The role of salivary metabolomics in chronic periodontitis: bridging oral and systemic diseases

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BackgroundChronic periodontitis is a condition impacting approximately 50% of the world’s population. As chronic periodontitis progresses, the bacteria in the oral cavity change resulting in new microbial interactions which in turn influence metabolite production. Chronic periodontitis manifests with inflammation of the periodontal tissues, which is progressively developed due to bacterial infection and prolonged bacterial interaction with the host immune response. The bi-directional relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases has been reported in many previous studies. Traditional diagnostic methods for chronic periodontitis and systemic diseases such as chronic kidney diseases (CKD) have limitations due to their invasiveness, requiring practised individuals for sample collection, frequent blood collection, and long waiting times for the results. More rapid methods are required to detect such systemic diseases, however, the metabolic profiles of the oral cavity first need to be determined.Aim of reviewIn this review, we explored metabolomics studies that have investigated salivary metabolic profiles associated with chronic periodontitis and systemic illnesses including CKD, oral cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsons’s disease, and diabetes to highlight the most recent methodologies that have been applied in this field.Key scientific concepts of the reviewOf the rapid, high throughput techniques for metabolite profiling, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was the most applied technique, followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy was the most used vibrational spectroscopic technique for comparison of the saliva from periodontitis patients to healthy individuals, whilst Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was not utilised as much in this field. A recommendation for cultivating periodontal bacteria in a synthetic medium designed to replicate the conditions and composition of saliva in the oral environment is suggested to facilitate the identification of their metabolites. This approach is instrumental in assessing the potential of these metabolites as biomarkers for systemic illnesses.