THE ROLE OF ZEMSTVOS IN THE FORMATION OF TEACHER TRAINING

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Zemstvos have become one of the most important sources of education for the Ukrainian people. They began to appear in Ukraine in 1865-1866. These were elected bodies, but their activities were controlled by the governor and the interior minister. It should be noted that the main composition of the zemstvos were intellectuals and public figures. One of the responsibilities of zemstvos was to support and control public education. It was in this area that the zemstvo activity proved to be the most successful. Zemstvos had to start school in very difficult conditions not only because funds for public education became “optional” (according to the “Regulations on Zemstvo Institutions”, approved in 1864, where the cost of public education was included in the number of optional and zemstvos had no right to interfere in the educational process of the school), but also because public schools were in great decline - there was a lack of premises, teachers, textbooks. In addition, it should be noted that all zemstvos were willing to undertake the establishment of primary schools, but not all could implement their plans. And during the first decade of the zemstvos the number of zemstvo primary schools increased significantly.An important issue was the preparation of teachers for professional activities in zemstvo schools, a significant place wasgiven to the problems of educational work with adults - the organization of Sunday schools, public readings, popular science lectures, libraries, cultural and educational events. For example, such issues were included in the program of pedagogical courses organized in 1894 in Chernihiv under the guidance of the famous teacher D. Tikhomirov .The zemstvo played an extremely important role not only in the organization of the educational process among children and adults, but also in the training of professional staff. All possible resources were used to make the teacher an experienced and versatile person. A separate socio-professional group was formed - the zemstvo teachers, which was distinguished by the presence of an organizationally designed coordinating basis for being within a single socio-professional group - zemstvo institutions that provided professional training.