Abstract
In this paper, a fuzzy (F) proportional (P)–integral (I)–derivative (D) (PID) (FPID) controller optimized with a water cycle algorithm is proposed for load frequency control of a multi-area multi-fuel (MAMF) power system. The MAMF system has the realistic feature of communication time delays (CTDs), in order to conduct an analysis nearer to realistic practice. Initially, the MAMF system is analyzed when subjected to a step load disturbance (SLD) of 10% on area 1. The superiority of the fuzzy PID controller is revealed upon comparing it with PID plus double derivative (DD) (PIDD) and PID controllers. The MAMF system is investigated with and without CTDs, to demonstrate their impact on system performance. Later, an additional HVDC line is incorporated in parallel with the existing AC line for further enhancement of the system performance. Finally, the MAMF system is targeted with random loading to validate the robustness of the presented control scheme.
Highlights
Published: 5 February 2022In modern times, frequency regulation is the most indispensable task in power systems, due to the rapid growth in load demand, integration of several renewable conversion units, formation of microgrids, the emergence of unintentional time delays and power system intricacy
Necessary steps must be taken to minimize the real power mismatch, in order to hold the power system frequency within the specified range. This action is governed by the load frequency controller (LFC), which plays a vital role in the automatic generation control (AGC) of the interconnected power system (IPS)
Demonstrated, com- compared with the performance of traditional PID/PIDD
Summary
Frequency regulation is the most indispensable task in power systems, due to the rapid growth in load demand, integration of several renewable conversion units, formation of microgrids, the emergence of unintentional time delays and power system intricacy. The LFC safeguards the IPS stability by regulating the system frequency and power exchange via tie lines, to prevent violation of the specified range by varying generation unit operating points. A literature survey discloses the usage of different power system models comprised of thermal–thermal units, hydrothermal units and a combination of conventional and renewable-energy-based systems with and without considering the constraints of nonlinearity such as the governor dead band (GDB) and the generation rate constraint (GRC), etc. These are consolidated in [3].
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