The dawn and twilight of Old Irish scholarship

The publication, based on the study of biographical and autobiographical information, characterizes the educational, professional artistic, and educational activities of Ukrainian artists of the middle 19th and early 20th centuries. An analysis of the role of artists as active participants in the national, cultural, intellectual, and social life of Ukrainian society is presented. The author has studied not only the artistic heritage of artists, but also their multifaceted activities, which covered educational, journalistic, and organizational spheres. The article highlights theoretical positions on the educational activities of Ukrainian artists, which are illustrated by specific examples of their experience and influence on the state of society and professional and general education in Ukraine in the 19th - 20th centuries. The author touches on the problems of the direction of the high society of the middle 19th - early 20th centuries. on the development of Ukrainian culture and education; highlights biographical and autobiographical information about Ukrainian artists of the 19th - 20th centuries; reveals the role of the educational activities of Ukrainian artists, their influence on the formation of public opinion; focuses on the relationship between artistic activity with educational and pedagogical practice, the organization of art circles, schools, the creation of studios and participation in cultural and educational societies. Their pedagogical work in schools, colleges, and academies contributed to the formation of a galaxy of famous Ukrainian artists who continued the national artistic and educational tradition of their predecessors. The work also highlights the problem of self-identification of Ukrainian artists as educators and public figures, since art is considered a powerful tool for influencing and shaping public opinion, a means of broadcasting the idea of national revival, social and cultural renewal of the state. Artists took the position not only of creators of aesthetic values, but also of leaders of the national idea, founders of an intellectual space capable of uniting society around common ideological values. The publication highlights the need to understand the heritage of Ukrainian artists of the middle 19th and early 20th centuries not only as artists, but also as outstanding figures of education, who contributed to the formation of national identity with their work.

Music and choreography interaction in the stage dances of musical theater productions of the 17th – the first half of the 18th century

This is the study of four nationalist composers and their contributions to the nationalist music of Ireland, which this author proposes are the continuation of the native music of Ireland, namely Fleischmann, Ó Riada, Bodley, and McGlynn. While other regions saw the rise in nationalist music in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the long British rule and subversion of Irish culture delayed this musical evolution until much more recently, especially in the choral repertoire. These composers used the Irish language in a manner that honored and sought to promote it as a living entity, and they used literature and folklore as primary sources of material. In addition to creating arrangements of traditional or folk songs, they used or quoted them in their original compositions, thus creating a unique, individual voice through an ancient medium. And, rather than succumbing to the experimental or serial ideas that were most prevalent on the European continent through much of the Twentieth century, all of these composers forged a harmonic language that, while modern, atonal, or tonal, was also rooted in the modality found in the ancient music of Ireland.

The paper examines the fall of marital fertility in Tasmania, the second settled Australian colony, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The paper investigates when marital fertility fell, whether the fall was mainly due to stopping or spacing behaviours, and why it fell at this time. The database used for the research was created by reconstituting the birth histories of couples marrying in Tasmania in 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1890, using digitised 19th century Tasmanian vital registration data plus many other sources. Despite Tasmania’s location on the other side of the world, the fertility decline had remarkable similarities with the historical fertility decline in continental Western Europe, England and other English-speaking countries. Fertility started to decline in the late 1880s and the fertility decline became well established during the 1890s. The fall in fertility in late 19th century Tasmania was primarily due to the practice of stopping behaviour in the 1880 and 1890 cohorts, although birth spacing was also used as a strategy by the 1890 cohort. The findings provide support for some of the prominent theories of fertility transition.

The compositional features were considered and the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were classified. in Kyiv. Their symbolism, structure and structural construction, stylistics and characteristic architectural and decorative features were studied. The purpose of the study: to investigate and analyze the compositional, stylistic and semantic features of the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in Kyiv, to develop the principles of classification of portals and conduct their classification. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of the following methods: empirical, theoretical and empirical-theoretical. The empirical method includes observation, photo-fixation, graphic sketches and constructions, comparisons and generalizations. Theoretical techniques include: going from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction, concretization, identification and separation. Most of the work was carried out using empirical and theoretical methods. The results. Photographs, graphic sketches and classification of building portals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were carried out. in Kyiv based on the developed compositional-constructive and stylistic principles of classification. It was found that the portals are located mainly on the main compositional axes of the facades of historical buildings, namely on the main vertical divisions, which are highlighted by risalites, bay windows, attics, towers and often changed scale and shape of windows. The role of the portals in the overall composition of the building and the problem of violation of the compositional integrity of the facades due to the replacement or destruction of individual parts and elements of the portals have been revealed. In particular, as a result of unsuccessful repairs and renovations in some buildings of the historical center, the entrance doors were replaced with faceless, rough, unscaled ones, which distorted not only individual facades, but also entire sections of the urban environment. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the research lies in the identification of the compositional and semantic features of the portals of the facades of Kyiv buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as in the detailed analysis of the compositional structure, constructive and stylistic components of the portals. A scientific novelty is the developed classification of the portals of the historical buildings of Kyiv. The research will contribute to the deepening of theoretical and practical knowledge about the peculiarities of Kyiv portals of the specified period, which can be used in the restoration and reconstruction of buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in Kyiv. The developed classification of portals will be a useful educational reference material for students - future architects and designers who are interested in the peculiarities of Kyiv's historical buildings.

One of the main components of the football industry today is its infrastructure. Training facilities, stadiums with stands for spectators, sports bases, retail outlets, museums of various teams and clubs all play key roles in the sport. In Britain, such amenities began to appear in the first half of the 19th century, in continental Western Europe — around the mid-1800s, and in the central and eastern parts of the Old World — even later, at the turn of the 20th century. The development of football infrastructure in Sofia is an illustrative example not only in the context of one city or country, but also for the region as a whole. Since in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the capital of Bulgaria saw the formation of traditions which determined the subsequent development of the city’s sports infrastructure, through this case study we can trace from where the complex of ideas related to establishing suitable sports facilities spread to Bulgaria and Southeastern Europe, how the process of formation and accumulation of knowledge in this specialized sphere unfolded, and how such facilities were actually built. The initiative to set up sports grounds belonged to Bulgarian educational institutions and societies, and such projects were financed by club members. The social groups that played the decisive role in the transfer of knowledge to the sports industry, namely to the construction of football playing grounds, were local youth with the experience of studies abroad and foreign teachers who worked in Bulgaria. The main routes of diffusion of this type of information originated in Switzerland and the Ottoman Empire. It was from these countries that the capital of the Balkan state received knowledge about the existing norms and rules for the construction of football fields. However, unlike in other European cities during this period, the sports infrastructure in Sofia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries did not yet become a component of business projects aiming to make a profit from renting out such facilities or from selling tickets to football fans.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Arkhangelsk North, sea fishing and hunting were exercised by artels (collective associations). It can be explained by the region’s severe climate and difficult conditions for fishing and hunting, which make working by oneself impossible. This paper is relevant due to the almost complete lack of studies on the internal organization and legal status of sea fishing and hunting artels on Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Moreover, studies on these associations are necessary for further research into the Russian experience of sea bioresource exploitation in the Arctic during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The paper aimed to examine the structure and legal status of sea fishing and hunting artels on Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen throughout the aforementioned period. The materials included legal acts that regulated the work of artels in the 19th and early 20th centuries, published sources about fishing and hunting artels on Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen, as well as documents kept in the State Archives of the Arkhangelsk Region. To perform the analysis, the author utilized the historical-systematic and historicalgenetic methods. The article dwells on the rules and customs that existed in Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen artels during the period under study, revealing how the structure of these associations had been changing. In conclusion, the author identified the applicable area of law for these artels in the 19th and early 20th centuries as well as the principles that contributed to their preservation.

The turbulent past has marked the entire area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially its peripheral parts, which were often influenced by violent demographic changes, reflecting on various population structures. The wider area of Podrinje was affected by forced migrations of the Bosniak population during the 19th and 20th centuries. The expulsion of Bosniaks from the Principality of Serbia in the early 1830s significantly impacted the demographic structures of the Bosnian Podrinje region, especially the Osat region. This study does not explore various anthropogeographic changes in the settlement of Pribidol, whether they occurred during normal or forced social events, but rather investigates the process of family formation and households during the 19th century. The most important historical sources used for the mentioned research are: the Ottoman census of male household members of the Srebrenica District in 1850/51, the Ottoman cadaster of 1867/75, the list of residential property owners from 1880/84, as well as the land registry books of the Srebrenica District in 1894. This study explored the families that lived in the settlement of Pribidol during the 19th century. These are the following families: Ahmetović, Aljić, Begić, Dervišević, Džananović, Halilović, Husić, Ibišević, Ibrahimović, Janković, Marković, Mešanović, Mitrović, Muminović, Mustafić, Osmanović, Salkić, and Smajić. In the Muslim area of Pribidol, 19 households, or family households, were recorded, with a total of 79 male individuals, with an average age of 20.1 years. In the then-independent settlement of Pribidol, 15 households were recorded, with 59 male individuals, with an average age of 19.0 years. In the Barakovići mahalla, 3 households were recorded, with 14 male individuals, and in the independent settlement of Zgunja, one household was recorded with a total of 6 male individuals. Therefore, the total population of Bosniak Pribidol was around 160 individuals of both sexes. During the conducted census in 1850/51, only two families had a family surname, which changed in the early 1880s. According to the 1879 census in the settlement of Gaj (Turkish Pribidol), there were 171 inhabitants (93 male individuals) all of Bosniak nationality. There were 25 houses and an equal number of apartments in the settlement, with an average of 6.8 individuals per household. The 1895 census recorded 315 inhabitants (158 male individuals). There were 255 Bosniaks and 60 Orthodox inhabitants. There were a total of 50 houses (2 uninhabited) with 50 households - an average size of 6.3 members. Between 1850/51 and 1895, there was a significant increase in the population of the settlement of Pribidol, especially in the last census of 1895. This growth was conditioned by the settlement of Orthodox inhabitants, who constituted 25% of the total population in 1895. The list of residential property owners from 1880/84 identified three new mahallas (Kadrići, Podševar, and Živkovići) compared to the census of 1850/51. These Bosniak families of the settlement of Pribidol persisted throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, either through male or female lines, except for changes in the family surname among married female inhabitants. Some family surnames ceased to exist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, either due to the extinction of their male members or their emigration from the settlement of Pribidol. This particularly applies to families with the surnames Ahmetović, Halilović, and Mešanović. The number of households (families) increased among other Bosniak families until the mid-20th century, and some of their members moved to other settlements in the Podrinje region, primarily around the cities of Bijeljina, Bratunac, and Srebrenica.

Can the 16th and early 17th centuries in Poland‐Lithuania and some other east‐central European countries be characterized as a “Golden Age” in human capital? We trace the development of a specific human capital indicator during this period: numeracy. We draw upon new evidence for Poland and Russia from the early 17th century onwards; and for Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania from the 18th century onwards; controlling for potential selectivity issues. Poland had quite high levels of numeracy during the early 17th century, but these levels subsequently fell below those of even southern Europe. As in other countries in the area, numeracy levels in Poland were lower than those of western Europe during the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries. This finding might support the hypothesis that the second serfdom process, which gained momentum during the 17th century, was one of the core reasons why human capital accumulation was delayed in eastern Europe. The major wars in the region also had devastating effects on numeracy levels. (KEYWORDS: Central‐Eastern Europe; historical Demography; Eastern Europe; Human Capital; Numeracy; Age‐Heaping; census microdata)

Today Vasyuchyn is a small village with about one thousand inhabitants. The settlement had urban status and was one of the famous craft centers in the past. There was a quarry here, where high-quality natural alabaster stone was mined and processed. Vasyuchyn alabaster had a snow-white color and was famous as a beautiful material for decorating walls, carving sculptures, tombstones and decorative architectural details. Actually, Vasyuchyn alabaster was called in the 17th century "Ruthenian marble" and products made from it were exported abroad. A small alabaster industry operated here at the beginning of the 20th century. The ancient history of the manufactory is unknown to current residents. In this regard, the publication aims to reveal the history of the settlement and perform a hypothetical reconstruction of its architectural and planning structure at the time of the 17th century. A special task is to determine the location of the former Vasyuchyn alabaster manufactory, whose activities were associated with famous sculptors and entrepreneurs of the late 16th and early 17th centuries - Herman van Hutte and Heinrich Horst. The quarry and workshop for the production of alabaster stone sculptures have probably been operating in Vasyuchyn for a long time, but the Dutch masters are responsible for raising it to a new artistic level. Vasyuchyn is one of the lost towns of Galicia. In the 14th-17th centuries, it was a private town with a very rich history. Although the history of Vasyuchyn was quite short from 1444 to 1620, its urban structure was developed and did not differ from neighboring settlements with a city rights - Knyahynychi, Khodoriv, Zhuriv, etc. In the western part of the settlement there was a midtown with a small square market square and a church. A feature of Vasyuchyn was that a mill was located next to the market square. The midtown of Vasyuchyn was surrounded by water obstacles on all sides. The water wheel created natural favorable conditions for defense. The system of defensive ramparts covered the midtown from the western and southern sides. Assessing the remains of the ramparts, which have survived only in the western part of the settlement, we attribute them to the bastion system of fortifications of the Old Dutch school. The mid was probably fortified at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, when an alabaster factory operated here. The urban structure of the city belonged to the so-called conjugated type of cities, when the castle and the midtown formed a combined defense system. Vasyuchyn Castle had two phases of development. The older defensive yard was located on an artificial island in the middle of a swampy Swirzh river valley.The remains of earthen ramparts have survived from this object. The new castle was located in the southern part of the midtown. Unfortunately, no buildings or fortifications have survived from it. A palace complex with a manor house was planned on the site of this object at a later time. Its planning structure reflected in the draft plan of the settlement from 1846. In order to reconstruct the architectural and spatial structure of the castle, which probably had a Renaissance character, it is necessary to conduct deeper historical and cartographic studies. The town of Vasyuchyn in the 16th-17th centuries should be attributed to the conditional artistic capitals of the Renaissance in Galicia. The products of the alabaster workshop exported to the many cities of Eastern and Central Europe. Artistic works made of Vasyuchyn alabaster noted in Kraków, Warsaw, Poznan, Wroclaw, Czarnów, Rymanów, etc. Many works made for local shrines - in the cities of Lviv, Sambir, Felshtyn, Uniw, etc. The revival of the alabaster industry, especially in the direction of using alabaster stone in an artistic aspect, can be the foundation of a new economic progress of the community.

The article presents a doctrinal and comparative reconstruction of the evolution of the theory of evidence in the 19th and early 20th centuries within the Anglo-American, German, French (Romance), Austro-Hungarian, and Russian imperial traditions, based on pre-revolutionary sources (up to 1917). The purpose of the study is to obtain an integral and verifiable result – a doctrinal and comparative reconstruction of the evolution of the theory of evidence in the 19th and early 20th centuries within the above-mentioned legal schools, with conclusions regarding their influence on the contemporary models of evidence law in the United States, continental Europe, and Ukraine. The methodology combines comparative-historical and structural-doctrinal analysis using a unified «matrix» (concept, properties, classifications, correlation between evidence and indicia, method and standard of assessment, purpose of evidence), with intraand inter-systemic comparison of authors’ positions and their institutional contexts. Additionally, a periodization is formulated that reflects the successive intellectual and procedural steps from the rationalist program to codified standards of proof and procedural roles. The results obtained include: (1) a reasoned transition to the model of inner conviction as a publicly motivated practical readiness of the court to act; (2) a coherent system of criteria of evidentiary fitness (relevance, admissibility, reliability/sufficiency) and their operational application to direct and circumstantial data; (3) the interpretation of the «best evidence rule» as a methodology of immediacy with explained and verifiable exceptions; (4) the logic of «harmony of totality» as a sufficiency standard for indirect evidence; (5) institutional safeguards against arbitrariness in assessment (publicity, orality, immediacy, cross-examination, record discipline). The influence of the classical doctrine on the modern theory of digital (electronic) evidence is substantiated separately: the priority of primary machine records and metadata, the requirement of an unbroken chain of custody, explained and reproducible deviations from primacy, transparent expert examination within competence, and the evaluation of digital datasets by the criterion of internal coherence and elimination of reasonable alternatives. The scientific novelty lies in combining historical and doctrinal reconstruction with clear applied guidelines for digital proof (checklists of primacy, authenticity, reproducibility, and motivation of judicial reasoning). The practical significance is seen in the possibility of using the proposed «matrix» to unify judicial argumentation, develop procedural standards for working with electronic media, and enhance the reproducibility of judicial decisions. The deliberate limitation of the source base to pre-revolutionary works ensures the purity of comparative analysis and allows for accurately tracing the continuity of classical principles under modern conditions of digital transformation of justice.

Two of England's most popular alcoholic beverages originated not in England but on the continent of Europe, probably in The Netherlands or Belgium. The two beverages are beer and gin, and both aroused feelings of intense xenophobia when they were first introduced in England several centuries ago. Beer replaced ale over the course of the 15th and 16th centuries, and was itself temporarily eclipsed by in the early 18th century. This paper examines how the image of the two beverages was recast and rehabilitated, and how each, in turn, came to be closely identified with the English and their way of life. In particular, it examines the role of xenophobia in propaganda designed to limit drinking and other forms of disinhibition among the working poor. It also examines the role of nationalism in promoting the acceptance of new alcoholic beverages and in transforming the working poor from a class whose access to alcohol was subject to official restriction into a mass market whose demand for cheap alcohol was seen as benefiting the national economy. The discussion starts with an overview of the sources used in this study. It then examines the political uses of xenophobia in the medieval and early modern periods. That overview will provide a context for understanding how beer was introduced and assimilated in England over the course of the l5th and 16th centuries, as well as for understanding the very similar ways in which was naturalized over the course of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The sources The primary documents used in this study variously date from the early l5th century to the height of the so-called gin craze of 1720-1751, spanning the period between the introduction of beer in England in the late medieval period and the creation of a mass market for cheap distilled spirits at the end of the 17th century. The sources consist variously of sermons, ballads, doggerel, social satire, and broadsides. Several hundred publications were consulted in the course of preparing this study, and they were identified through a number of secondary sources, starting with the bibliography to a temperance publication dating from about 1890 (French, 1890?). Other sources include Austin's bibliography of Alcohol in Western Society, the Short-title Catalogue of British books printed between 1474 and 1640 (Pollard, 1976-1991), and the Short-title Catalogue of British books printed between 1641 and 1700 (Wing, 1945-1951). Sources were selected if they addressed any aspect of drinking or drunkenness. Of these, a fairly large number contained one or more references to foreign drinking habits and preferences, whether in the form of observations about the drinking practices of other nationalities, or in the form of commentary about the introduction of new and foreign alcoholic beverages in England. Most of the references to foreign drinking practices are informed by an intense xenophobia, and this raises two questions: Who stood to benefit by encouraging hostility toward foreigners, and who was susceptible to the appeal of xenophobia? Political uses of xenophobia It is not hard to find examples of xenophobia in late medieval England, nor is it surprising that many of these examples date from the 13th century-that is, from a time when England was being shorn of its once vast holdings in France. There were several attempts to oust foreigners from office during the long and troubled reign of Henry III (1216-1272) of England (Black, 1994), although closer examination shows that many of the key players in attacks on foreigners were themselves foreign-born, and that they stood to benefit both politically and financially from the ouster of their rivals (Carpenter, 1992; Ridgeway, 1988). Another source of popular discontent was the presence of numerous foreigners who held benefices in England (MacKenzie, 1929). But again, such movements primarily benefited the nation's privileged classes, be they the native-born clergy or the noble families whose surplus sons hoped to obtain lucrative benefices in England. …

The aim of the article is a general review of the process of forming political education as a set of political ideas, knowledge in politics, and the system of training officials in Ukrainian universities in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Methods: The historical-genetic method was used, which was in reproducing the long-term process of formation of political education of the period. The historical-comparative approach made it possible to identify the similarities and differences of the essential characteristics of the object, to summarize the historical facts and to carry out further typology. In the end, the historical-systemic method ensured consideration of political education in Ukrainian universities in the context of the formation of political science in Western world. Main results. Researchers link the origins of political education in the territories of sub-Russian Ukraine with the opening of Kharkiv University (1805) and the department of moral and political sciences, where advanced political and legal knowledge and ideas were disseminated. The next stage, which also includes Kyiv University (1834), begins with the Statute of 1835. It defines the guidelines for law faculties, in which officials were trained, which in the 19th century meant state or political education. The Statute of 1863 marked a new stage in the development of education. In the reform era of the 60s (19th century) Novorossiysk University was opened in 1865. At the same time, the period was marked by the increased attack of tsarism on Ukrainian culture and education. State science (or political) science did not have a formal structural division in domestic universities. However, researchers emphasize the special role of professors in the development of political science. Scientific foreign trips during the last third of the 19th and early 20th centuries opened chances for scientists to acquire knowledge of political life in Europe and reproduce it in teaching. Type of article: review. The article offering a holistic glance of the formation of political education in the universities of Ukraine in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It argues that political education was formed in the bosom of subdivisions related to jurisprudence, political economy, and philosophy. The lack of a separate shelter for this field of knowledge was explained by the non-separation of the science of politics from the general system of humanities and legal sciences in the Western world.

Botanical Dissertations from the 19th and Early 20th Centuries at the Ohio State University Herbarium (OS)

Introduction. The article considers the trends in the development of Soviet historiography of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Analysis. The interrelation of the evolution of the views of Soviet researchers on pre-revolutionary pacifism with socio-political changes in the USSR is revealed. The negative assessments of “bourgeois pacifism” expressed by V.I. Lenin had a significant impact on the study of peacekeeping in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Methods and materials. In the existing historiography, only certain aspects of the problem are considered. Among the most important methods and approaches used in writing this work are the historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods. The source base of the study was primarily scientific works, reference and encyclopedic publications, and journalistic materials. Results. The authors propose to single out three stages in the history of the study of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries in Soviet times. The most distinct features of the first stage (lack of significant research on the topic, harshness, and categorical assessments) emerged in the mid-1920s and were traced until the mid-1950s. Against the background of political changes in the USSR and the growth of public interest in the problem of maintaining peace, there was a serious increase in research interest in the history of Russian anti-war thought. Peacekeeping ideas were considered during this period primarily within the framework of legal, historical, and philosophical studies. The third stage became noticeable at the end of the 1980s, which manifested itself in a significant increase in works on the history of domestic pacifism and its terminological “rehabilitation.” Authors’ contribution. N.Yu. Nikolaev revealed the trends in the development of Soviet historiography of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. S.P. Ramazanov analyzed methodological approaches and carried out general scientific editing of the article.