The valence states of the elements V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu

Abstract

Empirical atomic spectral parameters are obtained for various electronic configurations of the atoms in the period from V to Cu, and the excitation energies required to achieve some of the valence states of these atoms are calculated. Electronegativity values (as defined by Mulliken) are obtained for Ni and Cu. From the valence-state ionization potentials, it is concluded that the electronegativity property increases for a given atom of this period in passing from the valence states d n → d n−1 s → d n−2 s 2. The relative instability of the compounds of these metals deriving from the higher valence states of high co-ordination number is discussed in relation to valence-state excitation energies. The covalent nature of the metal di cyclopentadienyl derivatives is examined in relation to the d π valence-state ionization potentials.