nuclear and radiation emergency regulations and standards system was gradually strengthened, emergency organizations at all levels were constantly improved. However, there are still some deficiencies in the construction of emergency team, professional technical ability, emergency rescue and so on. This paper comprehensively summarizes the experiences of nuclear and radiation emergency in China during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and studies the development direction and capacity buildings in the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan, which provides a reference for the construction of nuclear and radiation emergency in China.

Environmental regulation induces technological change and green transformation in Chinese cities

Improving green total factor productivity is an important step for China’s green transformation. By proposing a meta-frontier Malmquist Luenberger productivity indicator, this paper attempts to investigate China’s green productivity evolution and its determinants at the city level during the period of 2003–2016. Our results reveal that China has improved green productivity, and that exogenous technological change acts as the dominant force to drive the change of green productivity. Overall, the effects of technological change induced by environmental regulation (TCIER) have not been fully manifested. Further, we find significant spatial heterogeneities in TCIER: western China shows the highest contribution of TCIER to changes in green productivity, followed by central China, and the contribution is negative in eastern China, due to the region’s relatively lower growth rate in environmental regulation intensity. Nevertheless, from the perspective of evolutionary trends, the TCIER scores of all three regions exhibit upward trends during the review period, ultimately contributing positively to green productivity growth during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011–2015).

Regional coal power overcapacity assessment in China from 2020 to 2025

Since the beginning of 2020, the weak domestic power demand caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the large-scale advancement of coal power construction projects may have further aggravated the coal power overcapacity in China. Given the new situation, this study collected the data on China’s installed electricity capacity and electricity demand during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. Moreover, a reasonable capacity evaluation model of coal power was established based on the energy and electric power balance to analyze China’s coal power overcapacity in 2019 and determine the reasonable capacity for 2025. The internal reasons of unreasonable energy structure and regional difference of energy structure are systematically discussed. Results show that the overcapacity in 2019 was approximately 170 GW, and the overcapacity situation in North, Northwest, and South China was particularly serious. The reasonable coal power capacity for 2025 under the basic situation is 950 GW, indicating that if all the coal power units under construction and planning are operated, the overcapacity in 2025 will be 300 GW. Sensitivity and comprehensive scenario analyses show that under different scenarios, the upper and lower limits of the reasonable coal power capacity in 2025 are 1083 and 794 GW, respectively. Finally, this paper proposes relevant policy recommendations to cope with China’s serious coal power overcapacity problem.

An Empirical Analysis of the Service Efficiency of Basic Public Education Based on the BCC-DEA Model of Neural Network Computing Principles

Aiming at the problem that the performance ranking analysis method in the traditional BCC-DEA model will produce infeasible solutions under the assumption of variable returns to scale, this paper proposes to apply the neural network calculation principle to the DEA performance ranking analysis, thereby establishing a BCC based on the neural network calculation principle -DEA model, and then use this model to analyze the efficiency of basic public education service investment in Jilin Province during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” period, and studied the details of the nine-year compulsory education service. The implementation measures and implementation rules examine the relationship between the government’s interactions between educational resources and economic benefits. The layer is facing empirical research in Jilin Province as a whole. The study found that the overall high speed of basic public education services in Jilin Province is insufficient, and the education system, management level, and pure technical efficiency of resource allocation are the main factors affecting overall efficiency. Various investments made by the government during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the efficiency changes in the whole period: the overall comprehensive efficiency changes in Jilin Province decreased during the five years, and the direct influencing factors were insufficient progress in education and through a variety of training, and a variety of multimedia education and new technology application. To this end, the paper puts forward the following suggestions: explore the public policy of sufficiency education, improve the performance of resource allocation; build a public policy of responsive education, improve the financial security mechanism; esTablelish a public policy of binding education, improve the system management; promote learning education Public policy to improve the development of capabilities.

China’s Urbanization Strategy and Policy During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China’s urbanization construction has obtained remarkable achievements. Its urbanization continues to advance rapidly. The gap between different regions is constantly narrowed. City clusters have become the strategic core areas to promote urbanization and economic development. Currently, the key issue in China’s urbanization is not about the level or speed, but the quality. Tough challenges faced by China in its urbanization include: (1) granting permanent urban residency to people originally from rural areas (citizenization) is severely lagging-behind; (2) the key links in integrated urban–rural development system and mechanism are blocked and (3) the resources and environment costs in advancing urbanization are excessively high, etc. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China’s urbanization will continue to advance rapidly, but the speed will further slow down. By 2025, China’s urbanization rate is expected to reach about 65.5%, among which the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions will reach 73.0%, 63.1%, 61.2% and 66.7%, respectively. To this end, China’s urbanization should be people-centered and led by high-quality integrated urban and rural development; thus, the urbanization quality can be improved in an all-round way. It should be a path of high-quality urbanization with Chinese characteristics featuring moderate and reasonable advancing speed, effectively improved quality in citizenization, balanced and orderly urbanization pattern, deeply integrated urban and rural development, and green, healthy and sustainable development. In terms of specific measures, the government should strengthen the leading, demonstrating and radiating role of central cities and promote the formation of four-tier central city system, namely, the global central cities, national central cities, regional central cities and local central cities; plan and build 34 high-end metropolitan areas at the national level, making them the core areas of advancing new-type urbanization in the new era; accelerate the process of establishing cities, encourage the transformation of large towns into cities, and strictly control the transformation of counties into urban districts; implement differentiated policies for expanding, stable and shrinking cities and towns, respectively; connect the channels between homesteads exiting the market and collective construction land for commercial use entering the market.

Eco-efficiency and effectiveness evaluation toward sustainable urban development in China: a super-efficiency SBM\u2013DEA with undesirable outputs

Eco-efficiency, especially the total-factor eco-efficiency, measured by DEA models considering undesirable outputs, has been a popular instrument to evaluate sustainable development in recent years. However, sustainable development pursues not only high eco-efficiency which ensures that the utilization of natural resource and environment is in a sustainable way, but also good effectiveness which ensures that the development is in the right direction. In this paper, firstly, the efficiency of sustainable urban development is measured, i.e., measuring the eco-efficiency of 35 major cities in China during the period of 2011–2015 based on a super-efficiency SBM–DEA model with undesirable outputs and the Malmquist–Luenberger index is used to explore the dynamic change of eco-efficiency. Secondly, the effectiveness of urban development is measured by overall well-being including urban HDI and life satisfaction. Thirdly, a comprehensive analysis based on efficiency and effectiveness is conducted to evaluate sustainable urban development. The results indicate that: (1) the overall efficiency of 35 major cities in China as a whole is at a low level during the 12th five-year plan period, and the improvement of total-factor ecological productivity is mainly enhanced by technological progress. (2) With regarding to the effectiveness of urban development, Hangzhou, Jinan, Ningbo, Xiamen and Qingdao rank top five, while the cities with a high level of urban HDI like Guangzhou, Changsha and Beijing only rank in the middle due to a relatively low level of life satisfaction. (3) Based on efficiency and effectiveness, most of the cities perform with a low-level efficiency or poor effectiveness, only four cities including Qingdao, Changchun, Ningbo and Tianjin perform with a relatively high efficiency and good effectiveness. Finally, some implications and policy suggestions are proposed based on the above findings.

Analysis of indexes exceeding water quality standards in the Yangtze River basin during the 13th Five-Year Plan period

Based on monitoring data from 615 comparable sections of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) in the national eco-environmental monitoring network during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the spatiotemporal characteristics of Total phosphorus (TP), Ammonia nitrogen (NH3- N), and Chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed. The results showed that during the study period, the overall pollution of the main rivers in the YRB had been mitigated, and the measured amounts of TP, NH3-N, and COD had decreased. However, the annual concentrations of TP, NH3-N, and COD had increased in nearly one-third of the sections, and in some sections they increased greatly. Increased TP was mainly observed in the provinces of Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hunan, and Hubei. Increased NH3-N was mainly observed in Hubei and Sichuan, and increased COD was mainly observed in Hunan, Sichuan, Hubei, and Shanghai. Since the first year of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the water quality of the main rivers in the YRB has continuously improved; however, in some sections the concentrations of some indexes already above water quality standards increased sharply. Under the protection strategy of the Yangtze River Economic Zone, the 14th Five-Year Plan will emphasize requirements for ecological environmental protection to improve the water quality in the YRB.

Research Report on the Status of Social Education Work of Chinese Museums (Public Ownership) During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period

Research Report on the Status of Social Education Work of Chinese Museums (Public Ownership) During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period

Research on the effect of Market Mechanism for Industrial Energy Conservation

Over the years, China’ s energy conservation practices has relied on government intervention, that is, the energy efficiency of enterprises has been improved by means of administrative orders and government regulation, but the endogenous power of energy conservation has not been effectively stimulated. Since the 12th Five-Year Plan period, with the improvement of enterprises’ understanding of energy conservation, the government has gradually faded out from its powerful position during the 11th Five-Year Plan period and more attention has been paid to enterprises’ dominant position in energy conservation. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC put forward that the market shall play a decisive role in the allocation of resources and the energy conservation shall give full play to the role of market mechanisms. Moreover, it also proposed to create a multi-benefit market environment, improve enterprises ’ enthusiasm in energy conservation, actually benefit the enterprises in energy conservation and make the energy conservation a conscious action of enterprises by promoting contract energy management system, carrying out carbon emissions permit trading, implementing power demand side management and using fair and transparent market means.

How can Public Policies Change the Accumulated Disadvantage of Individuals? Based on the Perspective of Education Poverty Alleviation

Education poverty alleviation is one of the important development strategies during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and it is a precise poverty alleviation method. So far, China has implemented a number of education poverty alleviation projects, which have significantly improved the education level of individuals, but there is a lack of scientific evaluation on the effect of macro projects on micro individual human capital accumulation. Based on the first phase of National Compulsory Education Project in Poor Areas （hereinafter referred to as the “compulsory education project”） from 1995 to 2000, this paper uses the follow-up survey data of China Labor-force Dynamics Survey （CLDS） in 2012 and 2014 to identify the specific county-level unit where the policy is implemented according to the unpublished county-level code, so as to evaluate the long-term human capital accumulation effect of education poverty alleviation on micro-individuals. In addition, this paper argues that the differences in the length of education beyond the compulsory stage, the quality of education and the beneficiary groups are the internal mechanism of the compulsory education project to promote the continuous improvement of individual education level, which realizes the original intention of public policies to change the accumulated disadvantage of individuals. On this basis, through analyzing the internal mechanism of education and the impact of education on long-term income, this paper further discusses the impact on the future economic status of workers. The study finds that: （1） The compulsory education project makes up for the lack of universal compulsory education years under the Compulsory Education Law, increases the opportunities for students in poor areas to receive education, increases the education years of individuals in poor areas on an absolute and relative level, and significantly reduces the phenomenon of dropping out of school and delaying reading. In this sense, the compulsory education project has realized the original intention of the education poverty alleviation policy. （2） However, the impact of the implementation of the compulsory education project on male and female workers has some differences. After the implementation of the project, there is still a large gap between the investment and expenditure of education at the per capita level, and the popularization quality of this compulsory education is relatively poor. Most workers do not further receive education above junior high school, resulting in relatively poor professional skills in the labor market. （3） The policy does not promote the workers to continue to receive education beyond the compulsory education stage, resulting in relatively low wage income and slow growth rate. With the continuous improvement of the average social education level, the positive effect of the project is gradually declining. Further improving the education level of poor areas has become an important content of targeted poverty alleviation in the new period. This paper puts forward two plans to alleviate the problem that the policy dividend of compulsory education project is weakening day by day, and the role of changing the accumulated disadvantage of individuals is also gradually decreasing: （1） Further bringing senior high school education into the compulsory education stage, and promoting the improvement of individual education years by increasing the legal years of education. （2） Continuing to issue continuing education policies for poor areas, and encouraging individuals to continuously improve their education level and professional skills. At the same time, continuing to implement the dynamic monitoring of education projects to ensure the effective implementation of relevant policies.

中国石油“十三五”油气勘探重大成果与“十四五”发展战略

中国石油“十三五”油气勘探重大成果与“十四五”发展战略