Abstract
High loads of natural organic matter (NOM) in source water increase levels of toxic byproducts during disinfection, including trihalomethanes (THMs) which are formed when NOM is chlorinated. This study explores the efficacy of using UVC-LED as a primary disinfectant, with lower concentrations of chlorine used as a secondary disinfectant. Both treatment trains with conventional chlorination and UV irradiation with low chlorination reduced total coliforms andE.Coli counts to less than 1 Cfu/100 ml. UV with low chlorination produced approximately 4.6 times less THMs compared to conventional chlorination.
Highlights
Global water resources are under severe stress from over-pumping and contamination
Bacterial concentrations remained mostly unchanged, with total coliforms remaining at 35 Cfu/100 ml and E. coli reduced to 4 Cfu/100 ml
non-purgable organic carbon (NPOC) decreased by 70%, from an initial concentration of 5.7 mg/l in the raw source water to 1.7 mg/l for both the chlorine as primary disinfectant (CPD) and UVPD treatment trains
Summary
Global water resources are under severe stress from over-pumping and contamination. climate change-induced extreme weather events and unpredictable weather patterns will further deplete existing water resources [1]. Even in industrialized nations such as the United States, tens of millions of Americans rely on smaller, conventional water treatment systems that are at risk for violating water quality standards, especially for total coliforms and disinfectant byproduct production [5]. Upgrades of drinking water treatment systems are costly, as was the case for a conventional treatment system in Eastham, Cape Cod, in which $114.8 million was spent for. This study assessed the efficacy of an innovative treatment system that uses readily available materials for conventional treatment, such as sand and activated carbon for filtration, and an LED-based UVC disinfection system to replace chlorination as a primary disinfectant. UVC-LED efficiency can be further enhanced through improved reactor designs, allowing for a wider range of applications than what it is typical available for mercury lamps [8]
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